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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14

Sasaki's variational optimization analysis of temperature and moisture advection in a severe storm environment

Temperature and moisture advection patterns of dry air intrusion were analyzed by a variational optimization method to relate mesoscale advection to a severe thunderstorm environment. The analysis results presented here were obtained from a case study, May 26, 1973, when a tornado squall line developed in Oklahoma in conjunction with a clearly delineated dry air intrusion. Observations from the synoptic upper air network were used for inputs of horizontal wind components, potential temperature, and mixing ratio at each 50 mb increment from 950 to 100 mb. An objective analysis was performed to assign values of the variables to grid points of a 15 x 14 horizontal grid with approximate 125 km grid spacing at each pressure level. After the analysis the data fields were smoothed using a variational formalism.

Mcfarland, M. J.↗

Improving the Time Resolution of Hyper-Spectral Infrared Sounding Observations With Trajectory Enhancement

Low Earth orbit (LEO) hyper-spectral infrared (IR) sounders have significant potential for characterizing the complex evolution of thermodynamic environments favorable for convective initiation and ongoing convection. The snapshots at fixed local times are unable to provide the temporal resolution needed to resolve the rapidly evolving convective environment. A novel methodology using trajectory modeling coupled with satellite soundings was developed to create proximity soundings near NCEI Storm Events to investigate differences in severe weather environments (Kalmus et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0055.1). This methodology was recently extended to entire satellite swaths forward in time up to six hours into the future and was evaluated during NOAA’s Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) in a quasi-operational setting (Kahn et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-22-0204.1). This methodology is based on parcel forward-trajectory calculations from the satellite observing time to recreate future soundings of temperature and moisture at regularly gridded intervals in space and time. Using coincident Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) rainfall estimates, we show that convective available potential energy (CAPE) is increased and convective inhibition (CIN) is decreased at times and locations where convection initiated. This methodology was evaluated with ERA5 data sampled to mimic the satellite observing swaths (Richardson et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-97). Approximately 60–90% of the temporal and spatial variability in temperature and humidity is explained by parcel advection using trajectory modeling. This method will be applied to the multi-decadal LEO satellite record and could be used to examine capabilities of future satellite missions such as the GeoXO mission.

Emily Berndt↗

A Stochastic Model of Space-Time Variability of Mesoscale Rainfall: Statistics of Spatial Averages

A characteristic feature of rainfall statistics is that they depend on the space and time scales over which rain data are averaged. A previously developed spectral model of rain statistics that is designed to capture this property, predicts power law scaling behavior for the second moment statistics of area-averaged rain rate on the averaging length scale L as L right arrow 0. In the present work a more efficient method of estimating the model parameters is presented, and used to fit the model to the statistics of area-averaged rain rate derived from gridded radar precipitation data from TOGA COARE. Statistical properties of the data and the model predictions are compared over a wide range of averaging scales. An extension of the spectral model scaling relations to describe the dependence of the average fraction of grid boxes within an area containing nonzero rain (the "rainy area fraction") on the grid scale L is also explored.

Kundu, Prasun K.↗

Computation of hypersonic flow fields

The present discussion of the theory, solution methods, and development status of chemically reactive flow CFD codes pertaining to the flow field around a hypersonic vehicle encompasses the formulation of multicomponent viscous equations, grid-generation techniques, and finite-difference algorithms. The Navier-Stokes equations presented focus on such particularities of high speed vehicles as their aerodynamic configuration, lee and wake flow, bow shock, and chemistry and low density effects. Issues for which further development is desirable encompass boundary treatments, grid quality, shock capturing, and the decoupling of chemistry from flow variables.

Li, Chien-Peng↗

A multi-block multigrid method for the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations for three-dimensional flows

A multi-block multigrid method for the solution of the three-dimensional Euler and Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The basic flow solver is a cell-vertex method which employs central-difference spatial approximations and Runge-Kutta time stepping. The use of local time stepping, implicit residual smoothing, multigrid techniques, and variable-coefficient numerical smoothing results in an efficient and robust scheme. The multi-block strategy places the block loop within the Runge-Kutta loop such that accuracy and convergence are not affected by block boundaries. This has been verified by comparing the results of one- and two-block calculations in which the two-block grid is generated by splitting the one-block grid. Results are presented for both Euler and Navier-Stokes computations of wings and wing-fuselage combinations.

