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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Unraveling the Role of Glycine in K 2 CO 3 Solvent for CO 2 Removal

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a main composition of greenhouse gases, is believed to be responsible for global warming. Both potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) and amino acids have been studied for CO 2 removal. In this study, for the first time, carbamate formation in the absence of CO 2 was discovered in K 2 CO 3 solvents when small amounts of amino acids like glycine were added, and the mechanism of carbamate formation and CO 2 absorption in such solvents are detailed and supported the observed fast CO 2 absorption in the presence of amino acids. Here, in the mixed solvent of K 2 CO 3 and glycine, bicarbonate and hydroxide were formed from carbonate hydrolysis, and the deprotonated amino acid reacted with bicarbonate to form carbamate in the absence of CO 2 and, in the presence of CO 2 , reacted with CO 2 to form carbamate which could subsequently hydrolyze into bicarbonate. As a result, amino acid (even with a small amount) significantly enhanced the CO 2 absorption kinetics in the mixed solvents, and a high CO 2 loading (0.62 mol CO 2 /mol K 2 CO 3 ) was achieved in multiple (e.g., 10) cycles. Such mixed solvents of K 2 CO 3 and amino acid therefore may overcome the limitations of each individual component and may be ideal candidates for CO 2 removal.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Membrane Contactor Enabling Energy-Efficient CO 2 Capture from Point Sources with Deep Eutectic Solvents

We demonstrate a scalable and energy-efficient hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC)-based process using a green solvent for CO 2 capture. This process uses a deep eutectic solvent (DES) in an HFMC to provide close interfacial interactions and contact between the DES and CO 2 . This approach overcomes disadvantages associated with direct absorption in DES and could potentially be applied to a variety of solvent-based CO 2 capture methods. Commercial low-cost polymer hollow fiber membranes (e.g., microporous polypropylene) were evaluated for CO 2 capture with reline, a prototypical DES. Single-gas measurements showed that the DES-based polypropylene HFMC can capture and separate CO 2 while rejecting N2. From a mixed gas containing 50 mol % N 2 and 50 mol % CO ν , the DES-based HFMC separated CO 2 with a purity of 96.9 mol %. The effect of several process parameters including solvent flow rate, pressure, and temperature on the CO 2 separation performance was studied. The flux of the recovered CO 2 was 67.43 mmole/m 2 /h at a feed pressure of 4 bar. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular dynamics simulations revealed that reline absorbs CO 2 by physical absorption without forming a new chemical compound, and CO 2 separation by reline occurs via the pressure swing mechanism. This research provides fundamental insights about physical solvent-based separation processes and a pathway toward practical deployment.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Indium Tin-Doped Oxide Interactions with Solvent Radiolysis Products

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin-doped oxide (ITO), are ubiquitous as components of electronics and are ideal electrode substrates for catalysis, energy transformation reactions, and energy storage applications. Recently, researchers have recognized their effectiveness as electrode materials for manipulating actinide oxidation states in solution. Despite their popularity as electrode materials, prior studies focused extensively on the direct radiolysis of TCO materials in air and rarely examined these effects within a solution, limiting our fundamental understanding of the interactions between solvent radiolysis products and these substrates in high radiation environments. Here, in this study, we characterize the effects of solvent radiolysis products—arising from the gamma irradiation of water, aqueous nitric acid solutions, and n-dodecane—on the composition, surface speciation, and band structure of ITO thin films on a glass substrate as a function of absorbed dose using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoelectrochemistry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our work demonstrates that mesoporous thin film electrodes of ITO exposed to gamma radiation in each solvent accumulate defects and exhibit solvent and dose dependent changes to their surface and interfacial properties. These electrodes maintain their electrochemical function and improve their photoelectrochemical performance up to at least 100 kGy of accumulated gamma dose, confirming their utility in solvents exposed to ionizing radiation fields.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Structure of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs): What We Know, What We Want to Know, and Why We Need to Know It

We report deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a tunable class of solvents with many advantageous properties including good thermal stability, facile synthesis, low vapor pressure, and low-to-negligible toxicity. DESs are composed of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors that, when combined, significantly decrease the freezing point of the resulting solvent. DESs have distinct interfacial and bulk structural heterogeneity compared to traditional solvents, in part due to various intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Many of the physiochemical properties observed for DESs are influenced by structure. However, our understanding of the interfacial and bulk structure of DESs is incomplete. To fully exploit these solvents in a range of applications including catalysis, separations, and electrochemistry, a better understanding of DES structure must be obtained. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the interfacial and bulk structure of DESs and suggest future research directions to improve our understanding of this important information.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Selecting the Optimal Fluorinated Ether Co-Solvent for Lithium Metal Batteries

