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At least 253 records · Page 14

sin 2 θ W estimate and neutrino electromagnetic properties from low-energy solar data

We report new values of weak-mixing angle ($\sin ^{2}\theta _{W}$)$,$ neutrino effective magnetic moment and the charge radius using the lowest-energy (to-date) solar neutrino data of pp, $^{7}$Be and pep spectra from phase-I and phase-II runs of Borexino experiment. The best-fit values are $\sin ^{2}\theta _{W}=$0.235$\pm $0.019 with a precision comparable to that of the combined reactor and accelerator very short-baseline experiments and $\mu _{\nu }^{eff}\leq 8.7\times 10^{-12}\mu _{B}$ at 90% C.L. with a factor of 3 improvement than the previous bounds. This leads to the improvement of all the related magnetic moment matrix elements for the Majorana-type and Dirac-type in mass basis and also improvement on bounds on the flavor magnetic moment states. The bounds on the neutrino charged radii turn out to be $-0.82\times 10^{-32}$cm$^{2}\leq \left \langle r_{\nu _{e}}^{2}\right \rangle \ \leq 1.27\times 10^{-32}$ cm$^{2}\ $and $-9\times 10^{-32}$cm$^{2}\leq \left \langle r_{\nu _{\mu },\nu _{\tau }}^{2}\right \rangle \ \leq 3.1\times 10^{-31}$ cm$^{2}\ $ at 90% C.L..

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

A closer look at how symmetry constraints and the spin–orbit coupling shape the electronic structure of Bi(111)

Abstract Fully relativistic density-functional-theory calculations of Bi(111) thin films are analyzed to revisit their two metallic surface-states branches. We first contrast these metallic branches with surface states arising at gaps in the valence band opened by the spin–orbit coupling (SOC). We find that the two metallic branches along Γ M ‾ do not overlap with the bulk band at the zone boundary,M. We show that the spin texture observed in such states cannot be traced to the lifting of Kramers’ degeneracy. Instead, we track them to the m j = ± 1 / 2 – m j = ± 3 / 2 SOC splitting, the potential anisotropy for in-plane and out-of-plane states, and the coupling between the opposite surfaces of a slab occurring nearM, which is driven by a spatial redistribution of the four metallic states composing the two metallic branches. Each of these branches appears to be non-degenerate at the tested surface, yet each is degenerate with another state of opposite spin at the other surface. Nevertheless, the four metallic states bear some contribution on both surfaces of the film because of their spatial redistribution nearM. The overlapping among these states nearM, afforded by their spatial redistribution on both surfaces, causes a hybridization that perpetuates the splitting between the two branches, makes the film’s electronic structure thickness dependent nearM, extinguishes the magnetic moment of the metallic states avoiding the magnetic-moment discontinuity atM, and denies the need or expectancy of the metallic branches becoming degenerate atM. We propose that theoppositespin polarization observed for the two metallic branches occurs because the surface atoms retain their covalent bonds and thus cannot afford magnetic polarization. We show that the Rashba-splitting of the metallic states for inversion-asymmetric films does not have a fixed magnitude but can be tuned by changing the perturbation breaking inversion symmetry.

Physics↗

Electronic and Magnetic Investigations on Fe{sub 2}NiTe Alloy with High Curie Temperature

Full-potential local-orbital minimum-basis and spin-polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker along with Monte Carlo simulations are applied to study the electronic and magnetic properties of Fe{sub 2}NiTe with Hg{sub 2}CuTi structure. The analysis of orbital population shows the electrons of 4s, 3d, 4d, and 4p from transition metal and 5s, 5d, and 5p from Te atom participating in bonding. It is demonstrated by the density of states of d-d and p-d hybridizations. Calculations show the magnetic moment is carried mainly by Fe atoms. Accordingly, the exchanges of Fe constituents play a leading role in interactions. By using the calculated Heisenberg exchange coupling parameters, the Curie temperature is estimated to be 761.38 K within mean-field approximation. In order to obtain more accurate value of the Curie temperature, Monte Carlo method is adopted to model the normalized magnetization as functions of the temperature, the obtained 507.93 K value is noticeably higher than the room temperature, which is favorable in realistic spintronics application. Finally, the magnetic moments, exchange interactions, and Curie temperatures in the range of 5.4 to 6.5 Å are calculated; the results implies the Curie temperatures are still above room temperature between given lattice intervals.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Antiferromagnetic order in Co-doped Fe 5 GeTe 2 probed by resonant magnetic x-ray scattering

The quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals magnet Fe 5-δ GeTe 2 has emerged as a promising platform for electronic and spintronic functionalities at room temperature, owing to its large ferromagnetic ordering temperature T C ≈ 315 K. Interestingly, by cobalt (Co) substitution of iron in F5GT, i.e., (Fe 1-x Co x ) 5-δ GeTe 2 (Co-F5GT), not only can its magnetic transition temperature be further enhanced, but the magnetic and structural ground states can also be tuned. Specifically, an antiferromagnetic (AFM) order is induced beyond the Co doping level x ≥ 0.4. Here, in this work, we investigate the magnetic properties of a Co-F5GT single crystal at x = 0.45(1), by utilizing the element-specific, resonant magnetic x-ray scattering technique. Our study reveals an A-type, Ising-like AFM ground state, with a transition temperature T N ≈ 340 K. In addition, our work unveils an important contribution from Co magnetic moments to the magnetic order. The application of the in-plane magnetic fields gradually polarizes the spin moments along the field direction, but without inducing incommensurate spin texture(s).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The solar wind interaction with Venus

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) mission has played a key role in establishing the nature of the solar wind interaction with Venus. Although earlier probes had determined that Venus presented an obstacle much smaller than the size of earth's magnetosphere to the solar wind, they did not carry out in situ measurements pertaining to solar wind interaction studies at low enough altitudes to determine why. They also did not provide datasets of sufficient duration to study the variability of the interaction of both short (one day) and long (solar cycle) timescales. The first 600 of the nearly 5000 orbits of PVO magnetometer data have been used to determine a very low upper limit on the intrinsic dipolar magnetic moment of Venus. The consequence of that low magnetic moment is that the solar wind interacts directly with the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Relative to a dipolar field obstacle, the ionospheric obstacle is rather incompressible. A bow shock is observed to stand in front of the nearly Venus-sized ionospheric obstacle at a comparatively steady subsolar altitude of approximately 1.5 R(v) (Venus radii). This shock decelerates the supersonic solar wind plasma so that it can flow around the obstacle. It was found to change its average position in the terminator plane from about 2.4 R(v) to 2.1 R(v) as the solar cycle progressed from the 1978 orbit insertion near solar maximum through the 1986-87 solar minimum, and back again during the latest solar activity increase. Between the bow shock and the ionosphere proper, the slowed solar wind plasma flow diverges near the subsolar point and makes its way across the terminator where it reaccelerates and continues anti-Sunward. The solar wind magnetic field, which is in effect frozen into the flowing plasma, is distorted in this 'magnetosheath' region so that it appears to hang up or drape over the dayside ionosphere before it slips around with the flow. These features of the solar wind interaction are also seen when the obstacle is a dipole magnetic field, but there are two important distinctions. In the wake of the Venus obstacle one finds an induced magnetic tail composed of varying interplanetary fields rather than the constant fields of intrinsic origin. This magnetotail is further seen to be populated by Heavy (0+) ions that are evidently escaping from the planet at significant (approximately 10(exp -25) s(exp -1)) rates. These heavy ions are also observed in the dayside magnetosheath. The interpretation is that ions are produced by both photoionization and solar wind electron impact ionization of the upper neutral atmosphere that extends into the magnetosheath.