Atkins, H. L.↗

Transformation of two and three-dimensional regions by elliptic systems

A reliable linear system is presented for grid generation in 2-D and 3-D. The method is robust in the sense that convergence is guaranteed but is not as reliable as other nonlinear elliptic methods in generating nonfolding grids. The construction of nonfolding grids depends on having reasonable approximations of cell aspect ratios and an appropriate distribution of grid points on the boundary of the region. Some guidelines are included on approximating the aspect ratios, but little help is offered on setting up the boundary grid other than to say that in 2-D the boundary correspondence should be close to that generated by a conformal mapping. It is assumed that the functions which control the grid distribution depend only on the computational variables and not on the physical variables. Whether this is actually the case depends on how the grid is constructed. In a dynamic adaptive procedure where the grid is constructed in the process of solving a fluid flow problem, the grid is usually updated at fixed iteration counts using the current value of the control function. Since the control function is not being updated during the iteration of the grid equations, the grid construction is a linear procedure. However, in the case of a static adaptive procedure where a trial solution is computed and used to construct an adaptive grid, the control functions may be recomputed at every step of the grid iteration.

Mastin, C. Wayne↗

Coupling of Sph and Finite Element Codes for Multi-Layer Orbital Debris Shield Design

Particle-based hydrodynamics models offer distinct advantages over Eulerian and Lagrangian hydrocodes in particular shock physics applications. Particle models are designed to avoid the mesh distortion and state variable diffusion problems which can hinder the effective use of Lagrangian and Eulerian codes respectively. However conventional particle-in-cell and smooth particle hydrodynamics methods employ particles which are actually moving interpolation points. A new particle-based modeling methodology, termed Hamiltonian particle hydrodynamics, was developed by Fahrenthold and Koo (1997) to provide an alternative, fully Lagrangian, energy-based approach to shock physics simulations. This alternative formulation avoids the tensile and boundary instabilities associated with standard smooth particle hydrodynamics formulations and the diffusive grid- to-particle mapping schemes characteristic of particle-in-cell methods. In the work described herein, the method of Fahrenthold and Koo has been extended, by coupling the aforementioned hydrodynamic particle model to a hexahedral finite element based description of the continuum dynamics. The resulting continuum model retains all of the features (including general contact-impact effects) of Hamiltonian particle hydrodynamics, while in addition accounting for tensile strength, plasticity, and damage effects important in the simulation of hypervelocity impact on orbital debris shielding. A three dimensional, vectorized, and autotasked implementation of the extended particle method described here has been coded for application to orbital debris shielding design. Source code for the pre-processor (PREP), analysis code (EXOS), post-processor (POST), and rezoner (ZONE), have been delivered separately, along with a User's Guide describing installation and application of the software.

Fahrenthold, Eric P.↗

A Correlation-Based Transition Model using Local Variables: Model Formation - Part 1

A new correlation-based transition model has been developed, which is based strictly on local variables. As a result, the transition model is compatible with modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, such as unstructured grids and massive parallel execution. The model is based on two transport equations, one for intermittency and one for the transition onset criteria in terms of momentum thickness Reynolds number. The proposed transport equations do not attempt to model the physics of the transition process (unlike, e.g., turbulence models) but from a framework for the implementation of correlation-based models into general-purpose CFD methods.

Menter, F. R.↗

A Daily Surface Melt Product From Passive Microwave Swath Observations for Arctic Sea Ice Studies

Most passive microwave sea ice data products are produced with daily gridded brightness temperatures. However, a single polar-orbiting passive microwave instrument makes many measurements per day where swaths overlap in the polar regions. These level 1 swath brightness temperature observations can be used to derive information on sub-daily sea ice processes. One such process is the rapid transition of snow and ice between freezing and melting due to diurnal freeze-thaw cycling or brief warming events in the pre-melt season. Here, a new method utilizing the sub-daily variability in swath-to-swath observations is used to produce daily, binary maps of the melting status on Arctic Sea ice using Level 1C brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSM/I-SSMIS) data record. The resulting data set will enable investigations of the frequency, inter-annual variability, and spatial extent of brief surface melting events occurring in the winter and shoulder seasons outside of the traditional summer melt season.

