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(C)4(CF)7 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ethyne molecules, twenty-eight fluoromethane molecules, and eight methane molecules.
(C)30(CF3)7 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of six ethyne molecules, fourteen fluoroform molecules, and forty-eight methane molecules.
SbSOCl5(S)7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twenty-eight hydrogen sulfide molecules and four SbSOCl5 clusters. In each SbSOCl5 cluster, Sb3+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to one O2- and five Cl1- atoms. The Sb–O bond length is 2.25 Å. There are a spread of Sb–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.43 Å. S+0.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.53 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sb3+ and one S+0.50+ atom. There are four inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb3+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb3+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb3+ atom.
(WBr2)2(CO)7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twenty-eight formaldehyde molecules and four WBr2 clusters. In each WBr2 cluster, there are two inequivalent W6+ sites. In the first W6+ site, W6+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Br1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and one longer (2.74 Å) W–Br bond lengths. In the second W6+ site, W6+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Br1- atoms. There are a spread of W–Br bond distances ranging from 2.69–2.78 Å. There are three inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two W6+ atoms. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two W6+ atoms. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one W6+ atom.
(Ru2Te(CO)2)2(CO)7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pccn space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twenty-eight formaldehyde molecules and four Ru2Te(CO)2 clusters. In each Ru2Te(CO)2 cluster, there are two inequivalent Ru+3.50+ sites. In the first Ru+3.50+ site, Ru+3.50+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Te2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.74 Å) and one longer (2.76 Å) Ru–Te bond lengths. In the second Ru+3.50+ site, Ru+3.50+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Te2- atoms. Both Ru–Te bond lengths are 2.80 Å. There are two inequivalent C+1.09+ sites. In the first C+1.09+ site, C+1.09+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+1.09+ site, C+1.09+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.17 Å. Te2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Ru+3.50+ and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.54 Å) and one longer (3.81 Å) Te–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.09+ and one Te2- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.09+ and one Te2- atom.
(TaO3)2(O2)7 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two oxygen molecules; one trioxidane molecule; and one TaO3 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the TaO3 sheet, Ta is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted corner-sharing TaO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Ta–O bond distances ranging from 1.79–2.00 Å. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ta atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ta atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ta atoms.
Cr(NH3)6(I)7 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two Cr(NH3)6 clusters and four I clusters. In each Cr(NH3)6 cluster, Cr3+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six N+2.33- atoms. All Cr–N bond lengths are 2.10 Å. There are two inequivalent N+2.33- sites. In the first N+2.33- site, N+2.33- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Cr3+ and three H1+ atoms. All N–H bond lengths are 1.03 Å. In the second N+2.33- site, N+2.33- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Cr3+ and three H1+ atoms. All N–H bond lengths are 1.03 Å. There are five inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.33- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.33- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.33- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.33- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.33- atom. In two of the I clusters, there are two inequivalent I1- sites. In the first I1- site, I1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one I1- atom. The I–I bond length is 3.37 Å. In the second I1- site, I1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two I1- atoms. The I–I bond length is 2.87 Å. In two of the I clusters, there are two inequivalent I1- sites. In the first I1- site, I1- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent I1- atoms. Both I–I bond lengths are 2.94 Å. In the second I1- site, I1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one I1- atom.
(Fe4As3O16)2(O2)7 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one oxygen molecule, one trioxidane molecule, two water molecules, and one Fe4As3O16 framework. In the Fe4As3O16 framework, there are four inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra and edges with three FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.96 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra and edges with three FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.09 Å. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra and edges with three FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.09 Å. In the fourth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra and edges with three FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.94 Å. There are three inequivalent As sites. In the first As site, As is bonded to four O atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–55°. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.71–1.73 Å. In the second As site, As is bonded to four O atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–54°. There is two shorter (1.71 Å) and two longer (1.74 Å) As–O bond length. In the third As site, As is bonded to four O atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–54°. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.71–1.74 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Fe atoms. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Fe atoms. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Fe atoms. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Fe atoms.
CeCl3(H2O)7 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of three hydrochloric acid molecules and one Ce2H28O14Cl3 cluster. In the Ce2H28O14Cl3 cluster, there are two inequivalent Ce3+ sites. In the first Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.66 Å. There are one shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (2.96 Å) Ce–Cl bond lengths. In the second Ce3+ site, Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.68 Å. Both Ce–Cl bond lengths are 2.98 Å. There are twenty-eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- and one Cl1- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.01 Å. The H–Cl bond length is 2.04 Å. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fifteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the sixteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the seventeenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the eighteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the nineteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twentieth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twenty-third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the twenty-fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twenty-sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the twenty-seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the twenty-eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are fourteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ce3+ and two H1+ atoms. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Ce3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Ce3+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H1+ atom.
