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At least 253 records · Page 14

Solar Wind Implantation Into the Lunar Regolith: Monte Carlo Simulations of H Retention in a Surface With Defects and the H2 Exosphere

The solar wind implants protons into the top 20–30 nm of lunar regolith grains, and the implanted hydrogen will diffuse out of the regolith but also interact with oxygen in the regolith oxides. We apply a statistical approach to estimate the diffusion of hydrogen in the regolith hindered by forming temporary bonds with regolith oxygen atoms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to track the temporal evolution of bound OH surface content and the H2 exosphere. The model results are consistent with the interpretation of the Chandrayaan‐1 M3 observations of infrared absorption spectra by surface hydroxyls as discussed in Li and Milliken (2017, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701471). The model reproduced the latitudinal concentration of OH by using a Gaussian energy distribution of f(U(sub 0) = 0.5 eV, U(sub W) = 0.078–0.1 eV) to characterize the activation energy barrier to the diffusion of hydrogen in space weathered regolith. In addition, the model results of the exospheric content of H2 are consistent with observations by the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Therefore, we provide support for hydroxyl formation by chemically trapped solar wind protons.

Tucker, O. J.↗

Solar Wind Implantation Into the Lunar Regolith: Monte Carlo Simulations of H Retention in a Surface With Defects and the H2 Exosphere

The solar wind implants protons into the top 20–30 nm of lunar regolith grains, and the implanted hydrogen will diffuse out of the regolith but also interact with oxygen in the regolith oxides. We apply a statistical approach to estimate the diffusion of hydrogen in the regolith hindered by forming temporary bonds with regolith oxygen atoms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to track the temporal evolution of bound OH surface content and the H2 exosphere. The model results are consistent with the interpretation of the Chandrayaan-1 M3 observations of infrared absorption spectra by surface hydroxyls as discussed in Li and Milliken (2017). Themodel reproduced the latitudinal concentration of OH by using a Gaussian energy distribution of f(U(o) = 0.5eV, U(w) = 0.078 – 0.1 eV) to characterize the activation energy barrier to the diffusion of hydrogen in space weathered regolith. In addition, the model results of the exospheric content of H2 are consistent with observations by the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Therefore, we provide support for hydroxyl formation by chemically trapped solar wind protons.

O. J. Tucker↗

Solar Wind Implantation Into the Lunar Regolith: Monte Carlo Simulations of H Retention in a Surface With Defects and the H2 Exosphere

The solar wind implants protons into the top 20–30 nm of lunar regolith grains, and the implanted hydrogen will diffuse out of the regolith but also interact with oxygen in the regolith oxides. We apply a statistical approach to estimate the diffusion of hydrogen in the regolith hindered by forming temporary bonds with regolith oxygen atoms. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to track the temporal evolution of bound OH surface content and the H2 exosphere. The model results are consistent with the interpretation of the Chandrayaan‐1 M3 observations of infrared absorption spectra by surface hydroxyls as discussed in Li and Milliken (2017, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701471). The model reproduced the latitudinal concentration of OH by using a Gaussian energy distribution of f(U0 = 0.5 eV, UW = 0.078–0.1 eV) to characterize the activation energy barrier to the diffusion of hydrogen in space weathered regolith. In addition, the model results of the exospheric content of H2 are consistent with observations by the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Therefore, we provide support for hydroxyl formation by chemically trapped solar wind protons.

O J Tucker↗

Infrared and radio measurements of the density structure of compact H II regions

The density structure of compact H II regions is studied by comparing the ratio of the S III forbidden 33.47-micron and 18.71-micron emission lines and 5-GHz continuum maps. Electron densities are computed for DR 22, G29.9 - 0.0, G75.84 + 0.4, M8, M42, S158, W3, and W33. For DR 22, M42, and W3, the electron densities determined from the IR data are consistent with those derived from radio observations. The densities for S158 and M8 are quite low, implying that the S III emission is dominated by the diffuse ionized gas observed in the radio continuum. For G29.9 - 0.0, G75.84 + 0.4, and W33, the S III data give higher densities than predicted from radio observations. This implies that either these nebulae are filled with dense clumps of ionized gas which are not resolved in the radio maps, or that the S III zone is confined to the small, dense cores found in the radio maps of all three nebulae.

