Valuing intra-day coordination of electric power and natural gas system operations
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Craig, Michael↗
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A link-segment model of upright human posture for analysis of head-trunk coordination
Sensory-motor control of upright human posture may be organized in a top-down fashion such that certain head-trunk coordination strategies are employed to optimize visual and/or vestibular sensory inputs. Previous quantitative models of the biomechanics of human posture control have examined the simple case of ankle sway strategy, in which an inverted pendulum model is used, and the somewhat more complicated case of hip sway strategy, in which multisegment, articulated models are used. While these models can be used to quantify the gross dynamics of posture control, they are not sufficiently detailed to analyze head-trunk coordination strategies that may be crucial to understanding its underlying mechanisms. In this paper, we present a biomechanical model of upright human posture that extends an existing four mass, sagittal plane, link-segment model to a five mass model including an independent head link. The new model was developed to analyze segmental body movements during dynamic posturography experiments in order to study head-trunk coordination strategies and their influence on sensory inputs to balance control. It was designed specifically to analyze data collected on the EquiTest (NeuroCom International, Clackamas, OR) computerized dynamic posturography system, where the task of maintaining postural equilibrium may be challenged under conditions in which the visual surround, support surface, or both are in motion. The performance of the model was tested by comparing its estimated ground reaction forces to those measured directly by support surface force transducers. We conclude that this model will be a valuable analytical tool in the search for mechanisms of balance control.
NASA Discipline Neuroscience↗
Investigation, Modeling, and Analysis of Integrated Metroplex Arrival and Departure Coordination Concepts
This work involves the development of a concept that enhances integrated metroplex arrival and departure coordination, determines the temporal (the use of time separation for aircraft sharing the same airspace resources) and spatial (the use of different routes or vertical profiles for aircraft streams at any given time) impact of metroplex traffic coordination within the National Airspace System (NAS), and quantifies the benefits of the most desirable metroplex traffic coordination concept. Researching and developing metroplex concepts is addressed in this work that broadly applies across the range of airspace and airport demand characteristics envisioned for NextGen metroplex operations. The objective of this work is to investigate, formulate, develop models, and analyze an operational concept that mitigates issues specific to the metroplex or that takes advantage of unique characteristics of metroplex airports to improve efficiencies. The concept is an innovative approach allowing the NAS to mitigate metroplex interdependencies between airports, optimize metroplex arrival and departure coordination among airports, maximize metroplex airport throughput, minimize delay due to airport runway configuration changes, increase resiliency to disruptions, and increase the tolerance of the system to degrade gracefully under adverse conditions such as weather, traffic management initiatives, and delays in general.
Clarke, John-Paul B.↗
Integrated controls-structures optimization of a large space structure
General-purpose control and structural codes are applied to a large detailed structural model including objective and constraint functions derived from actual design specifications. The approach is to divide the problem into a controls optimization step, a structural optimization step, and a system level coordination step. The objective is to minimize mass and power consumption with constraints on vibration characteristics, strength, and damping. This decomposition and optimization approach significantly enhances the design of a structure based on the COFS-I Mast Flight System, which is selected as a demonstration problem.
Pasula, S. L.↗
Vehicle Localization in 3D World Coordinates Using Single Camera at Traffic Intersection
Optimizing traffic control systems at traffic intersections can reduce the network-wide fuel consumption, as well as emissions of conventional fuel-powered vehicles. While traffic signals have been controlled based on predetermined schedules, various adaptive signal control systems have recently been developed using advanced sensors such as cameras, radars, and LiDARs. Among these sensors, cameras can provide a cost-effective way to determine the number, location, type, and speed of the vehicles for better-informed decision-making at traffic intersections. In this research, a new approach for accurately determining vehicle locations near traffic intersections using a single camera is presented. For that purpose, a well-known object detection algorithm called YOLO is used to determine vehicle locations in video images captured by a traffic camera. YOLO draws a bounding box around each detected vehicle, and the vehicle location in the image coordinates is converted to the world coordinates using camera calibration data. During this process, a significant error between the center of a vehicle’s bounding box and the real center of the vehicle in the world coordinates is generated due to the angled view of the vehicles by a camera installed on a traffic light pole. As a means of mitigating this vehicle localization error, two different types of regression models are trained and applied to the centers of the bounding boxes of the camera-detected vehicles. The accuracy of the proposed approach is validated using both static camera images and live-streamed traffic video. Based on the improved vehicle localization, it is expected that more accurate traffic signal control can be made to improve the overall network-wide energy efficiency and traffic flow at traffic intersections.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Controlling Distributed Planning
A system of software implements an extended version of an approach, denoted shared activity coordination (SHAC), to the interleaving of planning and the exchange of plan information among organizations devoted to different missions that normally communicate infrequently except that they need to collaborate on joint activities and/or the use of shared resources. SHAC enables the planning and scheduling systems of the organizations to coordinate by resolving conflicts while optimizing local planning solutions. The present software provides a framework for modeling and executing communication protocols for SHAC. Shared activities are represented in each interacting planning system to establish consensus on joint activities or to inform the other systems of consumption of a common resource or a change in a shared state. The representations of shared activities are extended to include information on (1) the role(s) of each participant, (2) permissions (defined as specifications of which participant controls what aspects of shared activities and scheduling thereof), and (3) constraints on the parameters of shared activities. Also defined in the software are protocols for changing roles, permissions, and constraints during the course of coordination and execution.
