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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1976

Studies of the inner shelf and coastal sedimentation environment of the Beaufort Sea from ERTS-A

The author has identified the following significant results. Shearing periodically occurs between the westward moving pack ice (3 to 10 km/d) within the Pacific Gyre and the fast ice along the coast, forming major grounded shear and pressure ridges between the 10 to 40 m isobaths. Ridges occur in patterns conforming to known shoals. The zone of grounded ridges, called stamukhi zone, protects the inner shelf and coast from marine energy and pack ice forces. Relatively undeformed fast ice grows inshore of the stamukhi zone. The boundary is explained in terms of pack ice drift and major promontories and shoals. Intense ice gaging, highly disrupted sediments, and landward migration of shoals suggest that much of the available marine energy is expended on the sea floor within the stamukhi zone. Naleds (products of river icings) on the North Slope are more abundant east than west of the Colville River. Their location, growth, and decay were studied from LANDSAT imagery.

Reimnitz, E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Coastal environment of the Beaufort Sea from field data and ERTS-1 imagery, summer 1972

The author has identified the following significant results. An extensive field program during the spring and summer in the coastal Beaufort Sea test site has been completed using a wide variety of sensing techniques. Reduction of field data and ERTS-1 image analysis have shown the coastal environment to be complexly influenced by unique processes, most of which involve or are related to sea ice. Active sedimentologic processes along the Arctic coast are set in motion by the melting, flooding, and eventual overflow of rivers onto the sea ice. It is now apparent that only minor amounts of sediment are transported offshore at this stage; however, scouring of the bottom is significant beneath the strudels (drain holes) which develop in the fast ice canopy in the region of overflow. Areal salinity and turbidity patterns together with ERTS-1 imagery confirm a consistent influx of colder, clearer, saltier water towards the coast just east of the Colville River. Strong (up to 3 knots) bidirectional but intermittent currents often manifest themselves in imagery and aerial photographs as wakes behind grounded ice. Ice movement vectors generated from repetitive images indicate that ice drift is closely associated with wind direction, especially in shallow bays, and displacements of 4-22 kilometers were noted in 24 hours.

Reimnitz, E.↗
NASA NTRS2020

A Multi-Modal Approach for Monitoring Changes in Agriculture in the Mekong River Delta

Smallholder farms in South East Asia are characterized by small irregular field patterns, dense cloud cover and haze which limits our ability to observe changes in agriculture land-use. Very-high resolution (VHR, < 5 m) Earth observing (EO) satellites have grown into constellations with global repeat coverage that can support multiple observations within a growing season. Here we present a multi-modal approach to map and monitor changes in agriculture at the field scale in the Mekong River Delta with VHR optical imagery from Worldview-1, 2 and 3, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) from Sentinel-1. Our approach leverages the benefits of SAR and VHR imagery with geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) in a high-end computing environment to rapidly map the distribution and size of agriculture fields that are not observable at moderate resolution (> 30 m) in regions with dense persistent cloud cover and haze from biomass burning.

Christopher S R Neigh↗
DOE OSTI2023

Establishing connectivity patterns of eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) on regional oceanographic scales

Localized depletion of marine and estuarine populations often results from large-scale natural and anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., hurricanes, oil spills) as well as overharvest of fisheries resources. Understanding how such localized depletions may affect populations at larger regional scales requires knowledge of connectivity among local populations within the larger regional landscape or metapopulation. Efforts to restore populations following such decreases require similar knowledge. During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, dramatic declines of oysters occurred throughout estuaries west and east of the Mississippi River. We examined trajectories of particles, which were parameterized to mimic oyster larvae, using the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC; https://adcirc.org ) model to evaluate potential connectivity within and among embayments from Western Louisiana to Alabama. Patterns of larval settlement, which we defined as the intersection of a larval particle with known or expected oyster habitat at any point 13–21 days post-release, reflected much greater local contributions, with 50%–90% of settled particles originating within the same subdivision of embayments. Exchange among subdivision was much less (0%–40%) and settlement originating from outside the embayment of release was trivial under most scenarios (0%–14%). Connectivity between adjacent basins was greatest for larvae released in the southern portions of the embayment, whereas connectivity among nonadjacent basins was not predicted under the scenarios modeled. Because most local populations are relatively isolated on ecological timescales, areas suffering from extensive local depletion are likely to require extensive time to recover due to the lack of larval subsidy from the overall regional population. Restoration would require building stepping-stone populations or reefs within and among basin to restore a high degree of connectivity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Agricultural impacts of sustainable water use in the United States