Megeath, S. T.↗

Electric field enhanced diffusion welding of alloy 617: Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties

This study investigated the microstructural characteristics and mechanical behavior of diffusion welded nickel-based Alloy 617 obtained by electric field-assisted sintering (EFAS) using various parameters. The interfacial microstructure exhibited different characteristics including good grain boundary (GB) migration across the interface in the samples diffusion-welded at 1100 °C and a flat interface in the samples joined at 1000 °C and 1050 °C. The interface consisted of fine Al 2 O 3 oxides, while precipitation of interfacial M 23 C 6 carbides was not observed. Grain boundaries migrated across the Al 2 O 3 oxides, leaving these oxides within the grains. Graded grain size was observed, with grain coarsening being more significant near the sample surface due to the temperature gradient induced by EFAS. Tensile testing revealed that the specimens fractured in the matrix away from the interface, indicting strong diffusion-welded joints. Further, the peak tensile strength of 807 MPa was obtained in the samples welded at 1000 °C due to minimal grain growth. The materials obtained at 1100 °C exhibited reduced tensile strength but improved ductility. Strain maps revealed by digital image correlation showed alternating high and low strain segments in the samples produced at 1000 °C and 1050 °C, indicating that the flat interfaces with no GB migration were less ductile compared to the matrix. A greater strain uniformity was observed along the bond interfaces with improved GB migration. The hardness reduced near the sample surfaces due to enlarged grains induced by temperature gradient. This study demonstrates that GB migration and enhanced mechanical strength can be achieved in diffusion-welded Alloy 617.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effect of Magnetic Islands on Neoclassical Heat Diffusivity in a Global Tokamak Simulation

Resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) alter magnetic field topology via island formation and can modify core transport in toroidal fusion devices. Using the global gyrokinetic particle‐in‐cell code XGC‐S, originally developed for stellarator geometries, we quantify how island topology affects neoclassical heat transport in a circular tokamak with ($m,n$) = (5,2) RMP‐induced islands. Electron radial heat diffusivity exhibits a two‐peak structure with a dominant enhancement near the O/X‐point region and a secondary peak at the outer island boundary, whereas ion transport remains close to the neoclassical prediction. The observed electron diffusivity is strongly enhanced over the neoclassical baseline but remains well below the Rechester–Rosenbluth estimate, consistent with the non‐ergodic character of the island topology. The density dependence of diffusivity is weaker inside the islands than outside, indicating the presence of topology‐driven transport channels that do not depend strongly on collisionality. Two‐dimensional heat flux maps reveal an up–down antisymmetric structure at the island separatrices consistent with magnetic gradient and curvature drift effects, in contrast to the symmetric temperature flattening inside the islands. These results identify topology‐dependent avenues for electron heat transport in RMP‐perturbed cores and suggest regimes in which island geometry, rather than collisions alone, governs radial transport.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Vertical displacement of the mid-tropospheric water vapor boundary in the tropics derived from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) 6.7-micron channel

A technique for locating areas of upward or downward motion of the upper boundary of the midtropospheric water-vapor envelope over tropical oceans on the basis of GOES Visible/IR Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) 6.7-micron brightness temperatures is developed and demonstrated. The technique employs an analogy to the method developed by Schoeberl and Krueger (1983) for the bottom of the ozone layer and depends on the relationship investigated by Chesters and Uccellini (1982) between 6.7-micron brightness temperature and the pressure of the water-vapor upper boundary. The results of analysis of VAS data for the North Atlantic (20-40 deg N and 35-75 deg W) on September 5-7, 1982, are presented in maps which are shown to be physically consistent and in agreement with conventional upper-air measurements. Refinement of the method to account for horizontal advection and diffusion is suggested.

