Effects of processing variables on bond strength of polyurethane adhesive
Bond line thickness, adherend etchant, and adherend primer effects on lap shear strength of polyurethane adhesive
Koch, R. O.↗
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Factors which influence tensile strength of a SiC/Ti-24Al-11Nb (at. pct) composite
Tensile and fiber pullout tests were used in conjunction with SEM to investigate structural and processing effects on SiC fiber, a neat Ti-24Al-11Nb matrix alloy, and a composite fabricated from the two. The effects of oxygen content, fiber spacing, fiber volume fraction, fiber-matrix reaction thickness, Teflon content, and matrix powder size, appear to be smaller than the effects of variability in fiber strength. Fiber spacing did not influence radial crack formation, interfacial bond shear strength, or stress-strain behavior in the composite. The temperature dependence of composite properties was investigated over the 23-815 C range.
Brindley, P. K.↗
Intercalated-Graphite-Fiber Composites
Electrically conducting composites made from bromine-intercalated graphite fibers in epoxy matrix. Bromine-intercalated graphite fibers have conductivity of about 20,000 ohm-1cm-1 and found to be stable in presence of moisture fibers even submerged for indefinite times) and at reasonably high temperature (200 degrees C). Conventional epoxy resins can be used with such fibers. Composite materials containing 50 percent bromine-intercalated graphite fibers have promising properties. Mechanical properties of composites similar to composites made with pristine fibers: Tensile and flexural strengths and Young's and bending moduli essentially unchanged, and interlaminar shear strengths slightly enhanced. Thermal conductivities of composites also show very little degradation. However, electrical conductivities of composites increase, which invites application of composites in electrical grounding planes and in shields against electro-magnetic interference.
Gaier, James R.↗
Development of acceptance criteria for batches of silane primer for external tank thermal protection system bonding applications
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is currently the best technique for observing hydrolytic changes in DC 1200 silane the primers caused by moisture in the atmosphere. To further prove that FTIR can be used as a criterion test for acceptance of silane primer lots, intensities of the FTIR OH- band are being compared with primer adhesive bond strength using a mechanical test suggested by NASA. Results of tests for shear strength and Oh-absorption are tabulated and compared with FTIR absorption intensities in the OH-region.
Mikes, F.↗
Carbon/Carbon Fasteners For Use At High Temperatures
Fasteners made of advanced carbon/carbon material perform well at ambient and high temperatures. Exhibit shear strengths of more than 10 kpsi at room temperature and 13 kpsi at temperature of 2,700 degrees F. However, fasteners exhibited poor tensile strength at room temperature. Best suited to applications in which exposed to shear loads with minimal tension loads. Parts reused after thermal cycling.
Bohlmann, Frank J.↗
Postbuckling failure of composite plates with central holes
The postbuckling failure of square composite plates with central holes is analyzed numerically and experimentally. The particular plates studies have stacking sequences of: (+ and - 45/0/90)(sub 2S); (+ and - 45/0(sub 2))(sub 2S); (+ and - 45/0(sub 6))(sub S); and (+ and - 45)(sub 4S). A simple plate geometry, one with a hole diameter to plate width ratio of 0.3 is compared. Failure load, failure mode, and failure location are predicted numerically by using the finite element method. Predictions are compared with experimental results. In numerical failure analysis the interlaminar shear stresses, as well as the inplane stresses are taken into account. An issue addressed in this study is the possible mode shape change of the plate during loading. It is predicted that the first three laminates fail due to excessive stresses in the fiber direction, and more importantly, that the load level is independent of whether the laminate is deformed in a one-half or two-half wave configuration. It is predicted that the fourth laminate fails due to excessive inplane shear stress. Interlaminar shear failure is not predicted for any laminates. For the first two laminates the experimental observations correlated well with the predictions. Experimentally, the third laminate failed along the side support due to interlaminar shear strength S(sub 23). The fourth experimental laminate failed due to inplane shear in the location predicted, however material softening resulted in a different failure load from predictions.