To guide the selection of a suitable fluorinated ether (FE) co -solvent for lithium metal batteries, it is crucial to understand the relationship between the organic structures of the FEs and the electrochemical performance of an FE-containing electrolyte. In this work, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)ethane (FEE), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)-propane (TTE), and 1,2-bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (OFDEE) were chosen as representative FE co-solvents because of their distinct structural properties. The structure-activity relationship between the FEs and the electrochemical performance of Li||LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (Li||NMC622) cells was correlated and quantified by Fourier-transform infrared and multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Sand's model was also employed to assess the extent of lithium dendrite formation in the cells using various FE electrolytes. The cycling performance of Li||NMC622 cells using different FE co-solvents follows the order FEE > TTE > OFDEE. Further, since the direct measurement of Sand's time is difficult, we introduced relative Sand's time to probe the diffusion behavior of each electrolyte, and the results showed that the best performance was obtained in the electrolyte with the longest relative Sand's time. Moreover, the lithium metal cell using the electrolyte with FEE co-solvent showed similar capacity retention compared with the baseline electrolyte at room temperature, but it demonstrated significantly improved low-temperature performance. The results indicate that FEE is a promising co-solvent candidate for improving the low-temperature performance of lithium metal batteries because it possesses not only non-solvating behavior but also very low viscosity and non-flammability. The advanced electrolyte LiPF 6 -FEC-DMC-FEE enables very stable cycling of lithium metal batteries at various temperatures.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evolution of the Cellulose Microfibril through Gamma-Valerolactone-Assisted Co-Solvent and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Biomass recalcitrance during deconstruction remains a key bottleneck to affordable biomass processing technologies. A clear connection between the cell wall structure and biomass deconstruction is necessary to understand how lignocellulosic material is broken down to valuable monomeric components. Here, we monitor changes in the cellulose microfibril domains of poplar, sorghum, and switchgrass throughout gamma-valerolactone (GVL)–water co-solvent pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis using solid-state 13 C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS 13 C-NMR) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Spectral fitting of NMR peaks corresponding to different cellulose microenvironments at the C 4 carbon center suggests that a mildly acidic GVL–water co-solvent pretreatment of poplar leads to nearly full removal of xylan–cellulose linkages, which primes the cellulose for enzymatic attack. The spectral fitting also suggests that the pretreatment causes significant depletion of the inaccessible fibril surface domains with an increase in more thermally stable crystalline resonances (I β ). WAXS confirmed a decrease in the lattice spacing between (200) crystalline planes with increasing co-solvent pretreatment severity. These results are interpreted as an opening of bound microfibril surfaces previously inaccessible to the co-solvent system, which leaves behind a more thermally stable, crystalline domain that is potentially prone to relaxation and recrystallization. Full conversion of residual GVL-pretreated biomass was achieved after the GVL co-solvent pretreatment at 140 °C using a commercial enzyme cocktail, CTec2, which contains different cellulases and other enzymes. Spectral fitting of enzymatically hydrolyzed samples by a single engineered cellulase, CelR, suggests that the residual cellulose recalcitrance is mainly due to the inability of CelR to digest the I β crystalline domain present in pretreated samples. This work helps to provide new information regarding the structure of the cell wall and recalcitrance throughout GVL–water mild acidolysis and CelR enzymatic biomass deconstruction by tracking the evolution of structural domains within the cellulose microfibril. This work further directs recommendations for improving the conversion and sugar yields in future studies. Finally, our findings inform inquiry into larger questions of cellulose recalcitrance through GVL pretreatment and CelR enzymatic hydrolysis and give insight into subsequent required steps for full cellulose conversion with attention to the most recalcitrant cellulose structures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Amphiphilic Co-Solvents Modulate the Structure of Membrane Domains