Angela C. Bliss↗

Reanalysis procedure for large structural systems

Global-basis-vector approximate reanalysis techniques for use in automated structural optimization schemes are developed and demonstrated. The vibrational response of a modified structure (MS) is estimated by lumping the design variables into a single tracing parameter, applying an operator splitting procedure to express the FEM equations of the MS in terms of the original-structure equations plus correction terms, and reducing the MS equations via a classical Bubnov-Galerkin scheme. The sensitivity of the vibrational response to structural modifications is evaluated, and the relationship between this method and the preconditioned conjugate-gradient method (Noor and Peters, 1988) is explored. Numerical results for linear static and free vibration problems involving beamlike lattices, double-layered hexahedral grids, and structural gridworks are presented in tables and graphs and briefly characterized.

Noor, Ahmed K.↗

The space-time solution element method: A new numerical approach for the Navier-Stokes equations

This paper is one of a series of papers describing the development of a new numerical method for the Navier-Stokes equations. Unlike conventional numerical methods, the current method concentrates on the discrete simulation of both the integral and differential forms of the Navier-Stokes equations. Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in space-time is explicitly provided for through a rigorous enforcement of both the integral and differential forms of the governing conservation laws. Using local polynomial expansions to represent the discrete primitive variables on each cell, fluxes at cell interfaces are evaluated and balanced using exact functional expressions. No interpolation or flux limiters are required. Because of the generality of the current method, it applies equally to the steady and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. In this paper, we generalize and extend the authors' 2-D, steady state implicit scheme. A general closure methodology is presented so that all terms up through a given order in the local expansions may be retained. The scheme is also extended to nonorthogonal Cartesian grids. Numerous flow fields are computed and results are compared with known solutions. The high accuracy of the scheme is demonstrated through its ability to accurately resolve developing boundary layers on coarse grids. Finally, we discuss applications of the current method to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations.

Scott, James R.↗

Study of Geometric Porosity on Static Stability and Drag Using Computational Fluid Dynamics for Rigid Parachute Shapes

This paper explores use of computational fluid dynamics to study the e↵ect of geometric porosity on static stability and drag for NASA's Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle main parachute. Both of these aerodynamic characteristics are of interest to in parachute design, and computational methods promise designers the ability to perform detailed parametric studies and other design iterations with a level of control previously unobtainable using ground or flight testing. The approach presented here uses a canopy structural analysis code to define the inflated parachute shapes on which structured computational grids are generated. These grids are used by the computational fluid dynamics code OVERFLOW and are modeled as rigid, impermeable bodies for this analysis. Comparisons to Apollo drop test data is shown as preliminary validation of the technique. Results include several parametric sweeps through design variables in order to better understand the trade between static stability and drag. Finally, designs that maximize static stability with a minimal loss in drag are suggested for further study in subscale ground and flight testing.

Greathouse, James S.↗

Statistical equilibrium calculations for silicon in early-type model stellar atmospheres

Line profiles of 36 multiplets of silicon (Si) II, III, and IV were computed for a grid of model atmospheres covering the range from 15,000 to 35,000 K in effective temperature and 2.5 to 4.5 in log (gravity). The computations involved simultaneous solution of the steady-state statistical equilibrium equations for the populations and of the equation of radiative transfer in the lines. The variables were linearized, and successive corrections were computed until a minimal accuracy of 1/1000 in the line intensities was reached. The common assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) was dropped. The model atmospheres used also were computed by non-LTE methods. Some effects that were incorporated into the calculations were the depression of the continuum by free electrons, hydrogen and ionized helium line blocking, and auto-ionization and dielectronic recombination, which later were found to be insignificant. Use of radiation damping and detailed electron (quadratic Stark) damping constants had small but significant effects on the strong resonance lines of Si III and IV. For weak and intermediate-strength lines, large differences with respect to LTE computations, the results of which are also presented, were found in line shapes and strengths. For the strong lines the differences are generally small, except for the models at the hot, low-gravity extreme of our range. These computations should be useful in the interpretation of the spectra of stars in the spectral range B0-B5, luminosity classes III, IV, and V.

Kamp, L. W.↗

An analytical study of reduced-gravity flow dynamics

Addition of surface tension forces to a marker-and-cell code and the performance of four incompressible fluid simulations in reduced gravity, were studied. This marker-and-cell code has a variable grid capability with arbitrary curved boundaries and time dependent acceleration fields. The surface tension logic includes a spline fit of surface marker particles as well as contact angle logic for straight and curved wall boundaries. Three types of flow motion were simulated with the improved code: impulsive settling in a model Centaur LH2 tank, continuous settling in a model and full scale Centaur LO2 tank and mixing in a Centaur LH2 tank. The impulsive settling case confirmed a drop tower analysis which indicated more orderly fluid collection flow patterns with this method providing a potential savings in settling propellants. In the LO2 tank, fluid collection and flow simulation into the thrust barrel were achieved. The mixing simulation produced good results indicating both the development of the flow field and fluid interface behavior.

