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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Radiophysical investigations of Venus from spacecraft

The atmosphere and topography of Venus were studied in detail from the Venera-9 and Venera-10. Research on plasma around the Sun was also carried out. Information on pressure, temperature and gas composition of the atmosphere in five regions of the planet was obtained. The Venera-9 and Venera-10 transmitted useful information for several months, making a detailed study possible. Radio waves and fluoroscopy were used as the research methods.

Kolosov, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The Voyager infrared spectroscopy and radiometry investigation

Two interferometers covering the spectral ranges 17 to 170 microns and 1.4 to 10 microns and a radiometer covering the range 0.4 to 1.2 microns are employed in the Voyager infrared spectroscopy and radiometry investigation. The study will focus on cloud and gas composition of planets and satellites with substantial atmospheres (including isotopic ratios), haze scale height, atmospheric vertical thermal structure, local and planetary circulation, and planetary energy balance. Surface temperatures and thermal properties of satellites with tenuous atmospheres will also be assessed, and the particle size distribution and thermal characteristics of Saturn's rings will be analyzed.

Hanel, R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The calculated and observed ionospheric properties during Atmospheric Explorer-C satellite crossings over Millstone Hill

Results are presented for calculated and observed incoherent scatter radar data on ionospheric and atmospheric properties during the crossings of the Atmospheric Explorer-C satellite over the Millstone Hill, Massachusetts incoherent scatter radar station. The incoherent scatter radar measured electron density vertical profiles and electron and ion temperatures. These values yielded the exospheric temperature and the vertical distribution of neutral gas temperature. The satellite measured electron and ion temperatures and densities, neutral gas composition, and photoelectron spectra. Measurements were also made of solar UV and EUV fluxes, the vertical profile of the NO number density, and the vertical profile of the 6300 A airglow-volume emission rate. The results are compared to those of a time-dependent coupled model of the ionospheric E- and F-regions. Good agreement is found between satellite results, incoherent scatter radar measurements, and model calculations. Along the orbital path satellite measurements show significant latitudinal gradients in the measured properties.

Roble, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Radiative flux penetration through a blown shock layer for Jupiter entry conditions

A study is made of the radiative blockage due to carbonaceous ablation injection for a probe entering the Jupiter atmosphere. This is accomplished by calculating the stagnation-point blockage factors for three entry trajectories that account for variations in probe configuration, atmospheric gas composition, and entry conditions. The radiative blockage within the relatively cool ablation layer is shown to be large and to be primarily dependent upon the absorption of the C2 and C3 species. The C3 absorption is significant, particularly when the new experimental data for C3 spectral absorption properties are used. Also, the stagnation-point radiative blockage factors are shown to correlate well in terms of the no-injection radiative heating rates for various entry conditions.

Moss, J. N.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The stirling engine for vehicle propulsion

The performance data of experimental Stirling engines are considered along with questions of exhaust-gas composition, engine noise, engine volume and weight, engine control, and the engine-starting process. The Stirling engine can use practically any liquid or gaseous fuel for its operation. It is found that technically a use of the Stirling engine in motor vehicles is feasible. Economic questions related to an introduction of the Stirling engine are discussed along with possible new developments which could improve the economic situation in favor of a use of Stirling engine.

Kuhlman, P.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Handbook of Recommended Practices for the Determination of Liquid Monopropellant Rocket Engine Performance

The design, installation, and operation of systems to be used for directly measuring quantities of fundamental importance to the determination of monopropellant thruster performance is described. Areas covered include: (1) force and impulse measurement; (2) propellant mass usage and flow measurement; (3) pressure measurement; (4) temperature measurement; (5) exhaust gas composition measurement; and (6) data reduction and performance determination.

R A Bjorklund↗
NASA NTRS1978

Carbonaceous chondritic material in the solar system

Carbonaceous chondritic matrix material (CCMM) appears to be an important planet-forming unit in the mid-solar system, from the orbits of Mars to that of Uranus. The type specimen for CCMM is the low-temperature (400-500 K) assemblage of clay minerals, organic polymer, magnetite, and Ni-rich iron sulfides which constitutes the black, fine-grained matrix of primitive carbonaceous chondrites. Solar-system objects which appear to be partly or wholly made of CCMM are the satellites of Mars, most asteroids, interplanetary dust, and, perhaps, comets, satellites of the outer planets and the rings of Uranus. CCMM constituents probably formed by low-temperature reactions of higher-temperature condensates with the ambient solar composition gas, or in the case of the organic polymer, by reactions of gaseous species catalyzed by solids.