Stout, J.↗

Studies of Dust Emission as Measured by DIRBE and IRAS

The main activity supported by this grant was to make the dust reddening map more useful for optical and microwave astronomy, and to increase our understanding of interstellar dust in general. We completed all the major objectives of the proposal, and we are eagerly awaiting the launch of Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) so that we can check one of our most controversial conclusions. According to the ADS abstract service, the above paper has been cited 895 times. A number of authors have claimed the SFD98 dust maps are miscalibrated, but recent work suggests that the calibration is correct. The primary goal of this ADP grant was to determine the microwave / sum-mm spectrum of interstellar dust emission by cross-correlating the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) spectra with a model based on the SFD98 dust map. Because of temperature variation, large (factor of two) variations are observed in submillimeter / 100 micron ratio, so a careful accounting of dust temperature data, based on Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) 100 and 240 micron channels, was required. Even this improvement was unable to reduce the chi(sup 2) per degree of freedom below 30. Further study revealed that a two-component model, with the two components having different (but reasonable) optical properties, achieved a decrease in chi(sup 2) to less than 2, five times better than the next best fit in the literature. The resulting model uses density and temperature estimates based on DIRBE data, with only four global parameters fit using the FIRAS data. This dramatic reduction in chi(sup 2) using only four fit parameters may indicate that the model is physically correct, but in any case, it is an acceptable phenomenological model. We have released the appropriate data and software on our website (http://astro.berkeley.edu/dust) to allow users to compute the interstellar dust emission between from 100-3000 GHz (or 100 micron 3 mm) with approx. 15% precision. The paper describing these efforts appeared in ApJ 524, 867. This paper has to date been cited 24 times.

Davis, Marc↗

Apollo Sample 64455: Petrologic and Geochemical Characterization of a Glass-Coated Impact Melt Rock

Introduction and Background: Impact melts are a key product of the impact cratering process. Impact melts can turbulently entrain pre-existing rock fragments, and melt part of those entrained materials until thermal equilibrium is achieved [1–3]. Lunar impact melt rocks are valuable for determining the precise ages of basin-forming and cratering events, which anchor the cratering chronology and dynamics of the entire solar system [4, and references therein]. Additionally, entrained clasts can inform on the petrology and age of crustal materials that predate the melt-forming impact. In lithologies where no pristine samples are available, entrained materials may hold the record of endogenous lunar volatiles, provided we can untangle their impact histories as high temperature impact melt can heat the clasts and may alter their native volatiles or isotopic signatures [5–6]. Here, we characterize an Apollo 16 sample, 64455,70B, in an effort to understand the physical, microstructural, and geochemical consequences of impact melt contact metamorphism. We acquired optical light and x-ray maps of the sample, as well as quantitative analyses via electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). These tasks allow us to better understand the interaction between impact melts and entrained clasts, ultimately closing knowledge gaps in high-temperature impact processing on planetary surfaces. Sample Description: Sample 64455 is an oblong crystalline rock encased in glass to form an egg-like shape [7–8]. The impact melt coating has altered the outer (1 to 2 mm) rind of the crystalline rock and has preserved schlieren. The interior crystalline rock is likely a crystalline impact melt rock based on its bulk Ir content of 2.25 parts per billion [9]. The composition of the impact melt glass rind cannot be solely derived from the crystalline interior, the glassy rind is more aluminous and less magnesian [10]. Neither the crystalline interior nor the glassy rind were radiometrically age dated, although several studies investigated its cosmogenic isotopes and exposure ages, which reveal the sample was exposed on the lunar surface for ~1–2 Ma [11–13]. Preliminary Results: The interior crystalline rock consists primarily of plagioclase with interstitial pyroxene and olivine. Plagioclase grains are zoned and compositions range from An97–89, while pyroxene compositions generally range from En68Fs19Wo13 to En82Fs15Wo3 and olivine are Fo77 to Fo85. Minor phases include Fe-Ni metal, Ca-phosphates, a K- and Si-rich phase, sulfides, and Fe-phosphides. The glass rind contains approximately 44 wt.% SiO2, 25 wt.% Al2O3, 6 wt.% FeO, 8 wt.% MgO, and 14 wt.% CaO, with other oxides at <1 wt.% each, although the composition of the glass becomes more variable closest to the crystalline rock. The rind consists of rounded plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine crystals with interstitial melt. In some locations, the rounded crystals are surrounded by closely-packed, blade-like crystals, <5 µm in width. These results indicate that the crystalline interior has partially melted where in contact with the high-temperature impact melt and while further investigation is needed, pyroxene may have preferentially melted relative to olivine and plagioclase. Future Work: We plan to conduct electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping in order to determine crystallinity and crystal orientation. Next using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data in conjunction with EBSD and EPMA information, we will model the diffusion of moderately volatile elements between the melt and remnant crystals.