Lee, H. H.↗
An evaluation of upgraded boron fibers in epoxy-matrix composites
An initial evaluation of upgraded boron fibers in an epoxy matrix is performed. Data generated on the program show that fiber strength does increase as a consequence of the upgrading treatment. However, the interlaninar shear strength of upgraded fiber composites is lower than that for an untreated fiber composite. In the limited tests performed, the increased fiber strength failed to translate into the composite.
Rhodes, T. C.↗
Feasibility study on the development of tough, moisture-resistant laminating resins
The potential of cyanate resins as replacement for epoxy resins in composites with graphite fiber reinforcement was investigated in an effort to provide improved moisture resistance and toughness in laminating systems at a projected cost, handleability, and processing requirements equivalent to 400 K (260 F) curing epoxies. Monomer synthesis, formulation, blending, resin preparation, catalysis studies, prepreg preparation, laminate fabrication, and testing are discussed. A graphite fiber reinforced laminate was developed with 95 percent retention of the original 363 K (180 F) flexural strength and 70 percent retention of the 363 K (180 F) short beam shear strength after 500 hour exposure to 95 + 7 relative humidity at 324 K (120 F).
Brand, R. A.↗
Silicone modified resins for graphite fiber laminates
The development of silicon modified resins for graphite fiber laminates which will prevent the dispersal of graphite fibers when the composites are burned is discussed. Eighty-five silicone modified resins were synthesized and evaluated including unsaturated polyesters, thermosetting methacrylates, epoxies, polyimides, and phenolics. Neat resins were judged in terms of Si content, homogeneity, hardness, Char formation, and thermal stability. Char formation was estimated by thermogravimetry to 1,000 C in air and in N2. Thermal stability was evaluated by isothermal weight loss measurements for 200 hrs in air at three temperatures. Four silicone modified epoxies were selected for evaluation in unidirectional filament wound graphite laminates. Neat samples of these resins had 1,000 C char residues of 25 to 50%. The highest flexural values measured for the laminates were a strength of 140 kpsi and a modulus of 10 Mpsi. The highest interlaminar shear strength was 5.3 kpsi.
Frost, L. W.↗
Kevlar reinforced neoprene composites
Kevlar/neoprene composites were prepared by two techniques. One method involved the fabrication of a composite from a rubber prepreg prepared by coating Kevlar with viscous neoprene solution and then allowing the solvent to evaporate (solution impregnation technique). The second method involved heating a stack of Kevlar/neoprene sheets at a temperature sufficient to cause polymer flow (melt flow technique). There was no significant difference in the breaking strength and percent elongation for samples obtained by the two methods; however the shear strength obtained for samples fabricated by the solution impregnation technique (275 psi) was significantly higher than that found for the melt flow fabricated samples (110 psi).
Penn, B. G.↗
Effect of rivet or bolt holes on the ultimate strength developed by 24S-T and Alclad 75S-T sheet in incomplete diagonal tension
Strength tests were made of a number of 24S-T and Alclad 75S-T aluminum alloy shear webs to determine the effect of rivet or bolt holes on the shear strength. Data were obtained for webs which approached a condition of pure shear stress as well as for webs with well-developed diagonal tension. The rivet factor (pitch minus diameter), divided by pitch, was varied from approximately 0.81 to 0.62. These tests indicated that the shear stresses on the gross section were nearly constant for all values of the rivet factor investigated if the other properties of the web were not changed.
Levin, L Ross↗
Effect of Rivet Holes on the Ultimate Strength Developed by 24S-T and Alclad 75S-T Sheet in Incomplete Diagonal Tension
Strength tests were made of a number of 24S-T and Alclad 75S-T aluminum-alloy shear webs to determine the effect of rivet or bolt holes on the shear strength. Data were obtained for webs which approached a condition of pure shear stress as well as for webs with well-developed diagonal tension. The rivet factor, (pitch minus diameter) divided by pitch, was varied from approximately 0.81 to 0.62. These tests indicated that the shear stresses on the gross section were nearly constant for all values of the rivet factor investigated if the other properties of the web were not changed.
