Vibration Studies of a Flat Plate and a Built-up Wing
Comparison of finite element computer programs for analysis of clamped flat plate and built-up wing vibration frequencies
Starnes, J. H., Jr.↗
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Prediction and measurement of heat transfer rates for the shock-induced unsteady laminar boundary layer on a flat plate
The unsteady laminar boundary layer induced by the flow-initiating shock wave passing over a flat plate mounted in a shock tube was theoretically and experimentally studied in terms of heat transfer rates to the plate for shock speeds ranging from 1.695 to 7.34 km/sec. The theory presented by Cook and Chapman for the shock-induced unsteady boundary layer on a plate is reviewed with emphasis on unsteady heat transfer. A method of measuring time-dependent heat-transfer rates using thin-film heat-flux gages and an associated data reduction technique are outlined in detail. Particular consideration is given to heat-flux measurement in short-duration ionized shocktube flows. Experimental unsteady plate heat transfer rates obtained in both air and nitrogen using thin-film heat-flux gages generally agree well with theoretical predictions. The experimental results indicate that the theory continues to predict the unsteady boundary layer behavior after the shock wave leaves the trailing edge of the plate even though the theory is strictly applicable only for the time interval in which the shock remains on the plate.
Cook, W. J.↗
Development of flat-plate solar collectors for the heating and cooling of buildings: Executive summary
An efficient, low cost, flat-plate solar collector was developed. Computer aided mathematical models of the heat process in the collector were used in defining absorber panel configuration; determining insulation thickness; and in selecting the number, spacing, and material of the covers. Prototypes were built and performance tested. Data from simulated operation of the collector are compared with predicted loads from a number of locations to determine the degree of solar utilization.
Source record↗
Effect of large amplitude pitching motions on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of flat-plate wings
Large-amplitude unsteady motion effects on the aerodynamic force and stability characteristics of flat-plate wings were investigated in a wind tunnel for the cases of two delta wings with respective leading edge sweeps of 70 and 45 deg, and a rectangular wing whose aspect ratio was equal to that of the 70-deg delta wing. Attention was given to the effects of reduced frequency and mean angle of attack. It is found that lags in vortex burst location and separation/reattachment of flow on the upper surface of the wing produced large overshoots and hysteresis loops in normal force and pitching moment coefficients that were a strong function of mean oscillation angle and reduced frequency.
Brandon, Jay M.↗
Time domain numerical calculations of unsteady vortical flows about a flat plate airfoil
A time domain numerical scheme is developed to solve for the unsteady flow about a flat plate airfoil due to imposed upstream, small amplitude, transverse velocity perturbations. The governing equation for the resulting unsteady potential is a homogeneous, constant coefficient, convective wave equation. Accurate solution of the problem requires the development of approximate boundary conditions which correctly model the physics of the unsteady flow in the far field. A uniformly valid far field boundary condition is developed, and numerical results are presented using this condition. The stability of the scheme is discussed, and the stability restriction for the scheme is established as a function of the Mach number. Finally, comparisons are made with the frequency domain calculation by Scott and Atassi, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach are assessed.
Hariharan, S. I.↗
Time domain numerical calculations of unsteady vortical flows about a flat plate airfoil
A time domain numerical scheme is developed to solve for the unsteady flow about a flat plate airfoil due to imposed upstream, small amplitude, transverse velocity perturbations. The governing equation for the resulting unsteady potential is a homogeneous, constant coefficient, convective wave equation. Accurate solution of the problem requires the development of approximate boundary conditions which correctly model the physics of the unsteady flow in the far field. A uniformly valid far field boundary condition is developed, and numerical results are presented using this condition. The stability of the scheme is discussed, and the stability restriction for the scheme is established as a function of the Mach number. Finally, comparisons are made with the frequency domain calculation by Scott and Atassi, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach are assessed.
Hariharan, S. I.↗
Boundary layer flow of air over water on a flat plate
A non-similar boundary layer theory for air blowing over a water layer on a flat plate is formulated and studied as a two-fluid problem in which the position of the interface is unknown. The problem is considered at large Reynolds number (based on x), away from the leading edge. A simple non-similar analytic solution of the problem is derived for which the interface height is proportional to x(sub 1/4) and the water and air flow satisfy the Blasius boundary layer equations, with a linear profile in the water and a Blasius profile in the air. Numerical studies of the initial value problem suggests that this asymptotic, non-similar air-water boundary layer solution is a global attractor for all initial conditions.