Abstract Governance measures such as restrictions on groundwater pumping and adjustments to sectoral water pricing have been suggested as response strategies to curtail recent increases in groundwater pumping and enhance sustainable water use. However, little is known about the impacts of such sustainability strategies. We investigate the implications of such measures, with the United States (U.S.) as an example. Using the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) with state-level details in the U.S., we find that the combination of these two governance measures can drastically alter agricultural production in the U.S. The Southwest stands to lose upwards of 25% of their total agricultural production, much of which is compensated for by production increases in river basins on the east coast of the U.S. The implementation of future sustainable water governance measures will require additional investments that allow farmers to maximize production while minimizing water withdrawals to avoid potentially detrimental revenue losses.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Doppler-Lidar Evaluation of HRRR-Model Skill at Simulating Summertime Wind Regimes in the Columbia River Basin during WFIP2

Complex-terrain locations often have repeatable near-surface wind patterns, such as synoptic gap flows and local thermally forced flows. An example is the Columbia River Valley in east-central Oregon-Washington, a significant wind-energy-generation region and the site of the Second Wind-Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2). Data from three Doppler lidars deployed during WFIP2 define and characterize summertime wind regimes and their large-scale contexts, and provide insight into NWP model errors by examining differences in the ability of a model [NOAA’s High-Resolution Rapid-Refresh (HRRR-version1)] to forecast wind-speed profiles for different regimes. Seven regimes were identified based on daily time series of the lidar-measured rotor-layer winds, which then suggested two broad categories. First, in three regimes the primary dynamic forcing was the large-scale pressure gradient. Second, in two regimes the dominant forcing was the diurnal heating-cooling cycle (regional sea-breeze-type dynamics), including the marine intrusion previously described, which generates strong nocturnal winds over the region. The other two included a hybrid regime and a non-conforming regime. For the large-scale pressure-gradient regimes, HRRR had wind-speed biases of ~1 m s -1 and RMSEs of 2-3 m s -1 . Errors were much larger for the thermally forced regimes, owing to the premature demise of the strong nocturnal flow in HRRR. Thus, the more dominant the role of surface heating in generating the flow, the larger the errors. Major errors could result from surface heating of the atmosphere, boundary-layer responses to that heating, and associated terrain interactions. Finally, measurement/modeling research programs should be aimed at determining which modeled processes produce the largest errors, so those processes can be improved and errors reduced.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

AmeriFlux CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue. Site Description - The Mer Bleue peatland is primarily a large ombrotrophic bog located in the Ottawa River Valley, 10 km east of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.40º N lat., 75.50º W long.). Mean annual temperature is 6.3ºC ranging from -10.5ºC in January to 21.0ºC in July. Mean annual precipitation is 943 mm, 268 mm of which falls during the summer months (Environment Canada; climate normals). Peat began to form approximately 8500 years ago, but the bog phase began later, about 6400 years ago (Lafleur et al., 2003; Richard, pers. comm.). The peat depth now ranges from 2 m at the edge to >5 m in the middle. Beaver ponds are found at the lagg margin of the bog. The bog is dominated by plant communities comprised primarily of the ericaceous shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, and Kalmia angustifolia L. Clusters of the deciduous shrub Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the tufted sedge Eriophorum vaginatum L. are fairly common across the bog. The most common tree species found in the bog are Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch., Betula populifolia Marshall and Picea mariana (Miller) BSP occurring less frequently. In the poor fen, located to the north of the bog proper, community composition is primarily composed of the ericaceous shrubs listed above, including higher densities of K. angustifolia and Andromeda glaucophylla Link. The primary sedge in this area is Carex oligosperma Michx. All sites are dominated by an under story of bryophytes, mainly Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., and Polytrichum strictum Brid. in the bog, with Sphagnum papillosum Lindb., and Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. common in the wetter portions of the poor fen