Wilkening, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Cardiopulmonary data-acquisition system

Computerized system controls and monitors bicycle and treadmill cardiovascular stress tests. It acquires and reduces stress data and displays heart rate, blood pressure, workload, respiratory rate, exhaled-gas composition, and other variables. Data are printed on hard-copy terminal every 30 seconds for quick operator response to patient. Ergometer workload is controlled in real time according to experimental protocol. Collected data are stored directly on tape in analog form and on floppy disks in digital form for later processing.

Crosier, W. G.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Warm/cold cloud processes

Technical assistance continued in support of the Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory is discussed. A study of factors affecting warm cloud formation showed that the time of formation during an arbitrary expansion is independent of carrier gas composition for ideal gases and independent of aerosol concentration for low concentrations of very small aerosols. Equipment and procedures for gravimetric evaluation of a precision saturator were laboratory tested. A numerical feasibility study was conducted for the stable levitation of charged solution droplets by an electric field in a one-g static diffusion chamber. The concept, operating principles, applications, limits, and sensitivity of the levitation technique are discussed.

Bowdle, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Spacecraft for flight in the atmosphere of Venus

Possible configurations of space vehicles which would be delivered to Venus by rocket system in order to autonomously carry out flights in an automatic (and possibly piloted) mode are considered with respect to mission and flight altitude. Base (high altitude) vehicles, operating at pressure, sendity, and temperature corresponding to those on Earth at sea level, will have little maneuverability, will serve as carriers for equipment, scientific devices, and other cargo, and will study the gas composition of the Venus atmosphere from above. Low altitude vehicles will explore the planet from flight altitude in the vicinity of the planet's surface, as well as land on it. Analogous to deep submergence vehicles such as the bathyscaphe and the bathyplane, they will have a certain amount of maneuverability and will study the atmospheric boundary layer from below. The advantages of aerostats in this environment are discussed. Drawings of the aerostatic base station, the variable-length aerostatic sing vehicle, and the hybrid aerostatic vehicle with attached wings are included.

Moskalenko, G. M.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Performance characterization of a Bosch CO sub 2 reduction subsystem

The performance of Bosch hardware at the subsystem level (up to five-person capacity) in terms of five operating parameters was investigated. The five parameters were: (1) reactor temperature, (2) recycle loop mass flow rate, (3) recycle loop gas composition (percent hydrogen), (4) recycle loop dew point and (5) catalyst density. Experiments were designed and conducted in which the five operating parameters were varied and Bosch performance recorded. A total of 12 carbon collection cartridges provided over approximately 250 hours of operating time. Generally, one cartridge was used for each parameter that was varied. The Bosch hardware was found to perform reliably and reproducibly. No startup, reaction initiation or carbon containment problems were observed. Optimum performance points/ranges were identified for the five parameters investigated. The performance curves agreed with theoretical projections.

Heppner, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Recycling plant, human and animal wastes to plant nutrients in a closed ecological system

The essential minerals for plant growth are nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium (macronutrients), calcium, magnesium, sulfur (secondary nutrients), iron, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, chlorine, sodium, and molybdenum (micronutrients). The first step in recycling wastes will undoubtedly be oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to CO2 and H2O. Transformation of minerals to plant nutrients depends upon the mode of oxidation to define the state of the nutrients. For the purpose of illustrating the type of processing required, ash and off-gas compositions of an incineration process were assumed and subsequent processing requirements were identified. Several processing schemes are described for separating out sodium chloride from the ash, leading to reformulation of a nutrient solution which should be acceptable to plants.

Meissner, H. P.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Experimental investigation of reactive turbulent recirculating jet mixing in a dump

A ducted, subsonic, hydrogen air turbulent jet mixing flowfield was investigated, both with and without combustion. The geometric configuration was representative of a sudden expansion or dump combustor, with a central air jet surrounded by a low velocity hydrogen stream at an overall equivalence ratio of 0.12. The ratio of the duct to inner nozzle diameter was 2.5. Radial distributions of mean axial and radial velocity, axial and radial turbulent intensity, velocity cross correlation, gas composition, static temperature and total pressure, as well as axial distributions of wall static pressure, were obtained for axial stations from zero to six duct diameters from the combustor entrance. The data indicate that mixing is slower in the chemically reactive flow field than in the nonreactive flow field, and that the presence of combustion has a significant effect on the size and location of the recirculation zone within the mixing duct.