A C Stadermann↗

The diffuse infrared background - COBE and other observations

The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite is designed to conduct a sensitive search for an isotropic cosmic infrared background radiation over the spectral range from 1 to 300 micrometers. The cumulative emissions of pregalactic, protogalactic, and evolving galactic systems are expected to be recorded in this background. The DIRBE instrument, a 10 spectral band absolute photometer with an 0.7 deg field of view, maps the full sky with high redundancy at solar elongation angles ranging from 64 to 124 degrees to facilitate separation of interplanetary, Galactic, and extragalactic sources of emission. Initial sky maps show the expected character of the foreground emissions, with relative minima at wavelengths of 3.4 micrometers and longward of 100 micrometers. Extensive modelling of the foregrounds, just beginning, will be required to isolate the extragalactic component. In this paper, we summarize the status of diffuse infrared background observations from the DIRBE, and compare preliminary results with those of recent rocket and satellite instruments.

Hauser, M. G.↗

Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, volume 20

Various topics related to investigations of the middle atmosphere are discussed. Numerical weather prediction, performance characteristics of weather profiling radars, determination of gravity wave and turbulence parameters, case studies of gravity-wave propagation, turbulence and diffusion due to gravity waves, the climatology of gravity waves, mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar, antenna arrays, and data management techniques are among the topics discussed.

Bowhill, S. A.↗

The bioclimatic extent and pattern of the cold edge of the boreal forest: the circumpolar taiga-tundra ecotone

Current configurations of forest structure at the cold edge of the boreal may help understand the future of ecosystem functioning in high northern latitudes. The circumpolar biome boundary at the boreal (taiga) forest and tundra interface is an ecological transition zone (taiga-tundra ecotone; TTE) experiencing changes that affect its forest structure. We accounted for the TTE's horizontal forest structure with an estimate of its extent and pattern as represented by tree canopy cover (TCC). We quantified TCC patterns with an algorithm that describes its spatial gradient, and summarized landscape patterns of structure to represent heterogeneity, capturing abrupt, diffuse, and uniform forest at mesoscales. We used these landscape patterns to constrain the spatial extent of sparse and open canopy forest, and non-forest (forest-adjacent) edge that defines the TTE extent. The resulting map of the TTE extent is based on forest structure spatial patterns resolved at 30 m, highlights structural variability across landscapes, and helps distinguish tundra from boreal domains. We classified 14 594 landscapes as those associated with the TTE within a circumpolar bioclimatic envelope (11.575 million km2), where 44.83% of the area of these landscapes were forest and non-forest edge, yet 36.43% contributed to the TTE extent. We report the overall extent of the TTE (3.032 million km2) across North America and Greenland (53%), and Eurasia (47%), where 0.697 million km2 is non-forest edge, 0.549 million km2 is sparse forest, and 1.787 million km2 is open canopy forest. Diffuse forest landscapes dominate the TTE (79%), and abrupt landscapes (~19%) indicate portions of the TTE where sparse forest and non-forest edge are the prevailing structural patterns. This account of the TTE quantifies the area of the cold edge of the boreal forest where previous global estimates show high discrepancies, and can help target monitoring and prediction of circumpolar dynamics.