Nelson, John↗
Wind loads on flat plate photovoltaic array fields (nonsteady winds)
Techniques to predict the dynamic response and the structural dynamic loads of flat plate photovoltaic arrays due to wind turbulence were analyzed. Guidelines for use in predicting the turbulent portion of the wind loading on future similar arrays are presented. The dynamic response and the loads dynamic magnification factor of the two array configurations are similar. The magnification factors at a mid chord and outer chord location on the array illustrated and at four points on the chord are shown. The wind tunnel test experimental rms pressure coefficient on which magnification factors are based is shown. It is found that the largest response and dynamic magnification factor occur at a mid chord location on an array and near the trailing edge. A technique employing these magnification factors and the wind tunnel test rms fluctuating pressure coefficients to calculate design pressure loads due to wind turbulence is presented.
Miller, R. D.↗
A method for measuring skin friction drag on a flat plate in contaminated gas flows
A technique for measuring friction drag in turbulent gas and gas/particle flows over flat plates is presented, and preliminary results are reported. A 0.25-in.-thick 72 x 6-in. Al plate is suspended by six horizontal support air bearings and four vertical alignment air bearings between fixed dummy plates and leading-edge and trailing-edge fairings in the 32-in.-high 48-in.-wide 11-ft-long test section of a closed-circuit atmospheric wind tunnel operating at 50-150 ft/sec. Particles of Fe and Al oxides of diameter 20-150 microns and density up to 0.3 lb particles per lb air are injected via a 6 x 0.167-in. nozzle; turbulence is induced by a roughened section of the leading-edge fairing; and friction drag is measured using a load-cell pressure transducer. Sample results are shown in a graph, demonstrating good agreement with theoretical drag calculations.
Oetting, R. B.↗
A preliminary investigation of boundary-layer transition along a flat plate with adverse pressure gradient
Boundary-layer surveys were made throughout the transition region along a smooth flat plate placed in an airstream of practically zero turbulence and with an adverse pressure gradient. The boundary-layer Reynolds number at the laminar separation point was varied from 1,800 to 2,600. The test data, when considered in the light of certain theoretical deductions, indicated that transition probably began with separation of the laminar boundary layer. The extent of the transition region, defined as the distance from a calculated laminar separation point to the position of the first fully developed turbulent boundary-layer profile, could be expressed as a constant Reynolds number run of approximately 70,000. Some speculations are presented concerning the application of the foregoing concepts, after certain assumptions have been made, to the problem of the connection between transition on the upper surface of an airfoil at high angles of attack and the maximum lift.
Von Doenhoff, Albert E↗
Effect of two-dimensional multiple sine-wave protrusions of the pressure and heat-transfer distributions for a flat plate at Mach 6
Effect of two dimensional multiple sine wave protrusions on pressure and heat transfer distributions for flat plate in hypersonic flow
Cary, A. M., Jr.↗
Transient-forced convection film boiling on an isothermal flat plate.
Development of a new approach for the solution of transient-forced convection film boiling on an isothermal flat plate using the boundary layer model. The similarity variables are used to convert the governing partial differential equations to ordinary ones. The results of numerical solutions of these ordinary equations indicate that the transient process can be classified as one-dimensional conduction, intermediate, and the steady-state regions. The time required for the one-dimensional conduction and the time necessary to attain a steady-state condition are obtained. The use of local similarity approximations for the intermediate regime facilitates prediction of complete boundary layer growth. Using the ratio of time at any instant to the steady-state time as abscissa, the curves representing the boundary layer growth can be merged into a single mean curve within 5%. Further, the analysis shows that the average rate of heat transfer during transient is 50 to 100% higher than those at steady state. The average rate of vapor convected away is 10 to 15% lower than at steady state while the average rate of accumulation to form the vapor layer is 1 to 14 times larger.