Luthmann, J. G.↗

Magnetic dipole moment of a spherical shell with TRM acquired in a field of internal origin

The acquisition of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) by a cooling spherical shell is studied for internal magnetizing dipole fields, using Runcorn's (1975) theorems on magnetostatics. If the shell cools progressively inward, inner regions acquire TRM in a net field composed of the dipole source term plus a uniform field due to the outer magnetized layers. In this case, the global dipole moment and external remanent field are nonzero when the whole shell has cooled below the Curie point and the source dipole has disappeared. The remanent field outside the shell is found to depend on the thickness, radii, and cooling rate of the shell, as well as the coefficient of TRM and the intensity of the magnetizing field. Some implications for the moon's remanent dipole moment are discussed.

Srnka, L. J.↗

Pulsed Field-Induced Magnetization Switching in Antiferromagnetic Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles

The dynamic magnetization switching of ferrihydrite nanoparticles has been investigated by a pulsed magnetometer technique in maximum fields H{sub max} of up to 130 kOe with pulse lengths of 4, 8, and 16 ms. Ferrihydrite exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering and defects cause the uncompensated magnetic moment in nanoparticles; therefore, the behavior typical of magnetic nanoparticles is observed. The dynamic hysteresis loops measured under the above-mentioned conditions show that the use of pulsed fields significantly broadens the temperature region of existence of the magnetic hysteresis and the coercivity can be governed by varying the maximum field and pulse length. This behavior is resulted from the relaxation effects typical of conventional ferro- and ferrimagnetic nanoparticles and the features typical of antiferromagnetic nanoparticles.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

On the search for an intrinsic magnetic field at Venus

Magnetic field observations obtained by the Pioneer Venus orbiter at low altitude are now available for two sets of orbits in the Venus wake. Data from these 130 orbits are examined for possible surface correlated features or any intrinsic magnetic moment. No surface correlated magnetic fields are observed, but the threshold for the detectability of such fields at Venus is about an order of magnitude greater than at the moon. A surface feature of 10 deg extent would have to create an anomaly of at least 5 gammas at 200 km to be detected in the Pioneer Venus data. Using measurements averaged in 72 10 x 10 deg bins, a planetary magnetic dipole moment of 0.87 + or - 3.00 x 10 to the 21st gauss-cu cm is obtained. Thus the upper limit of the present day Venus moment is less than 4 x 10 to the -5th of the terrestrial moment.

Russell, C. T.↗

Bremsstrahlung from neutrino scattering via magnetic dipole moments

In this paper, we discuss bremsstrahlung induced by neutrino scattering. This process should exist since neutrinos are expected to couple to photons via magnetic dipole and transition moments. These moments are loop-induced and tiny in the Standard Model with neutrino masses but could be significantly enhanced in extended theories. As concrete example, we study the scattering of the two largest neutrino fluxes on earth, solar neutrinos and Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB). Finally, it is tempting to consider this as a potential signature for CNB searches but it turns out that the signal is extremely small and unlikely to be observed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Microscopic Phase Diagram of Eu(Fe 1-x Ni x )As 2 ( x = 0,0.04) Under Pressure

This study will go to establish the microscopic P-T phase diagram of recent 112-type iron-pnictides Eu(Fe 1-x Ni x )As- 2 (x = 0,0.04), high-pressure synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy experiments in 151 Eu and 57 Fe have been performed. In EuFeAs 2 application of pressure completely suppresses the itinerant electron magnetism from the Fe sublattice and the local-moment magnetism in Eu ions at similar to ~10 and similar to ~11.6 GPa, respectively. High-pressure x-ray diffraction experiments in EuFeAs 2 reveal an anomalous change in the lattice parameters and a discontinuity in volume around 10 GPa, suggesting an isostructural transition at this pressure. With Ni-doping (x = 0.04), a collapse of local magnetic order occurs at similar to ~8GPa, a lower critical pressure compared with the parent compound. In both systems, the suppression of local-moment magnetism is associated with a significant increase of mean valence in Eu ions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