Humphreys, Elyn↗
DOE OSTI2025

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The Mer Bleue peatland is primarily a large ombrotrophic bog located in the Ottawa River Valley, 10 km east of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.40º N lat., 75.50º W long.). Mean annual temperature is 6.3ºC ranging from -10.5ºC in January to 21.0ºC in July. Mean annual precipitation is 943 mm, 268 mm of which falls during the summer months (Environment Canada; climate normals). Peat began to form approximately 8500 years ago, but the bog phase began later, about 6400 years ago (Lafleur et al., 2003; Richard, pers. comm.). The peat depth now ranges from 2 m at the edge to >5 m in the middle. Beaver ponds are found at the lagg margin of the bog. The bog is dominated by plant communities comprised primarily of the ericaceous shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, and Kalmia angustifolia L. Clusters of the deciduous shrub Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the tufted sedge Eriophorum vaginatum L. are fairly common across the bog. The most common tree species found in the bog are Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch., Betula populifolia Marshall and Picea mariana (Miller) BSP occurring less frequently. In the poor fen, located to the north of the bog proper, community composition is primarily composed of the ericaceous shrubs listed above, including higher densities of K. angustifolia and Andromeda glaucophylla Link. The primary sedge in this area is Carex oligosperma Michx. All sites are dominated by an under story of bryophytes, mainly Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., and Polytrichum strictum Brid. in the bog, with Sphagnum papillosum Lindb., and Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. common in the wetter portions of the poor fen

Humphreys, Elyn [Carleton University]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hydro-EKG: In-Stream Streaming-potential (SP) Electrical Monitoring of the Lifeblood of Watersheds during Disturbance

In order to develop improved methods for characterization and monitoring of hyporheic exchange along stream and river corridors, this project evaluated and compared concentration (C) and discharge (Q) correlations between the dam-managed, intermittent Rio Grande River and the perennial East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Additionally, a multimethod geoelectric survey was implemented between January and March 2022 along a 220-meter long reach of the bedrock-lined East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to identify locations of surface-water and groundwater exchange in the bedrock-lined streambed and characterize the subsurface flow paths that convey water between the stream and flood plain.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1973

Sea, ice and surface water circulation, Alaskan continental shelf

The author has identified the following significant results. Salinity and temperature measurements in the Bering Sea indicate that the Yukon River outflow extends as far as 200 km from its mouth. The fresh water flow from the Yukon River flows north and east into Norton Sound. Various levels of suspended sediment concentration in waters have been successfully color coded using a VP-8 color density slicing image analyzer. The 70 mm negative transparencies have provided the best fit for the ground truth observations.

Wright, F. F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Identification of geostructures of continental crust particularly as they relate to mineral resource evaluation

The author has identified the following significant results. New mineral deposits have recently been discovered in eastern Alaska through application of a hypothesis very similar to one developed in interpretation of Nimbus and ERTS-1 imagery in this investigation, that mineral deposits may be spatially related to a set of crustal linears. The discovery affirms the validity of this hypothesis and provides an additional exploration rationale to the mineral industry. A regional lineation in lakes near Umiat in northern Alaska, suspected to reflect structures in basement and suggesting areas of possible potential for new petroleum exploration, is found to cover a much larger area than previously suspected east of the Colville River, increasing the area of interest. Further application of this same imagery exists in that environmental scars to the tundra resulting from previous ground exploration, if of large size, can be recognized and their natural revegetation monitored by use of ERTS imagery. New geologic data obtained from ERTS-1 images of lowland areas of western northern Alaska facilitates assessing the petroleum potential of this area. Use of the images in field mapping permitted extrapolation of field observations. Mosaics of ERTS-1 images have provided additional data on regional linear sets and on other regional fault trends possibly related to mineralized areas.

Gryc, G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Evidence for spreading in the lower Kam Group of the Yellowknife greenstone belt: Implications for Archaean basin evolution in the Slave Province

The Yellowknife greenstone belt is the western margin of an Archean turbidite-filled basin bordered on the east by the Cameron River and Beaulieu River volcanic belts (Henderson, 1981; Lambert, 1982). This model implies that rifting was entirely ensialic and did not proceed beyond the graben stage. Volcanism is assumed to have been restricted to the boundary faults, and the basin was floored by a downfaulted granitic basement. On the other hand, the enormous thickness of submarine volcanic rocks and the presence of a spreading complex at the base of the Kam Group suggest that volcanic rocks were much more widespread than indicated by their present distribution. Rather than resembling volcanic sequences in intracratonic graben structures, the Kam Group and its tectonic setting within the Yellowknife greenstone belt have greater affinities to the Rocas Verdes of southern Chile, Mesozoic ophiolites, that were formed in an arc-related marginal basin setting. The similarities of these ophiolites with some Archean volcanic sequences was previously recognized, and served as basis for their marginal-basin model of greenstone belts. The discovery of a multiple and sheeted dike complex in the Kam Group confirms that features typical of Phanerozoic ophiolites are indeed preserved in some greenstone belts and provides further field evidence in support of such a model.