(Fe4As3O14)2(O2)7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four hydrogen peroxide molecules, two trioxidane molecules, and one Fe4As3O14 framework. In the Fe4As3O14 framework, there are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O atoms. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–2.09 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to four O atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.91 Å. There are two inequivalent As sites. In the first As site, As is bonded to four O atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra. All As–O bond lengths are 1.71 Å. In the second As site, As is bonded to four O atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.71 Å) and two longer (1.73 Å) As–O bond length. There are five inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Fe atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe and one As atom.
Fe6P4(H3O7)3(H2)7 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of sixteen hydrogen molecules, eight molecular hydrogen molecules, and one Fe6P4(H3O7)3 framework. In the Fe6P4(H3O7)3 framework, there are four inequivalent Fe+2.50+ sites. In the first Fe+2.50+ site, Fe+2.50+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two FeO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one FeO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one PO4 tetrahedra, and a cornercorner with one PO4 trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–63°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.09 Å. In the second Fe+2.50+ site, Fe+2.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted FeO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent PO4 trigonal pyramids, and a faceface with one FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.29 Å. In the third Fe+2.50+ site, Fe+2.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra, corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, and faces with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.11 Å. In the fourth Fe+2.50+ site, Fe+2.50+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (1.98 Å) and two longer (2.14 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent P1+ sites. In the first P1+ site, P1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one FeO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–57°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.57 Å. In the second P1+ site, P1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one FeO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–61°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.91 Å. There are five inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.97 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. There are eleven inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Fe+2.50+ and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Fe+2.50+ and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one P1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Fe+2.50+ and one H1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe+2.50+ and one P1+ atom.
A summary of the scientific rationale for each Apollo landing site listed by the Group for Lunar Exploration Planning on February 7, 1970 is presented. These sites include the Fra Mauro Formation, Littrow, Censorinus, Davy crater chain, Marius Hills, Descartes, Tycho, Copernicus central peaks, and Hadley-Apennines. In addition, a summary of the scientific rationale for Flamsteed P, the Apollo 13 backup site, and Hyginus is presented.
The grant contributed to the publication of 18 refereed papers and 5 conference proceedings. The primary uses of the funding have been for page charges, travel for invited talks related to the grant research, and the support of a graduate student, Charles Keeton. The refereed papers address four of the primary goals of the proposal: (1) the statistics of radio lenses as a probe of the cosmological model (#1), (2) the role of spiral galaxies as lenses (#3), (3) the effects of dust on statistics of lenses (#7, #8), and (4) the role of groups and clusters as lenses (#2, #6, #10, #13, #15, #16). Four papers (#4, #5, #11, #12) address general issues of lens models, calibrations, and the relationship between lens galaxies and nearby galaxies. One considered cosmological effects in lensing X-ray sources (#9), and two addressed issues related to the overall power spectrum and theories of gravity (#17, #18). Our theoretical studies combined with the explosion in the number of lenses and the quality of the data obtained for them is greatly increasing our ability to characterize and understand the lens population. We can now firmly conclude both from our study of the statistics of radio lenses and our survey of extinctions in individual lenses that the statistics of optically selected quasars were significantly affected by extinction. However, the limits on the cosmological constant remain at lambda < 0.65 at a 2-sigma confidence level, which is in mild conflict with the results of the Type la supernova surveys. We continue to find that neither spiral galaxies nor groups and clusters contribute significantly to the production of gravitational lenses. The lack of group and cluster lenses is strong evidence for the role of baryonic cooling in increasing the efficiency of galaxies as lenses compared to groups and clusters of higher mass but lower central density. Unfortunately for the ultimate objective of the proposal, improved constraints on the cosmological constant, the next large survey for gravitational lenses did not release its results during the term of the proposal. The research supported the career development. of six graduate students (polar, Fletcher, Herold, Keeton, Deng and Rusin) and two post-docs (Labor and Munoz).
Observations of the Moon provide a primary technique for the on-orbit cross calibration of Earth remote sensing instruments. Monthly lunar observations are major components of the on-orbit calibration strategies of SeaWiFS and MODIS. SeaWiFS has collected more than 132 low phase angle and 59 high phase angle lunar observations over 12 years, Terra MODIS has collected more than 82 scheduled and 297 unscheduled lunar observations over 9 years, and Aqua MODIS has collected more than 61 scheduled and 171 unscheduled lunar observations over 7 years. The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group s Calibration and Validation Team and the NASA MODIS Characterization Support Team use the USGS RObotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) photometric model of the Moon to compare these time series of lunar observations over time and varying observing geometries. The cross calibration results show that Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS agree, band-to-band, at the 1-3% level, while SeaWiFS and either MODIS instrument agree at the 3-8% level. The combined uncertainties of these comparisons are 1.3% for Terra and Aqua MODIS, 1.4% for SeaWiFS and Terra MODIS, and 1.3% for SeaWiFS and Aqua MODIS. Any residual phase dependence in the ROLO model, based on these observations, is less than 1.7% over the phase angle range of -80deg to -6deg and +5deg to +82deg . The lunar cross calibration of SeaWiFS, Terra MODIS, and Aqua MODIS is consistent with the vicarious calibration of ocean color products for these instruments, with the vicarious gains mitigating the calibration biases for the ocean color bands.