EPR Imaging at a Few Megahertz Using SQUID Detectors

An apparatus being developed for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging operates in the resonance-frequency range of about 1 to 2 MHz well below the microwave frequencies used in conventional EPR. Until now, in order to obtain sufficient signal-to-noise radios (SNRs) in conventional EPR, it has been necessary to place both detectors and objects to be imaged inside resonant microwave cavities. EPR imaging has much in common with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is described briefly in the immediately preceding article. In EPR imaging as in MRI, one applies a magnetic pulse to make magnetic moments (in this case, of electrons) precess in an applied magnetic field having a known gradient. The magnetic moments precess at a resonance frequency proportional to the strength of the local magnetic field. One detects the decaying resonance-frequency magnetic- field component associated with the precession. Position is encoded by use of the known relationship between the resonance frequency and the position dependence of the magnetic field. EPR imaging has recently been recognized as an important tool for non-invasive, in vivo imaging of free radicals and reduction/oxidization metabolism. However, for in vivo EPR imaging of humans and large animals, the conventional approach is not suitable because (1) it is difficult to design and construct resonant cavities large enough and having the required shapes; (2) motion, including respiration and heartbeat, can alter the resonance frequency; and (3) most microwave energy is absorbed in the first few centimeters of tissue depth, thereby potentially endangering the subject and making it impossible to obtain adequate signal strength for imaging at greater depth. To obtain greater penetration depth, prevent injury to the subject, and avoid the difficulties associated with resonant cavities, it is necessary to use lower resonance frequencies. An additional advantage of using lower resonance frequencies is that one can use weaker applied magnetic fields: For example, for a resonance frequency of 1.4 MHz, one needs a magnetic flux density of 0.5 Gauss approximately the flux density of the natural magnetic field of the Earth.

Hahn, Inseob↗

Electronic structures and magnetic performance related to spintronics of Sr{sub 0.875}Ti{sub 0.125}S

In this study, we have used the first-principle approaches of density functional theory to determine the electronic and magnetic performances related to spintronics applications of titanium (Ti)-substituted SrS such as Sr{sub 1−x}Ti{sub x}S at concentration x = 0.125. The results of electronic and magnetic properties by using TB–mBJ potential revealed that Sr{sub 0.875}Ti{sub 0.125}S compound is half-metallic ferromagnetic with a half-metallic gap and a spin polarization of 100%. The ferromagnetic nature of Sr{sub 0.875}Ti{sub 0.125}S material is confirmed by the ferromagnetic coupling between magnetic moments of Ti, Sr and S atoms. The total magnetic moment of integer Bohr magneton of 2 μ{sub B} and the large half-metallic gap of 1.245 suggest that this compound is a true half-metallic ferromagnet.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Absolute Magnetometry with He3

We report development of a highly accurate (parts per billion) absolute magnetometer based on 3He NMR. Optical pumping polarizes the spins, long coherence times provide high sensitivity, and the 3He electron shell effectively isolates the nuclear spin providing accuracy limited only by corrections including materials, sample shape, and magnetization. Our magnetometer was used to confirm calibration, to 32 ppb, of the magnetic-field sensors used in recent measurements of the muon magnetic moment anomaly g-2, which differs from the standard model by 2.4 ppm. With independent determination of the magnetic moment of 3He, this work will lead the way to a new absolute magnetometry standard.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