Biofuels are an increasing part of the sustainable energy picture. This makes it a societal and economic imperative to optimize biofuel production. Mitigating the toxic effects of amphiphilic co-solvents is one way to improve the efficiency of biofuel production. Amphiphiles partition into cellular membranes, leading to membrane thinning, destabilization, loss of membrane potential, and, ultimately, cell death. However, this picture of solvent toxicity misses the disruptive impact of co-solvents on lateral membrane organization, which is increasingly recognized as critical for membrane protein sorting and oligomerization. The alteration or disruption of membrane domains has deleterious effects on cellular processes. Here, in this work, we pursue the hypothesis that membrane lateral organization is disrupted by the presence of co-solvents at concentrations lower than those which lead to full membrane destabilization. The disruption occurs due to an increasing interfacial tension between the co-existing phases, resulting in conformational changes to minimize the interfacial length-to-area ratio. This represents an unrecognized mode of solvent-induced stress and a new target for interventions to improve fermentation yields.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Effects of Polymer Morphology on Solvent and Catalyst Accessibility during Polyethylene and Polystyrene Autoxidation

Efficient catalytic deconstruction of plastics requires facile solvent and catalyst access to polymer substrates to minimize mass transfer effects. Autoxidation using Co(II) acetate, Mn(II) acetate, and a radical carrier in acetic acid is a promising strategy to deconstruct mixed plastic waste, yet the role of polymer morphology in governing solvent and catalyst accessibility remains poorly understood. Here, in situ simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), complemented by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging and high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were used to elucidate interactions between acetic acid, a Co/Mn catalyst solution, and semicrystalline polyethylene (PE) and amorphous polystyrene (PS) from room temperature to 160 °C. In PE, acetic acid and catalyst access were confined to amorphous regions and cryomilled particle interfaces at room temperature, while crystalline lamellae remained intact after soaking for up to 34 h. Increasing temperature enabled solvent uptake into PE, followed by solvent-assisted softening above 100 °C, and a modest melting-point depression that removed lamellar transport barriers upon melting. Conversely for PS, acetic acid penetrated the glassy polymer without inducing chain mobility until the glass transition was reached, above which the observed structural changes were consistent with enhanced segmental mobility which enabled bulk penetration. These results suggest that polymer morphology and thermally activated physical transitions arising from diffusion and polymer–solvent interactions can influence whether autoxidation of plastics is transport-limited or kinetically controlled, providing a framework for aligning reaction conditions with reaction outcomes.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Understanding solvent effects on adsorption and protonation in porous catalysts

Abstract Solvent selection is a pressing challenge in developing efficient and selective liquid phase catalytic processes, as predictive understanding of the solvent effect remains lacking. In this work, an attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy technique is developed to quantitatively measure adsorption isotherms on porous materials in solvent and decouple the thermodynamic contributions of van der Waals interactions within zeolite pore walls from those of pore-phase proton transfer. While both the pore diameter and the solvent identity dramatically impact the confinement (adsorption) step, the solvent identity plays a dominant role in proton-transfer. Combined computational and experimental investigations show increasingly favorable pore-phase proton transfer to pyridine in the order: water < acetonitrile < 1,4 – dioxane. Equilibrium methods unaffected by mass transfer limitations are outlined for quantitatively estimating fundamental thermodynamic values using statistical thermodynamics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Universal and versatile morphology engineering via hot fluorous solvent soaking for organic bulk heterojunction

After explosive growth of efficiency in organic solar cells (OSCs), achieving ideal morphology of bulk heterojunction remains crucial and challenging for advancing OSCs into consumer market. Herein, by utilizing the amphiphobic nature and temperature-dependent miscibility of fluorous solvent, hot fluorous solvent soaking method is developed to optimize the morphology with various donor/acceptor combinations including polymer/small-molecule, all-polymer and all-small-molecule systems. By immersing blend film into hot fluorous solvent which is utilized as liquid medium with better thermal conductivity, the molecular reorganization is accelerated. Furthermore, fluorous solvent can be miscible with the residue of chloroform and chloronaphthalene above upper critical solution temperature. This mixed solvent diffuses around inside the active layer and selectively promotes molecular reorganization, leading to optimized morphology. Compared to widely-used thermal annealing, this approach processed under mild conditions achieves superior photovoltaic performance, indicating the practicality and universality for morphological optimization in OSCs as well as other optoelectronic devices.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Auxiliary sequential deposition enables 19%-efficiency organic solar cells processed from halogen-free solvents