Paul M Montesano↗

VLF waves in the foreshock

Plasma waves observed in the VLF range upstream of planetary bow shocks not only modify the particle distributions, but also provide important information about the acceleration processes that occur at the bow shock. Electron plasma oscillations observed near the tangent field line in the electron foreshock are generated by electrons reflected at the bow shock through a process that has been referred to as Fast Fermi acceleration. Fast Fermi acceleration is the same as shock-drift acceleration, which is one of the mechanisms by which ions are energized at the shock. We have generated maps of the VLF emissions upstream of the Venus bow shock, using these maps to infer properties of the shock energization processes. We find that the plasma oscillations extend along the field line up to a distance that appears to be controlled by the shock scale size, implying that shock curvature restricsts the flux and energy of reflected electrons. We also find that the ion acoustic waves are observed in the ion foreshock, but at Venus these emissions are not detected near the ULF forshock boundary. Through analogy with terrestrial ion observations, this implies that the ion acoustic waves are not generated by ion beams, but are instead generated by diffuse ion distributions found deep within the ion foreshock. However, since the shock is much smaller at Venus, and there is no magnetosphere, we might expect ion distributions within the ion foreshock to be different than at the Earth. Mapping studies of the terrestrial foreshock similar to those carried out at Venus appear to be necessary to determine if the inferences drawn from Venus data are applicable to other foreshocks.

Strangeway, R. J.↗

Multiscale Characterization of Electrode-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

The stability of metal-halide-perovskite (MHP) solar cells must be understood and improved for the commercial viability of MHP technologies. Here, we apply multiscale characterization methods to study degradation modes, specifically electrode corrosion, for p-i-n MHP partial device stacks and full devices that are stored in the dark under an inert atmosphere. Our multiscale characterization approaches include full-device electro-optical performance using current-voltage (JV) curves and spatial imaging with electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL). We further correlate interface properties using cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy, which maps the nanoscale electric field properties, and electron microscopy, which demonstrates structural and chemical features. Devices stored as a full device stack degrade primarily by metal (Ag) electrode diffusion into the absorber, with formation of AgI byproducts and Ag accumulation near the indium tin oxide (ITO) contact. This causes decomposition of the perovskite absorber domains, loss of the potential drop at the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface near the metal contact, and increased equivalent resistance at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface near the ITO contact. The devices stored without metal show a different degradation pathway dominated by corrosion of the ITO, creating voids at the ITO electrode surface with diffusion of In and Sn into the absorber. We conclude that metal electrode-induced degradation is the most severe degradation pathway under dark storage, but that ITO corrosion and absorber instability must also be mitigated. We further demonstrate mitigation of these degradation pathways by changes to the device stack, including a SnO x blocking layer at the ETL side and replacing ITO with FTO at the HTL side. These results provide a useful demonstration of specific dark degradation pathways at each electrode interface, as well as a unique multiscale example that links degradation of chemical, structural, and electrical interface properties to the full-device electro-optical characteristics.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Ink-sprayed transparent ceramic multilayer planar waveguides for ribbon lasers

Multilayer transparent ceramic planar waveguides were fabricated using a newly developed particle-loaded ink spraying method, characterized, and lased. Waveguides with five Yb:YAG gain regions and four Lu:YAG index-matched regions were produced for application as a “ribbon laser,” as well as a homogeneous Yb:YAG waveguide. Elemental mapping revealed that the waveguide thicknesses varied from 40 to 69 μm, comprised of layers of less than 10 µm. The Yb concentration profiles were fit to a diffusion profile. The homogeneous and multilayer waveguides were tested in a laser cavity and produced similar slope efficiencies, with a maximum of 31% achieved. In conclusion, their beam profiles provided evidence of the ribbon structure affecting the preferred mode.