Methods for removing an oxyanion from an aqueous source containing said oxyanion, comprising contacting said aqueous source with an aqueous-insoluble hydrophobic solution containing an oxyanion extractant compound dissolved in an aqueous-insoluble hydrophobic solvent to result in formation of an oxyanion salt of said extractant compound and extraction of said oxyanion salt into said aqueous-insoluble hydrophobic solution, wherein said extraction results in an extraction affinity (D) of said oxyanion of at least 1, wherein D is the concentration ratio of said oxyanion in the organic phase divided by the concentration of said oxyanion in the aqueous phase; wherein said extractant compound has the following composition: wherein at least one of R1-R10 is or contains a hydrocarbon (R) group containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms.
U6(SO6)7(N(CH3)4)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic C222_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of eight tetramethylammonium molecules and one U6(SO6)7 framework. In the U6(SO6)7 framework, there are three inequivalent U sites. In the first U site, U is bonded to seven O atoms to form distorted UO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with five SO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.79–2.45 Å. In the second U site, U is bonded to seven O atoms to form distorted UO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with four SO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.41 Å. In the third U site, U is bonded to seven O atoms to form distorted UO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with five SO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.45 Å. There are four inequivalent S sites. In the first S site, S is bonded to four O atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four UO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There is two shorter (1.48 Å) and two longer (1.49 Å) S–O bond length. In the second S site, S is bonded to four O atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four UO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There is one shorter (1.48 Å) and three longer (1.49 Å) S–O bond length. In the third S site, S is bonded to four O atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four UO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There is two shorter (1.48 Å) and two longer (1.49 Å) S–O bond length. In the fourth S site, S is bonded to four O atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four UO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There is two shorter (1.47 Å) and two longer (1.49 Å) S–O bond length. There are twenty-one inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a linear geometry to one U and one S atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one U and one S atom. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one U and one S atom. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one U and one S atom. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the seventeenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the eighteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom. In the nineteenth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the twentieth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one U atom. In the twenty-first O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one U and one S atom.
We present spectroscopic observations of 16 asteroids from 1.9-3.6 microns collected from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) from 1996-2000. Of these 16 asteroids, 11 show some evidence of a 3 microns hydrated mineral absorption feature greater than 2(sigma) at 2.9 microns. Using relations first recognized for carbonaceous chondrite powders by Miyamoto and Zolensky and Sato et al., we have determined the hydrogen to silicon ratio for these asteroids and calculated their equivalent water contents, assuming all the hydrogen was in water. The asteroids split into 2 groups, roughly defined as equivalent water contents approx. greater than 7% (8 asteroids, all with 3 microns band depths approx. greater than 20%) and approx. greater than 3% for the remaining 8 asteroids. This latter group includes some asteroids for which a weak but statistically significant 3 microns band of non-zero depth exists. The G-class asteroids in the survey have higher water contents, consistent with CM chondrites. This strengthens the connection between CM chondrites and G asteroids that was proposed by Burbine. We find that the 0.7 microns and 3 microns band depths are correlated for the population of target objects.
We present spectroscopic observations of 16 asteroids from 1.9-3.6 microns collected from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) from 1996-2000. Of these 16 asteroids, 11 show some evidence of a 3 micron hydrated mineral absorption feature greater than 2 sigma at 2.9 microns. Using relations first recognized for carbonaceous chondrite powders by Miyamoto and Zolensky (1994) and Sato et al. (1997), we have determined the hydrogen to silicon ratio for these asteroids and calculated their equivalent water contents, assuming all the hydrogen was in water. The asteroids split into 2 groups, roughly defined as equivalent water contents greater than approximately 7% (8 asteroids, all with 3 micron band depths greater than approximately 20%) and less than approximately 3% for the remaining 8 asteroids. This latter group includes some asteroids for which a weak but statistically significant 3 micron band of non-zero depth exists. The G-class asteroids in the survey have higher water contents, consistent with CM chondrites. This strengthens the connection between CM chondrites and G asteroids that was proposed by Burbine (1998). We find that the 0.7 micron and 3 micron band depths are correlated for the population of target objects.