Bradshaw, R. D.↗

A Novel Method for Estimating Shortwave Direct Radiative Effect of Above-Cloud Aerosols Using CALIOP and MODIS Data

This paper describes an efficient and unique method for computing the shortwave direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosol residing above low-level liquid-phase clouds using CALIOP and MODIS data. It accounts for the overlapping of aerosol and cloud rigorously by utilizing the joint histogram of cloud optical depth and cloud top pressure. Effects of sub-grid scale cloud and aerosol variations on DRE are accounted for. It is computationally efficient through using grid-level cloud and aerosol statistics, instead of pixel-level products, and a pre-computed look-up table in radiative transfer calculations. We verified that for smoke over the southeast Atlantic Ocean the method yields a seasonal mean instantaneous shortwave DRE that generally agrees with more rigorous pixel-level computation within 4. We have also computed the annual mean instantaneous shortwave DRE of light-absorbing aerosols (i.e., smoke and polluted dust) over global ocean based on 4 yr of CALIOP and MODIS data. We found that the variability of the annual mean shortwave DRE of above-cloud light-absorbing aerosol is mainly driven by the optical depth of the underlying clouds.

radiative forcing↗

A Novel Method for Estimating Shortwave Direct Radiative Effect of Above-cloud Aerosols over Ocean Using CALIOP and MODIS Data

This paper describes an efficient and unique method for computing the shortwave direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosol residing above low-level liquid-phase clouds using CALIOP and MODIS data. It accounts for the overlapping of aerosol and cloud rigorously by utilizing the joint histogram of cloud optical depth and cloud top pressure. Effects of sub-grid scale cloud and aerosol variations on DRE are accounted for. It is computationally efficient through using grid-level cloud and aerosol statistics, instead of pixel-level products, and a pre-computed look-up table in radiative transfer calculations. We verified that for smoke over the southeast Atlantic Ocean the method yields a seasonal mean instantaneous shortwave DRE that generally agrees with more rigorous pixel-level computation within 4%. We have also computed the annual mean instantaneous shortwave DRE of light-absorbing aerosols (i.e., smoke and polluted dust) over global ocean based on 4 yr of CALIOP and MODIS data. We found that the variability of the annual mean shortwave DRE of above-cloud light-absorbing aerosol is mainly driven by the optical depth of the underlying clouds.

CALIOP and MODIS↗

A finite element computational method for high Reynolds number laminar flows

A velocity-pressure integrated, mixed interpolation, Galerkin finite element method for the Navier-Stokes equations is presented. In the method, the velocity variables are interpolated using complete quadratic shape functions, and the pressure is interpolated using linear shape functions which are defined on a triangular element for the two-dimensional case and on a tetrahedral element for the three-dimensional case. The triangular element and the tetrahedral element are contained inside the complete bi- and tri-quadratic elements for velocity variables for two and three dimensional cases, respectively, so that the pressure is discontinuous across the element boundaries. Example problems considered include: a cavity flow of Reynolds numbers 400 through 10,000; a laminar backward facing step flow; and a laminar flow in a square duct of strong curvature. The computational results compared favorably with the finite difference computational results and/or experimental data available. It was found that the present method can capture the delicate pressure driven recirculation zones, that the method did not yield any spurious pressure modes, and that the method requires fewer grid points than the finite difference methods to obtain comparable computational results.

Kim, Sang-Wook↗

Topographic distribution of clear-sky radiation over the Konza Prairie, Kansas

A method for exploring the topographic modulation of clear-sky incoming radiation using a two-stream atmospheric model together with digital elevation data is presented to obtain the temporal and spatial distribution of this energy. Utilizing this methodology for the Konza Prairie, it is observed that the variance and spatial autocorrelation of the simulated radiation data changed with sun angle and elevation grid spacing. An analytical formula that describes the behavior of the variance as a function of optical depth, sun angle, and mean terrain slope can be developed by considering direct solar radiation variability on a constant-slope terrain which has a uniform albedo and a uniform distribution of slopes. The decrease in mean slope and the increase in slope and autocorrelation is attributed to a loss of some of the shorter-wavelength terrain features at coarser grid spacings.

Dubayah, Ralph↗