Clement, Bradley↗
An Integrated Design Tool for Tow-Steered Laminates of Composites in Abaqus and MSC.Patran/Nastran
Tow-steered composites can be tailored for optimal mechanical performance of lightweight structures. However, there are no commercial-grade design tools for tow-steered composite structures, which hinders the design innovation of tow-steered composites in realistic structures. The novelty of this paper is to develop an integrated design framework along with the development of graphical user interface (GUI) plug-ins in commercial finite element (FE) software Abaqus and MSC.Patran/Nastran. The GUI plug-ins take all the design setups and communicate with external codes for the material modeling and optimization, and hence provide a unified design environment within the FE codes. The mechanics of structure genome (MSG) plate model computes shell element properties based on user-defined fiber paths and layup, which are defined via the GUI plug-ins. The optimization is performed by an open-source code, Dakota, from Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia), which also coordinates the structural analysis, material modeling, and optimization in design iterations. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the user-friendliness and versatility of the developed GUI plug-ins. The developed tools will ease the design process and facilitate the application of tow-steered composites in realistic aerospace structures.
Xin Liu↗
An Integrated Design Tool for Tow-Steered Laminates of Composites in Abaqus and MSC.Patran/Nastran
Tow-steered composites can be tailored for optimal mechanical performance of lightweight structures. However, there are no commercial-grade design tools for tow-steered composite structures, which hinders the design innovation of tow-steered composites in realistic structures. The novelty of this paper is to develop an integrated design framework along with the development of graphical user interface (GUI) plug-ins in commercial finite element (FE) software Abaqus and MSC.Patran/Nastran. The GUI plug-ins take all the design setups and communicate with external codes for the material modeling and optimization, and hence provide a unified design environment within the FE codes. The mechanics of structure genome (MSG) plate model computes shell element properties based on user-defined fiber paths and layup, which are defined via the GUI plug-ins. The optimization is performed by an open-source code, Dakota, from Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia), which also coordinates the structural analysis, material modeling, and optimization in design iterations. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the user-friendliness and versatility of the developed GUI plug-ins. The developed tools will ease the design process and facilitate the application of tow-steered composites in realistic aerospace structures.
Xin Liu↗
Novel red-emitting phosphor Ba3ZrNb4O15:Pr3+: The structure, characteristic photoluminescence property and thermal quenching behaviour investigation
Highlights: • Novel red emitting phosphors BZN:Pr{sup 3+} were successfully synthesized. • Phase purity, morphology and luminescent property of BZN:Pr{sup 3+} were studied. • Different concentration behavior and related mechanism were discussed. • Decay times and the fluorescence dynamics process were investigated. • Temperature sensitive thermal quenching behavior and mechanism was studied. - Abstract: Pr{sup 3+} activated niobate phosphors Ba{sub 3-x}ZrNb{sub 4}O{sub 15}:xPr{sup 3+} were firstly synthesized through high temperature solid-state method. The phase purity, crystal structure, morphology, luminescence property as well as thermal quenching behavior were carefully determined by using X-ray diffractometer, scanned electron microscope, photoluminescence and temperature dependent emission spectra, respectively. The luminescent property showed that Ba{sub 3-x}ZrNb{sub 4}O{sub 15}:xPr{sup 3+} (0.002 ≤ x ≤ 0.03) had dominate excitation around 451 nm and could exhibit red emissions peaking at 608, 618 and 651 nm, attributed to the {sup 1}D{sub 2}-{sup 3}H{sub 4}, {sup 3}P{sub 0}-{sup 3}H{sub 6} and P{sub 0}-{sup 3}F{sub 2} transitions of Pr{sup 3+} ions. The different concentration quenching behaviors were found while the related mechanism was investigated. The room temperature decay times and the related fluorescence dynamics process of Pr{sup 3+} ions in Ba{sub 3}ZrNb{sub 4}O{sub 15} were investigated. In addition, the optimal doping contents, CIE chromaticity coordinates as well as the color purity were determined. At last, the temperature sensitive emission quenching and decay behavior were discussed and the activation energy was calculated based on Arrhenius equation.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Structure and dynamics of small polyimide oligomers with silicon as a function of aging
The effect of UV curing and shearing on the structure and behavior of a polyimide (PI) binder as it disperses silicon particles in a battery electrode slurry was investigated. PI dispersant effectiveness increases with UV curing time, which controls the overall binder molecular weight. Here, the shear force during electrode casting causes higher molecular weight PI to agglomerate, resulting in battery anodes with poorly dispersed Si particles that do not cycle well. It is hypothesized that when PI binder is added above a critical amount, it conformally coats the silicon particles and greatly impedes Li ion transport. There is an “interzonal region” for binder loading where it disperses silicon well and provides a coverage that facilitates Li transport through the anode material and into the silicon particles. These results have implications in ensuring reproducible electrode manufacturing and increasing cell performance by optimizing the PI structure and coordination with the silicon precursor.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A Peer-to-Peer Market-Based Control Strategy for a Smart Residential Community with Behind-the-Meter Distributed Energy Resources
