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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Filament-wound composite vessels material technology

Programs are reviewed that were conducted to establish a technology base for applying advanced fibers or resins to high performance filament-wound pressure vessels for containment of cryogens and high pressure gases. Materials evaluated included boron, graphite, PRD 49-1 and 3/epoxy and S-glass/polyimide composites. Closed-end cylindrical, and oblate spheroid-shaped vessels were fabricated in 4- and 8-inch diameter sizes. Vessels were subjected to single-cycle burst, low-cycle fatigue, and sustained loading tests over a -423 F to room temperature range for epoxy composites and a -423 to 500 F temperature range for the polyimide composites. Vessels tested at cryogenic and/or 500 F had thin (3 to 20 mils) metallic liners whereas vessels tested at room temperature had elastomeric liners. Correlations between acoustic emissions and burst and cyclic properties of PRD 49-1 filament-wound vessels are discussed.

Lark, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The rapid quantitation of the filamentous blue-green alga plectonema boryanum by the luciferase assay for ATP

Plectonema boryanum is a filamentous blue green alga. Blue green algae have a procaryotic cellular organization similar to bacteria, but are usually obligate photoautotrophs, obtaining their carbon and energy from photosynthetic mechanism similar to higher plants. This research deals with a comparison of three methods of quantitating filamentous populations: microscopic cell counts, the luciferase assay for ATP and optical density measurements.

Bush, V. N.↗
NASA NTRS1975

EUV emission, filament activation and magnetic fields in a slow-rise flare

Results are reported for observations and analysis of synoptic data on a 1B flare that occurred on January 19, 1972. The observations include large-scale H-alpha movies of the flare and pre-flare developments, OSO-7 satellite data on soft X-ray and EUV developments, magnetograms, and hard X-ray observations. Theoretical force-free magnetic field configurations are compared with structures seen in the soft X-ray, EUV, and H-alpha images, and the evolution of the flare is described. The energy available for the flare is estimated from the change of magnetic field inferred from the H-alpha filtergrams and from force-free field calculations. It is suggested that the flare originated in a twisted filament where it was compressed by emerging fields, and it is shown that the flare started below the corona and appeared to derive its energy from the magnetic fields in or near the filament.

Rust, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Filament-wound spar shell graphite/epoxy fan blades

The methodology for fabrication of wet filament wound spar shell fan blades is presented. All principal structural elements were filament wound, assembled, formed, bonded and co-cured in a female mold. A pair of blades were fabricated as one integral unit and parted into two after curing.

Yao, S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Production of a short-lived filament by a surge

A large surge was observed on September 17, 1971 part of which, after travelling 200,000 km across the surface, returned to the surface to form a filament. The filament lasted about 30 minutes, then rose up and returned to the source of the surge. This was interpreted as the filling of a semi-stable magnetic trap. Analysis of the microwave radio burst showed it to have been produced by a source optically thick at 8,800 MHz, with area 4 (arc min)squared and T approximately 275,000 deg, N squared sub eV approximately 7 x 10 to the 48th power. The soft x-ray burst showed a component at 12 x 1,00.000 deg with N squared sub eV approximately 3 x 10 to the 48th power.

Zirin, H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Performance of filament-wound vessels from an organic fiber in several epoxy matrices

A study was carried out to select a state-of-the-art epoxy for wet filament winding. Ten epoxy systems were used to filament wind pressure vessels with a high-modulus, high-strength organic fiber. Data are reported on vessel performance, fiber strand strengths, and shear strengths for the different systems. Using our criteria (processibility, neat resin properties, and vessel performance), we find that an epoxy system based on the rubber-modified bis-phenol-F resin, diluted with vinyl cyclohexane dioxide and cured with mixed aromatic amines, can easily replace bis-phenol-A epoxies diluted with bis-(2, 3-epoxycyclopentyl) ether (such as ERL 2256 epoxy of Union Carbide) with comparable overall performance.