High-efficiency organic solar cells are often achieved using toxic halogenated solvents and additives that are constrained in organic solar cells industry. Therefore, it is important to develop materials or processing methods that enabled highly efficient organic solar cells processed by halogen free solvents. In this paper, we report an innovative processing method named auxiliary sequential deposition that enables 19%-efficiency organic solar cells processed by halogen free solvents. Our auxiliary sequential deposition method is different from the conventional blend casting or sequential deposition methods in that it involves an additional casting of dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]thiophene between the sequential depositions of the donor (D18-Cl) and acceptor (L8-BO) layers. The auxiliary sequential deposition method enables dramatic performance enhancement from 15% to over 18% compared to the blend casting and sequential deposition methods. Furthermore, by incorporating a branched-chain-engineered acceptor called L8-BO-X, device performance can be boosted to over 19% due to increased intermolecular packing, representing top-tier values for green-solvent processed organic solar cells. Comprehensive morphological and time-resolved characterizations reveal that the superior blend morphology achieved through the auxiliary sequential deposition method promotes charge generation while simultaneously suppressing charge recombination. This research underscores the potential of the auxiliary sequential deposition method for fabricating highly efficient organic solar cells using environmentally friendly solvents.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Equally high efficiencies of organic solar cells processed from different solvents reveal key factors for morphology control

The power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) is exceeding 20%, an advance in which morphology optimization has played a significant role. It is generally accepted that the processing solvent (or solvent mixture) can help optimize morphology, impacting the OSC efficiency. Here we develop OSCs that show strong tolerance to a range of processing solvents, with all devices delivering high power conversion efficiencies around 19%. By investigating the solution states, the film formation dynamics and the characteristics of the processed films both experimentally and computationally, we identify the key factors that control morphology, that is, the interactions between the side chains of the acceptor materials and the solvent as well as the interactions between the donor and acceptor materials. Our work provides new understanding on the long-standing question of morphology control and effective guides to design OSC materials towards practical applications, where green solvents are required for large-scale processing.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Highly efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells enabled by a delayed processing method using a non-halogenated solvent

The use of non-halogenated solvents is one of the important requirements for large-scale industry production of polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the current high-performance PSCs are mostly obtained using halogenated solvents to ensure good solubility and morphology. In this work, we report high-performance PSCs processed using a halogen-free solvent (toluene), reaching an efficiency of 17.33%, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest value reported for PSCs processed from non-halogenated solvents. Importantly, we show a novel aggregation or “aging” process of the non-fullerene acceptor in the toluene solvent, which can be used to fine-tune the crystal size of the non-fullerene acceptor. As a result, we achieve an optimized nano-fibril like morphology of PM6:BTP-BO-4Cl by delaying the processing time. Furthermore ,this is conducive to charge dissociation and transport, and thus greatly improved device performance. This method is expected to be investigated further and applied to other PSC systems toward precise morphology optimization and performance improvements in the future.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Influence of solvent structure and hydrogen bonding on catalysis at solid–liquid interfaces

Solvent molecules interact with reactive species and alter the rates and selectivities of catalytic reactions by orders of magnitude. Specifically, solvent molecules can modify the free energies of liquid phase and surface species via solvation, participating directly as a reactant or co-catalyst, or competitively binding to active sites. These effects carry consequences for reactions relevant for the conversion of renewable or recyclable feedstocks, the development of distributed chemical manufacturing, and the utilization of renewable energy to drive chemical reactions. First, we describe the quantitative impact of these effects on steady-state catalytic turnover rates through a rate expression derived for a generic catalytic reaction (A → B), which illustrates the functional dependence of rates on each category of solvent interaction. Second, we connect these concepts to recent investigations of the effects of solvents on catalysis to show how interactions between solvent and reactant molecules at solid–liquid interfaces influence catalytic reactions. Furthermore, this discussion demonstrates that the design of effective liquid phase catalytic processes benefits from a clear understanding of these intermolecular interactions and their implications for rates and selectivities.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modelling drug adsorption in metal–organic frameworks: the role of solvent

Solvent plays a key role in biological functions, catalysis, and drug delivery. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) due to their tunable functionalities, porosities and surface areas have been recently used as drug delivery vehicles. To investigate the effect of solvent on drug adsorption in MOFs, we have performed integrated computational and experimental studies in selected biocompatible MOFs, specifically, UiO-AZB, HKUST-1 (or CuBTC) and NH 2 -MIL-53(Al). The adsorption of three drugs, namely, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), ibuprofen (IBU), and hydroxyurea (HU) were performed in the presence and absence of the ethanol. Our computational predictions, at 1 atmospheric pressure, showed a reasonable agreement with experimental studies performed in the presence of ethanol. We find that in the presence of ethanol the drug molecules were adsorbed at the interface of solvent and MOFs. Moreover, the computationally calculated adsorption isotherms suggested that the drug adsorption was driven by electrostatic interactions at lower pressures (<10 –4 Pa). Our computational predictions in the absence of ethanol were higher compared to those in the presence of ethanol. The MOF–adsorbate interaction (U HA ) energy decreased with decrease in the size of a drug molecule in all three MOFs at all simulated pressures. At high pressure the interaction energy increases with increase in the MOFs pore size as the number of molecules adsorbed increases. Thus, our research shows the important role played by solvent in drug adsorption and suggests that it is critical to consider solvent while performing computational studies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Impact of the fluorination degree of ether-based electrolyte solvents on Li-metal battery performance