Nagendra, H. R.↗
Hot-air flat-plate solar collector-design package
Report contains design data, performance specifications, and drawings for hot-air flat-plate solar-energy collector. Evaluation consists of tests on thermal performance time constance, and incidence angle modifier test. Results are presented in table and graph form and are analyzed in detail.
Source record↗
Heat transfer from impinging jets to a flat plate with conical and ring protuberances
An experimental investigation of heat transfer from round jets, impinging normally on a flat plate with exchangeable, heat transfer enhancing protuberances, has been carried out, and the pertinent literature surveyed, for Reynolds numbers ranging from 14,000 to 67,000, and nozzle diameters from 3.18 to 9.52 mm. The experimental data at the stagnation point indicated laminar flow, and a significant enhancement of heat transfer there, due to the introduction of the spike protuberance; the ring protuberance reduced the local heat flux somewhat. Data have also been correlated by means of dimensional analysis and compared with the conical flow theory.
Hrycak, P.↗
Flat-plate solar array project. Volume 2: Silicon material
The goal of the Silicon Material Task, a part of the Flat Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, was to develop and demonstate the technology for the low cost production of silicon of suitable purity to be used as the basic material for the manufacture of terrestrial photovoltaic solar cells. Summarized are 11 different processes for the production of silicon that were investigated and developed to varying extent by industrial, university, and Government researchers. The silane production section of the Union Carbide Corp. (UCC) silane process was developed completely in this program. Coupled with Siemens-type chemical vapor deposition reactors, the process was carried through the pilot stage. The overall UCC process involves the conversion of metallurgical-grade silicon to silane followed by decomposition of the silane to purified silicon. The other process developments are described to varying extents. Studies are reported on the effects of impurities in silicon on both silicon-material properties and on solar cell performance. These studies on the effects of impurities yielded extensive information and models for relating specific elemental concentrations to levels of deleterious effects.
Lutwack, R.↗
Fluctuating pressures measured beneath a high-temperature, turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate at Mach number of 5
Fluctuating pressures were measured beneath a Mach 5, turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate with an array of piezoresistive sensors. The data were obtained with a digital signal acquisition system during a test run of 4 seconds. Data sampling rate was such that frequency analysis up to 62.5 kHz could be performed. To assess in situ frequency response of the sensors, a specially designed waveguide calibration system was employed to measure transfer functions of all sensors and related instrumentation. Pressure time histories were approximated well by a Gaussian prohibiting distribution. Pressure spectra were very repeatable over the array span of 76 mm. Total rms pressures ranged from 0.0017 to 0.0046 of the freestream dynamic pressure. Streamwise, space-time correlations exhibited expected decaying behavior of a turbulence generated pressure field. Average convection speed was 0.87 of freestream velocity. The trendless behavior with sensor separation indicated possible systematic errors.
Parrott, Tony L.↗
The pressure field of a gust interacting with a flat plate
A semianalytical solution is presented for the unsteady pressure field of a vortical gust interacting with a flat-plate airfoil in subsonic flow. The solution will serve as a benchmark for evaluating the accuracy and efficiency of time dependent numerical schemes. The specific case considered corresponds to the ICASE benchmark problem number 6. The results are compared with those of asymptotic theories for high frequency and show excellent agreement.
Atassi, Hafiz M.↗
Instabilities in the Wake of a Pseudorandom Roughness on a Supersonic Flat Plate
A roughness patch defined by a two-dimensional Fourier series was installed in a highly-polished flat plate model immersed in a supersonic quiet flow. The NASA Langley Research Center Supersonic Low Disturbance Tunnel is capable of providing a Mach 3.5 flow with low freestream acoustic noise and low turbulence levels. Measurements made with a hot-wire probe downstream of the roughness element showed the presence of instability modes that did not cause transition in the measurement region at a freestream unit Reynolds number of Re =12.6×10^6/m. The largest amplitude mode appeared to be similar to a symmetric mode. The same roughness patch immersed in a higher freestream acoustic noise environment showed little to no evidence of the instability modes. Instead, disturbances found in the boundary layer matched closely to the freestream spectra measured in the empty tunnel under the same conditions, indicating some evidence of freestream forcing in the boundary layer.
Roughness induced transition↗