Osborne, Ross [Lawrence Livermore National Laborat↗

Three-band observations of the soft X-ray background and some implications of thermal emission models

The galactic component of the very soft diffuse X-ray background in three bands, covering the energy ranges of approximately 100 to 188 eV, 150 to 284 eV, and 500 to 850 eV, is mapped primarily at middle and low galactic latitudes. Intense regions on the maps are identified, and the dissimilarity of the three maps is shown to indicate spectral as well as intensity variations over the sky. Three emission-mechanism models involving hot gas at a single temperature are examined, a multitemperature model is found to be required, and several such models based on hot gas in a steady state or in equilibrium are considered. The problem of overpressure raised by Shapiro and Field (1976) is briefly discussed.

Burstein, P.↗

Water Flow Performance of a Superscale Model of the Fastrac Liquid Oxygen Pump

As part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's ongoing effort to lower the cost of access to space, the Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a rocket engine with 60,000 pounds of thrust for use on the Reusable Launch Vehicle technology demonstrator slated for launch in 2000. This gas generator cycle engine, known as the Fastrac engine, uses liquid oxygen and RP-1 for propellants and includes single stage liquid oxygen and RP-1 pumps and a single stage supersonic turbine on a common shaft. The turbopump design effort included the first use and application of new suction capability prediction codes and three-dimensional blade generation codes in an attempt to reduce the turbomachinery design and certification costs typically associated with rocket engine development. To verify the pump's predicted cavitation performance, a water flow test of a superscale model of the Fastrac liquid oxygen pump was conducted to experimentally evaluate the liquid oxygen pump's performance at and around the design point. The water flow test article replicated the flow path of the Fastrac liquid oxygen pump in a 1.582x scale model, including scaled seal clearances for correct leakage flow at a model operating speed of 5000 revolutions per minute. Flow entered the 3-blade axial-flow inducer, transitioned to a shrouded, 6- blade radial impeller, and discharged into a vaneless radial diffuser and collection volute. The test article included approximately 50 total and static pressure measurement locations as well as flush-mounted, high frequency pressure transducers for complete mapping of the pressure environment. The primary objectives of the water flow test were to measure the steady-state and dynamic pressure environment of the liquid oxygen pump versus flow coefficient, suction specific speed, and back face leakage flow rate. Initial results showed acceptable correlation between the predicted and experimentally measured pump head rise at low suction specific speeds. Likewise, only small circumferential variations in steady-state were observed from 80% to 120% of the design flow coefficient, matching the computational predictions and confirming that the integrated design approach has minimized any exit volute-induced distortions. The test article exhibited suction performance trends typically observed in inducer designs with virtually constant head rise with decreasing inlet pressure until complete pump head breakdown. Unfortunately, the net positive suction head at 3% head fall-off occurred far below that predicted at all tested flow coefficients, resulting in a negative net positive suction head margin at the design point in water. Additional testing to map the unsteady pressure environment was conducted and cavitation-induced flow disturbances at the inducer inlet were observed. Two distinct disturbances were identified, one rotating and one stationary relative to the fixed frame of reference, while the transition from one regime to the next produced significant effects on the steady state pump performance. The impact of the unsteady phenomena and the corresponding energy losses on the unexpectedly poor pump performance is also discussed.

Skelley, Stephen↗

Basal melt beneath whillans ice stream and ice streams A and C

We have used a recently derived map of the velocity of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Streams A and C to help estimate basal melt. Temperature was modeled with a simple vertical advection-diffusion equation, 'tuned' to match temperature profiles. We find that most of the melt occurs beneath the tributaries where larger basal shear stresses and thicker ice favors greater melt (e.g., 10-20 mm/yr). The occurrence of basal freezing is predicted beneath much of the ice plains of Ice Stream C and Whillans Ice Stream. Modelled melt rates for when Ice Stream C was active suggest there was just enough melt water generated in its tributaries to balance basal freezing on its ice plain. Net basal melt for Whillans Ice Stream is positive due to smaller basal temperature gradients. Modelled temperatures on Whillans Ice Stream, however, were constrained by a single temperature profile at UpB. Basal temperature gradients for Whillans B1 and Ice Stream A may have conditions more similar to those beneath Ice Streams C and D, in which case, there may not be sufficient melt to sustain motion. This would be consistent with the steady deceleration of Whillans stream over the last few decades.

glaciers ice sheets↗