Electrolytes using fluorinated solvents have proven effective in improving the cycling life of Li-metal batteries, by forming a robust solid–electrolyte interphase through decomposition of anion and fluorinated solvent molecules. Herein, we modulated the fluorination degree of ether-based electrolyte solvents to investigate their performance in Li-metal batteries. Here, we tuned the fluorination degree by installing a monofluoro substituent on one ethoxy group of 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) and varying the fluorination degree on the other one, providing three fluorinated DEE solvent molecules (i.e., F1F0, F1F1 and F1F2) with a relatively low fluorination degree. All three electrolytes showed improved solvation strength and ionic conductivities compared with previous highly fluorinated DEE electrolytes while retaining good oxidative stability. A full cell test using the Li-metal anode and nickel-rich cathode revealed that a higher degree of fluorination is beneficial to the cycling performance, and the cycling stability follows F1F0 < F1F1 < F1F2. Specifically, F1F0 exhibited poor cycling stability due to its instability against both the anode and cathode. While F1F1 and F1F2 both showed good stability against the Li metal anode, their relative long-term oxidative stability was responsible for the distinct performance, in which the cycle numbers at 80% capacity retention for F1F1 and F1F2 were ~20 and ~80, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that F1F2 was able to achieve 90 cycles before reaching 80% capacity retention in practical lithium iron phosphate (LFP) pouch cells. This work shows the importance of modulating the fluorination degree of electrolyte solvents, and this approach is suitable for various cathode materials.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Solvent independent symmetry-breaking charge separation in terrylenediimide guanine-quadruplex nanoparticles

G-quadruplex assemblies are a promising tool for self-assembling π-stacked chromophore arrays to better understand their photophysics. We have shown that coupling a single guanine moiety to terrylenediimide (TDI) produces a structure (GTDI) that self-assembles in tetrahydrofuran (THF) into a nearly monodisperse guanine-quadruplex structure having 16 π-stacked layers (GTDI 4 ) 16 . The TDI surfaces were determined to have a high degree of cofacial overlap and underwent quantitative symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) upon photoexcitation. Here, we more deeply examine the relationship between solvent and aggregate formation and develop insights into structure–function relationships over a variety of solvent polarities and hydrogen-bonding capabilities. At high concentrations, GTDI assembles into guanine-quadruplex structures (GTDI 4 ) 16 in THF and toluene, as well as (GTDI 4 ) 9 in pyridine and benzonitrile. Here, transient absorption spectroscopy shows that SB-CS occurs in all solvents, regardless of their static dielectric constants, but the SB-CS yield is determined by structure. Solvent polarity independent SB-CS generation is also observed in GTDI films, where there is a complete absence of solvent.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Solvent structure and dynamics over Brønsted acid MWW zeolite nanosheets

In the liquid phase of heterogeneous catalysis, solvent plays an important role and governs the kinetics and thermodynamics of a reaction. Although it is often difficult to quantify the role of the solvent, it becomes particularly challenging when a zeolite is used as the catalyst. This difficulty arises from the complex nature of the liquid/zeolite interface and the different solvation environments around catalytically active sites. Here, we use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to probe the local solvation structure and dynamics of methanol and water over MWW zeolite nanosheets with varying Brønsted acidity. We find that the zeolite framework and the number and location of the acid sites in the zeolite influence the structure and dynamics of the solvent. In particular, methanol is more likely to be in the vicinity of the aluminum (Al 3+ ) at the T4 site than at T1 due to easy accessibility. The methanol oxygen binds strongly to the Al at the T4 site, weakening the Al–O for the bridging acid site, which results in the formation of the silanol group, significantly reducing the acidity of the site. The behavior of methanol is in direct contrast to that of water, where protons can easily propagate from the zeolite to the solvent molecules regardless of the acid site location. Furthermore, our work provides molecular-level insights into how solvent interacts with zeolite surfaces, leading to an improved understanding of the catalytic site in the MWW zeolite nanosheet.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