This paper presents a distributed peer-to-peer market control strategy to manage and to enable resource sharing of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources in a residential community. In the proposed strategy, each consumer or prosumer determines the flexibility of their point of connection to the power network such that the obtained flexibility is network-feasible. Based on the feasible flexibility, the consumers and the prosumers trade power among each other at each time instance to fulfill their preferred load requirements while maximizing their payoffs and helping to regulate node voltages inside the community. Because the problem to be solved is non-convex, a distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to coordinate the consumers/prosumers in a fully autonomous manner without any centralized or hierarchical coordination. Numerical simulations performed on a community of 48 homes demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
behind-the-meter↗
Inference for Nonparanormal Partial Correlation via Regularized Rank-Based Nodewise Regression
Abstract Partial correlation is a common tool in studying conditional dependence for Gaussian distributed data. However, partial correlation being zero may not be equivalent to conditional independence under non-Gaussian distributions. In this paper, we propose a statistical inference procedure for partial correlations under the high-dimensional nonparanormal (NPN) model where the observed data are normally distributed after certain monotone transformations. The NPN partial correlation is the partial correlation of the normal transformed data under the NPN model, which is a more general measure of conditional dependence. We estimate the NPN partial correlations by regularized nodewise regression based on the empirical ranks of the original data. A multiple testing procedure is proposed to identify the nonzero NPN partial correlations. The proposed method can be carried out by a simple coordinate descent algorithm for lasso optimization. It is easy-to-implement and computationally more efficient compared to the existing methods for estimating NPN graphical models. Theoretical results are developed to show the asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator and to justify the proposed multiple testing procedure. Numerical simulations and a case study on brain imaging data demonstrate the utility of the proposed procedure and evaluate its performance compared to the existing methods. Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
2020 Transportation Research Board Workshop: Infrastructure Spatial Sensing at Intersections: The Potential to Enhance Safety and Enable Automation
The sensing technology that is enabling vehicle automation also can revolutionize traffic intersection safety, control, and efficiency. Infrastructure spatial sensing technology refers to the deployment of sensors that can detect and track all objects in the field of view - for example, mounting lidar sensors, radar, and video imaging at an intersection and fusing the data to produce a three-dimensional dynamic operational awareness. Combining such sensing capability with fail-safe vehicle communications can facilitate applications such as eco-approach and departure, optimizing efficient vehicle-signal coordination, and reducing traffic accidents through increasing safety. Furthermore, evidence is mounting suggesting that infrastructure-based sensing is needed in order to safely deploy automated public mobility alongside the normal vehicle and pedestrian traffic in our cities. Six speakers were invited to present their work from various aspects (safety, efficiency, and automation) addressing infrastructure-based sensing at the workshop on Infrastructure Spatial Sensing hosted in Washington DC as part of the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting in January 12, 2019. A summary of the presentation are included herein.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Algorithm development for the control design of flexible structures
The critical problems associated with the control of highly damped flexible structures are outlined. The practical problems include: high performance; assembly in space, configuration changes; on-line controller software design; and lack of test data. Underlying all of these problems is the central problem of modeling errors. To justify the expense of a space structure, the performance requirements will necessarily be very severe. On the other hand, the absence of economical tests precludes the availability of reliable data before flight. A design algorithm is offered which: (1) provides damping for a larger number of modes than the optimal attitude controller controls; (2) coordinates the rate of feedback design with the attitude control design by use of a similar cost function; and (3) provides model reduction and controller reduction decisions which are systematically connected to the mathematical statement of the control objectives and the disturbance models.