Chiao, T. T.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Coronal changes associated with a disappearing filament

Skylab/ATM observations of a disappearing filament near the center of the solar disk are described using XUV and H-alpha spectroheliograms, X-ray filterheliograms, and photospheric magnetograms. The temperature of the coronal plasma as the filament disappeared is estimated to have been in excess of 6 million K, and it is noted that the time history of the soft X-ray and microwave fluxes displayed the gradual-rise-and-fall (GRF) signature, suggesting that the present event may have properties that are characteristic of a wide class of long-duration X-ray and radio events. A comparison with other spatially resolved long-duration X-ray events indicates that all such long-lived bursts involve transients in the outer corona and that some two-thirds of them involve either the eruption or the major activation of a prominence. It is also found that long-lived events are characterized by the appearance of new emission loops in the lower corona during the declining phase of the X-ray emission and that these loops sometimes disappear after the X-ray events and sometimes remain indefinitely.

Sheeley, N. R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Filamentation instability of a large amplitude whistler wave

Experiments performed in a pulsed afterglow plasma column with specified parameters revealed a filamentation instability of a large-amplitude whistler wave launched from antennas which produce a diverging energy flow in the linear regime. The difficult problem of diagnosing local density perturbations in a magnetized plasma in the presence of large-amplitude RF signals and nonuniform anisotropic electron distributions is discussed. Since Langmuir probes are too unreliable under these conditions, a microwave probe is developed based on the principle of the cavity shift method. The temporal and spatial evolution of the duct formation and wave propagation are shown. The role of the observed electron heating in the filamentation process is examined. The observed self-focusing process appears to be the result of the reinforcing interaction between the wave-induced density depression and the density-induced wave refraction. Interesting applications are noted.

Stenzel, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Radiation from a current filament driven by a traveling wave

Solutions are presented for the electromagnetic fields radiated by an arbitrarily oriented current filament located above a perfectly conducting ground plane and excited by a traveling current wave. Both an approximate solution, valid in the fraunhofer region of the filament and predicting the radiation terms in the fields, and an exact solution, which predicts both near and far field components of the electromagnetic fields, are presented. Both solutions apply to current waveforms which propagate along the channel but are valid regardless of the actual waveshape. The exact solution is valid only for waves which propagate at the speed of light, and the approximate solution is formulated for arbitrary velocity of propagation. The spectrum-magnitude of the fourier transform-of the radiated fields is computed by assuming a compound exponential model for the current waveform. The effects of channel orientation and length, as well as velocity of propagation of the current waveform and location of the observer, are discussed. It is shown that both velocity of propagation and an effective channel length are important in determining the shape of the spectrum.

Levine, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Production of a short-lived filament by a surge

An unusual solar event is investigated in which a short-lived cloud, very much like a filament, was formed by ejecta from a large surge. The temporal evolution of this surge is described, and evidence is presented which indicates that the short-lived cloud was a bona fide filament. The energetics of this event and the mass of the surge are estimated from radio and X-ray data obtained at the onset.

Zirin, H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Interaction between emission-line filaments and highly energetic explosions in QSOs

The conditions under which QSO line-emitting regions can survive a relativistic explosion are investigated along with the question of whether past and future observations can place constraints on both predicted highly energetic outbursts of ultrarelativistic plasma or LF electromagnetic radiation and the line-emitting gas. Observed properties of QSO emission-line regions are reviewed, and the interaction between a relativistic explosion and a dense cloud is analyzed for the cases of a sudden release of relativistic plasma and an outburst of LF electromagnetic waves. Bremsstrahlung X-ray emission from shocked QSO filaments is calculated, the evolution of dense QSO clouds is examined, and radiative acceleration is excluded as the process responsible for the high bulk velocities of filaments, at least in sources that display energetic outbursts. An alternative mechanism involving highly energetic explosions is proposed.

Marscher, A. P.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Variabilities detected by acoustic emission from filament-wound Aramid fiber/epoxy composite pressure vessels

Two hundred and fifty Aramid fiber/epoxy pressure vessels were filament-wound over spherical aluminum mandrels under controlled conditions typical for advanced filament-winding. A random set of 30 vessels was proof-tested to 74% of the expected burst pressure; acoustic emission data were obtained during the proof test. A specially designed fixture was used to permit in situ calibration of the acoustic emission system for each vessel by the fracture of a 4-mm length of pencil lead (0.3 mm in diameter) which was in contact with the vessel. Acoustic emission signatures obtained during testing showed larger than expected variabilities in the mechanical damage done during the proof tests. To date, identification of the cause of these variabilities has not been determined.