Levin, L. Ross↗
Enhancing functionalities in carbon fiber composites by titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Carbon fiber composite's high specific strength makes it incredibly useful for structural applications. However, their low strain-to-failure can be problematic in structural applications that can potentially see high strain conditions or high fatigue cycles resulting in sudden, catastrophic failure. This is further complicated by damage manifesting within the composite thus not showing damage indicators on the surface. Therefore, monitoring the structural integrity and strain history of the composite in application by itself—while maintaining positive composite performance—is vital to ensure safe operation. In this study, a homogeneous dispersion of TiO 2 nanoparticles on carbon fiber is demonstrated to generate a piezoresistive carbon fiber polymer matrix composite with enhanced self-sensing capabilities. The nanoparticle-embedded composites also exhibited superior strength and damping potential compared to the nanoparticle-free composites. The apparent interlaminar shear strength increased by up to 15% and the damping loss factor increased by an average of 150% while the piezoresistive sensitivity increased by up to 180% with the addition of a small weight fraction of nanoparticles to the fiber surface. These results demonstrate an approach to simultaneously improve the sensing capabilities, damping behavior and mechanical strength of carbon fiber composites by simply adding nanoparticles in the fiber sizing using a commercially scalable deposition method.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Cone penetration resistance test - An approach to evaluating in-place strength and packing characteristics of lunar soils
Cone penetration resistance tests on granular lunar soil simulants for in-place shear strength and packing characteristics under various gravity conditions
Cohron, G. T.↗
Silicone modified resins for graphite fiber laminates
Six silicone modified resins were selected for evaluation in unidirectional filament wound graphite laminates. Neat samples of these resins had 1,000 C char residues of 6-63%. The highest flexural values measured for the laminates were a strength of 1,220 MPa and a modulus of 105 GPa. The highest interlaminar shear strength was 72 MPa.
Frost, L. W.↗
Probabilistic simulation of uncertainties in composite uniaxial strengths
Probabilistic composite micromechanics methods are developed that simulate uncertainties in unidirectional fiber composite strengths. These methods are in the form of computational procedures using composite mechanics with Monte Carlo simulation. The variables for which uncertainties are accounted include constituent strengths and their respective scatter. A graphite/epoxy unidirectional composite (ply) is studied to illustrate the procedure and its effectiveness to formally estimate the probable scatter in the composite uniaxial strengths. The results show that ply longitudinal tensile and compressive, transverse compressive and intralaminar shear strengths are not sensitive to single fiber anomalies (breaks, intergacial disbonds, matrix microcracks); however, the ply transverse tensile strength is.
Chamis, C. C.↗
On the importance of viscous dissipation in Io
A model of Io is presented that consists of an elastic inner core, a low strength asthenosphere, and a thin elastic outer shell. The middle layer is ssumed to posses negligible shear strength and to be characterized by a Newtonian viscosity. The fluid in the viscous layer is forced to circulate mainly by the tidal distortion in the outer shell, modeled here as a variation in the distortion amplitude. As a result, heat is generated in the fluid by viscous dissipation. There are three important unconstrained parameters in the model: the fluid viscosity, the thickness of the fluid layer, and the degree to which the distortion of the outer shell is affected by the fluid viscosity. For a wide range of these model parameters viscous heating can generate just as much or even more heat than does elastic dissipation is the outer shell. The model suggests that much of Io's heat flow may be generated below the outer shell and could provide a source of energy for any silicate volcanism on the satellite.
Ross, M. N.↗
Enhanced diffusion welding of TD-NiCr sheet.
A method termed 'enhanced diffusion welding' has been developed to produce solid-state welds in TD-NiCr (Ni-20Cr-2ThO2) alloy sheet with weld strengths of 100% of the parent metal strength. Diffusion welded joints were made in specially processed TD-NiCr that equaled the tensile-shear and creep-rupture shear strengths of the parent material at 1090 deg C. The following observations have been made: specially processed TD-NiCr is preferred over commercial TD-NiCr for diffusion welding; the weld line can be eliminated when joining specially processed TD-NiCr by 600-grit sanding and electropolishing the faying surfaces prior to welding; and, a two-step weld cycle is preferred for diffusion welding of this alloy.
Holko, K. H.↗