Helmstaedt, H.↗
NASA NTRS2013

On the Use of NASA Earth Observations to Characterize the 2012 US Drought

As the harvest season approached in August 2012, much of the United States remained in the grip of a major drought. According to the United States Drought Monitor (USDM), 52 percent of the United States and Puerto Rico was in moderate drought conditions or worse by August 7, 2012 (see Figure 1a). Drought areas were concentrated in the agricultural states in the central U.S.A. The drought threatened global food prices and US biofuel feedstocks. Although areas east of the Mississippi River experienced some relief due to Hurricane Isaac, the drought persisted west of the Mississippi River Basin. The USDA Economic Research Service reports about 80 percent of the US agriculture experienced drought in 2012 making it the most extensive drought since the 1950's. The Financial Times reported 2012 losses at roughly $30 billion dollars. NASA maintains satellite and modelling capabilities that enable the assessment of drought severity and extent on a national and global basis.

water management↗
NASA NTRS2019

Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] to Aid Management Actions

Hydrilla is an invasive aquatic plant that has rapidly spread through many inland water bodies across the globe by outcompeting native aquatic plants. Drinking water supply, power generation, and recreational use of lakes are threatened by the spread of this invasive species. Moreover, hydrilla serves as a host for an epiphytic, toxic cyanobacteria known to be the causative agent of the neurodegenerative disease called avian vacuolar myelinopathy, which affects waterfowl, raptors, and amphibians. The early detection of hydrilla infestation is very important to reduce the costs associated with control and removal efforts of this invasive species. Therefore, this study was aimed at developing a rapid, frequent, and large-scale tool for monitoring and predicting spatial extent of hydrilla habitat. This was achieved by integrating in situ and Landsat 8 OLI satellite data for Lake J. Strom Thurmond, the largest US Army Corps of Engineers Lake east of the Mississippi River located on the Georgia/South Caroline border. The predictive model incorporated remote sensing reflectance, Secchi disk depth (SDD), light attenuation coefficient (Kd), maximum depth of colonization (Zc), and percentage of light available through water column (PLW). The model predicted ideal habitat for hydrilla featuring high SDD, low values of Kd, high Zc and PLW. Final analysis showed that hydrilla starts growing in April, reaches peak around October, begins retreating in the following months, and disappears in February. Additionally, physical meteorological factors were analyzed and were found to be closely associated with hydrilla extent. Management agencies can use these results to not only to plan future removal efforts, but also evaluate and adapt their current mitigation efforts.

Percentage of light available through the water co↗
NASA NTRS1975

Satellites - New global observing techniques for ice and snow

The possibility that the variation in areal extent of the snow cover may be related by empirical means to the average monthly run-off in a given watershed was demonstrated by comparing run-off records from the Indus River Basin in south-east Asia with a series of snow-cover maps obtained from Nimbus-3 and 4 imagery. Similar studies using the higher spatial resolution available with ERTS-1 imagery were carried out for the Wind River Mountains watersheds in Wyoming, where it was found that the empirical relationship varied with mean elevation of the watershed. In addition, digital image enhancement techniques are shown to be useful for identifying glacier features thought to be related to extent of snow cover, moraine characteristics, debris coverage, and the like. Finally, longer wavelength observations using sensors on board the Nimbus-5 satellite are shown to be useful for indicating crystal size distributions and onset of melting on glacier snow cover.

Gloersen, P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Sea, ice and surface water circulation, Alaskan Continental Shelf

The author has identified the following significant results. Two cruises were conducted in Cook Inlet to obtain ground truth. Forty-seven stations during 22-23 August and 68 stations during 25-29 September 1972 were occupied and temperature, salinity, percent light transmission, and suspended load of surface waters obtained. Similar data at various depths was also obtained at selected stations. Cook Inlet is an estuary with complex mixing of river discharges and ocean water. The Upper Cook Inlet shows a gradual and systematic decrease in salinity, however, west of Kenai the mixing of waters is complex. The sediments in suspension originating at the head of the inlet generally settle out east of Kenai and Drift River. Sediment load in suspension decreased gradually from 1700 mg/1 near Anchorage to about 50 mg/1 in the Narrows. In the Lower Cook Inlet the suspended load varied between 1-10 mg/1. Surface waters with sediments in suspension and ocean water with relatively lower sediment concentration are clearly discernible in ERTS-1 images obtained during September 18, 1972 pass over Cook Inlet. The movement and mixing of these waters can also be delineated in the images.

Wright, F. F.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The 1977 tundra fire in the Kokolik River area of Alaska

Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.

Source record↗