Smith, G. D.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Testing of fuel/oxidizer-rich, high-pressure preburners

Results of an evaluation of high pressure combustion of fuel rich and oxidizer rich LOX/RP-1 propellants using 4.0 inch diameter prototype preburner injectors and chambers are presented. Testing covered a pressure range from 8.9 to 17.5 MN/square meters (1292 to 2540 psia). Fuel rich mixture ratios ranged from 0.238 to 0.367; oxidizer rich mixture ratios ranged from 27.2 to 47.5. Performance, gas temperature uniformity, and stability data for two fuel rich and two ozidizer rich preburner injectors are presented for a conventional like-on-like (LOL) design and a platelet design injector. Kinetically limited combustion is shown by the excellent agreement of measured fuel rich gas composition and C performance data with kinetic model predictions. The oxidizer rich test results support previous equilibrium combustion predictions.

Lawver, B. R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Carbon-14 ages of Allan Hills meteorites and ice

Allan Hills is a blue ice region of approximately 100 sq km area in Antarctica where many meteorites have been found exposed on the ice. The terrestrial ages of the Allan Hills meteorites, which are obtained from their cosmogenic nuclide abundances are important time markers which can reflect the history of ice movement to the site. The principal purpose in studying the terrestrial ages of ALHA meteorites is to locate samples of ancient ice and analyze their trapped gas contents. Attention is given to the C-14 and Ar-39 terrestrial ages of ALHA meteorites, and C-14 ages and trapped gas compositions in ice samples. On the basis of the obtained C-14 terrestrial ages, and Cl-36 and Al-26 results reported by others, it is concluded that most ALHA meteorites fell between 20,000 and 200,000 years ago.

Fireman, E. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Test verification of LOX/RP-1 high-pressure fuel/oxidizer-rich preburner designs

Two fuel-rich and two oxidizer-rich preburner injectors are tested with LOX/RP-1 in an investigation of performance, stability and gas temperature uniformity over a chamber pressure range from 1292 to 2540 psia. Fuel-rich mixture ratios range from 0.238 to 0.367 and oxidizer-rich mixture ratios range from 27 to 48, and carbon deposition data are collected by measuring the pressure drop across a turbine simulator flow device. The oxidizer-rich testing demonstrates the feasibility of oxidizer-rich preburners, indicating equilibrium combustion as predicted, and the measured fuel-rich gas composition and C-asterisk performance are in excellent agreement with kinetic model predictions indicating kinetically-limited combustion.

Lawver, B. R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Origin and evolution of the giant planets

A discussion is presented of two major giant planet origin hypotheses: (1) protoplanet formation in the solar nebula in the form of a gravitationally unstable, gaseous subcondensation, subsequently evolving as a chemically homogeneous object until a stage at which a solid core may form; and (2) solid core formation by accumulation of planetesimals, followed by the accretion of solar-composition gas onto the core until it becomes unstable to collapse. Under either of the scenarios, evolution is found to comprise an early, cool phase in hydrostatic equilibrium, a hydrodynamic collapse, and a final phase of hydrostatic contraction and cooling to the present state. Attention is given to the physical processes that are most important in the determination of evolutionary characteristics. A concluding note on the cases of Uranus and Neptune is also given.

Bodenheimer, P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Burner rig study of variables involved in hole plugging of air cooled turbine engine vanes

The effects of combustion gas composition, flame temperatures, and cooling air mass flow on the plugging of film cooling holes by a Ca-Fe-P-containing deposit were investigated. The testing was performed on film-cooled vanes exposed to the combustion gases of an atmospheric Mach 0.3 burner rig. The extent of plugging was determined by measurement of the open hole area at the conclusion of the tests as well as continuous monitoring of some of the tests using stop-action photography. In general, as the P content increased, plugging rates also increased. The plugging was reduced by increasing flame temperature and cooling air mass flow rates. At times up to approximately 2 hours little plugging was observed. This apparent incubation period was followed by rapid plugging, reaching in several hours a maximum closure whose value depended on the conditions of the test.

Deadmore, D. L.↗