Hamstad, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Precision filament cutter

Automated cutter precisely chops filaments of glass, graphite, plastic, and other materials into fibers for use in composites and other applications. Cutter uses movable blade that is pushed and pulled across fixed blade. Because mass of movable blade is small and stroke is short, operation is fast, and wear and energy consumption are low. Blade cuts on both forward and return movements. Operator selects fiber length and chopping rate. After each cut, blast of air blows filament away so it can be collected.

Mchatton, A. D.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Calculation of residual principal stresses in CVD boron on carbon filaments

A three-dimensional finite element model of the chemical vapor deposition of boron on a carbon substrate (B/C) is developed. The model includes an expansion of the boron after deposition due to atomic rearrangement and includes creep of the boron and carbon. Curves are presented showing the variation of the principal residual stresses and the filament elongation with the parameters defining deposition strain and creep. The calculated results are compared with experimental axial residual stress and elongation measurements made on B/C filaments. For good agreement between calculated and experimental results, the deposited boron must continue to expand after deposition, and the build up of residual stresses must be limited by significant boron and carbon creep rates.

Behrendt, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Calculation of residual principal stresses in CVD boron on carbon filaments

A three-dimensional finite element model of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of boron on a carbon substrate (B/C) is developed. The model includes an expansion of the boron after deposition due to atomic rearrangement and includes creep of the boron and carbon. Curves are presented to show how the principal residual stresses and the filament elongation vary as the parameters defining deposition strain and creep are varied. The calculated results are compared with experimental axial residual stress and elongation measurements made on B/C filaments. This comparison requires that for good agreement between calculated and experimental results, the deposited boron must continue to expand after deposition, and that the build-up of residual stresses is limited by significant boron and carbon creep rates.

Behrendt, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Activated solar filaments and flares

Skylab observations have shown that activations and disruptions of dark H-alpha filaments are one of the basic and most important mechanisms of solar activity. The Kopp-Pneuman theory of post-flare loops shows that the process which disrupts a filament opens the magnetic field and causes a greatly enhanced mass flow along the field lines. The open field lines subsequently reconnect, starting from the bottom of the corona and proceeding upwards. This process can last for many hours. Hot loops are first seen in X-rays, then in extreme UV lines, and, after an appropriate cooling time, in H-alpha as the loop prominence systems.

Svestka, Z.↗
NASA NTRS1981

X-ray and H-alpha observations of a filament-disappearance flare - An empirical analysis of the magnetic field configuration

On August, 29, 1973, a flare event occurred that involved the disappearance of a filament near central meridian. The event, well-observed in X-rays on Skylab and in H-alpha, was a four-ribbon flare involving both new and old magnetic inversion lines which were roughly parallel. The H-alpha, X-ray, and magnetic field data are used to deduce the magnetic polarities of the H-alpha brightening at the footpoints of the brightest X-ray loops. It is suggested that the event involved a reconnection of magnetic field lines rather than a brightening in place of preexisting loops. The simultaneity of the H-alpha brightening onsets in the four ribbons and the apparent lack of an eruption of the filament are consistent with this interpretation.

Kahler, S. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The He I 10,830 A chromosphere and filament associated structures

Full disk, He I 10,830 A solar spectroheliograms have been generated using the Haleakala Stokes polarimeter-spectrometer. The spectroheliograms, with spatial resolution of 10 x 16 arcsec and wavelength bandpass of 0.53 A, were developed for the detection of coronal holes, and have been compared with nearly simultaneous H-alpha and Ca K filtergrams. Areas of reduced helium absorption have been noted in the neighborhood of filaments and neutral zones in the longitudinal solar magnetic field. The existence of these helium lanes is discussed in terms of their relationship to H-alpha filament channels or to the coronal cavities which surround prominences.

Mccabe, M. K.↗