High-performance permanent-magnet materials based on CeFe 12

We perform first-principles calculations on the Mo/Zr-alloyed ThMn 12 -structure prototype CeFe 12 to explore its electronic and magnetic properties and potential for permanent magnet applications. A recent experiment has shown that the Mo/Zr-alloyed CeFe 12 phase with the symmetry 𝐼⁢4/𝑚⁢𝑚⁢𝑚 can be stabilized in bulk. It encourages an investigation into the intrinsic magnetic characteristics of the base structure CeFe 12 and the effect of transition metal alloying in it. Our calculations reveal that the base structure prototype CeFe 12 in its tetragonal phase exhibits uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with a magnetic anisotropy energy (𝐾 1 ) ∼ 1 MJ/m −3 and a substantial magnetic moment of ∼ 1.8T, showing its promise as a permanent magnet. The introduction of the stabilizing transition metals Zr, Mo, and W reduces these values but still keeps the materials very promising. Notably, when 50% of Ce is substituted by Sm in Mo-alloyed CeFe 12 , the 𝐾 1 is significantly enhanced, accompanied by a fairly decent magnetic moment of ∼ 1.2T. These findings establish this alloy as a strong candidate for high-performance permanent magnet applications. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of strategic element substitution and site selection in transition metal-alloyed CeFe 12 to achieve both structural stability and remarkable magnetic properties.

Density of states↗

Understanding the origin of magneto-crystalline anisotropy in pure and Fe/Si substituted SmCo 5

In this paper, we report magneto-crystalline anisotropy of pure and Fe/Si substituted SmCo5. The calculations were performed using the advanced density functional theory (DFT) including onsite electron-electron correlation and spin-orbit coupling. Si substitution substantially reduces both the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and the magnetic moment. Fe substitution with the selective site, on the other hand, enhances the magnetic moment with a limited chemical stability. The magnetic hardness of the SmCo5 is governed by the Sm 4f localized orbital contribution. The 4f density of states (DOS) becomes flat and split with the substitution of Co (2c) with Si/Fe atoms, except with the Fe substitution at 3 g sites. It is also confirmed that Si substitution favors the thermodynamic stability on contrary to the diminished magnetic and anisotropic effects in SmCo5 at either sites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Firefly Algorithm Applied to Noncollinear Magnetic Phase Materials Prediction

In most noncollinear crystal magnets, the number of metastable states is quite large and any calculation that tries to predict the ground state can fall into one of the possible metastable phases. In this work, we generalize the population based meta-heuristic firefly algorithm to the problem of the noncollinear magnetic phase ground state prediction within density functional theory (DFT). We extend the different steps in the firefly algorithm to this specific problem by using polarized constrained DFT calculations, whereby using Lagrange multipliers the directions of the atom magnetic moments remain fixed. By locking the directions of the magnetic moments at each search iteration, the method allows one to explore the entire Born–Oppenheimer energy surface of existing and physically plausible noncollinear configurations present in a crystal. Finally, we demonstrate that the number of minima can be large, which restrains the use of exhaustive searches.

Algorithms↗

Axionlike particles and sterile neutrinos solve the 𝐵 → 𝐾⁢$𝜈⁢\bar{𝜈}$ and 𝐵 → 𝜋⁢𝐾 puzzles

The recent measurement of the branching ratio of 𝐵 + → 𝐾 + +inv (where “inv” denotes invisible states) by the Belle II Collaboration is enhanced relative to the standard model expectation by 2.7⁢𝜎. An older puzzle persists in measurements of the branching ratios and 𝐶⁢𝑃 asymmetries of 𝐵 → 𝜋⁢𝐾 decays. We address these two anomalies in flavor-changing neutral current 𝐵 decays, with a short-lived axionlike particle (ALP) with mass close to that of the 𝜋 0 . In the model with the minimum number of new couplings, the ALP has couplings to the photon, top quark and a heavy sterile neutrino. The ALP contributes to the 𝐵 → 𝜋 0 ⁢𝐾 decays by mixing with the 𝜋 0 . It contributes to 𝐵 + → 𝐾 + + inv by its off-shell coupling to sterile neutrino pairs. The model can explain the excess in the total rate, but not the observed distribution of signal events. We make predictions for all 𝐵 → 𝐾 (*) + inv modes and for the rare kaon decays, 𝐾 + → 𝜋 + + inv and 𝐾 𝐿 → 𝜋 0 + inv. We find an appreciable contribution to the magnetic moment of the muon, and negligible contributions to the magnetic moment of the electron and 𝑏 → 𝑠⁢𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − .

axion-like particles↗