Attractive Noncovalent Interactions versus Steric Confinement in Asymmetric Supramolecular Catalysis
The remarkable catalytic performance of enzymes stems from their ability to engage in precise noncovalent interactions (NCIs) within a sterically confined space. Supramolecular catalysis seeks to emulate and understand these strategies through the rational design of simple and controlled catalyst microenvironments. While both steric confinement and attractive interactions have been invoked as key to host activity, their relative contribution to rate enhancement and selectivity, as well as potential trade-offs, remains an outstanding question. Here, we address this question by systematically comparing two metal–organic supramolecular catalysts, which differ in the strength of their attractive noncovalent interactions and in their cavity volume. Our findings reveal that the catalyst with the larger cavity, and with stronger available NCIs, exhibits both significant rate acceleration (100-fold) and enhanced enantioselectivity (84% vs 14% ee) in a model ketone reduction compared to its smaller analogue. Mechanistic analysis, binding competition experiments, and computational modeling indicate that these differences predominantly stem from stabilizing noncovalent interactions in the larger catalyst, a result that challenges existing steric-based models of supramolecular stereoinduction. Understanding the governing factors of asymmetric induction and rate acceleration in supramolecular hosts will undoubtedly inform future catalyst design.