Skelton, R. E.↗
A Peer-to-Peer Market-Based Control Strategy for a Smart Residential Community with Behind-the-Meter Distributed Energy Resources: Preprint
This paper presents a distributed peer-to-peer market control strategy to manage and to enable resource sharing of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources in a residential community. In the proposed strategy, each consumer or prosumer determines the flexibility of their point of connection to the power network such that the obtained flexibility is network-feasible. Based on the feasible flexibility, the consumers and the prosumers trade power among each other at each time instance to fulfill their preferred load requirements while maximizing their payoffs and helping to regulate node voltages inside the community. Because the problem to be solved is non-convex, a distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to coordinate the consumers/prosumers in a fully autonomous manner without any centralized or hierarchical coordination. Numerical simulations performed on a community of 48 homes demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
behind-the-meter↗
A Peer-to-Peer Market-Based Control Strategy for a Smart Residential Community with Behind-the-Meter Distributed Energy Resources
This paper presents a distributed peer-to-peer market control strategy to manage and to enable resource sharing of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources in a residential community. In the proposed strategy, each consumer or prosumer determines the flexibility of their point of connection to the power network such that the obtained flexibility is network-feasible. Based on the feasible flexibility, the consumers and the prosumers trade power among each other at each time instance to fulfil their preferred load requirements while maximizing their payoffs and helping to regulate node voltages inside the community. Because the problem to be solved is non-convex, a distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to coordinate the consumers/prosumers in a fully autonomous manner without any centralized or hierarchical coordination. Numerical simulations performed on a community of 48 homes demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
distributed energy resource↗
Development of a Waste Management Organization for the Whiteshell Laboratories Closure Project - 18317
Whiteshell Laboratories (WL) has been generating and managing radioactive waste for over fifty years in support of a wide variety of research and operational applications. The current mission of the WL site, located in Manitoba, Canada, is to fully decommission the site to an approved end-state criterion and to disposition the waste in compliance with national and provincial regulations. To expedite the decommissioning schedule from over thirty years to nine years, which was a contractual commitment for the site operating company, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), it became apparent that a centralized and optimized organization be established to coordinate all waste management activities and to fulfill the mission to process, condition, transport and disposition all radioactive wastes, which include Low-Level Waste (LLW), Intermediate-Level Waste (ILW) and High-Level Waste (HLW). The WL Waste Management Division was effectively established as a two-person operation in 2016 and has rapidly expanded to fulfill the mandate of managing nearly 30,000 cubic meters of LLW, ILW and HLW. This paper outlines the early lessons learned from managing important organizational changes without disrupting ongoing work practices; developing executive-level waste management strategies based on options studies and cost-benefit analysis comparisons; selection of storage vs. disposal disposition strategies; evaluation and selection of transportation methods and packages for LLW, ILW and HLW; and the need to develop an entire suite of programmatic documentation and procedures to support and instill a strong conduct of operations culture. The waste management strategy, which now focuses on transporting the waste to another province (Ontario) in a disposal ready form, represents the first large-scale radioactive waste transportation campaign in Canada that includes all three classes of waste. This paper provides additional insight on the overall waste management strategies for the WL Closure Project. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Warm white light emission of apatite-type compound Ca4Y6O(SiO4)6 doped with Dy3+
Highlights: • Single-phase phosphor Ca{sub 4}Y{sub 6}O(SiO{sub 4}){sub 6}: Dy{sup 3+} for WLEDs were synthesized. • The CIE coordinates are (0.330, 0.339) for the optimal doping sample. • The CCT (5600 K) is close to that of the midday sunlight. • The emission intensity at 400 K keeps 82% with respect to that at RT. • The CIE coordinates maintain in the white light area in the range of RT-300 °C. - Abstract: A series of Ca{sub 4}Y{sub 6}O(SiO{sub 4}){sub 6}: x%Dy{sup 3+} (x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) phosphors were synthesized successfully via a conventional solid-state method at high temperature. The X-ray diffraction results show that all obtained samples are the pure hexagonal crystal structure of the space group P6{sub 3}/m (No.176). The blue ({sup 4}F{sub 9/2} → {sup 6}H{sub 15/2}) and yellow ({sup 4}F{sub 9/2} → {sup 6}H{sub 13/2}) emissions of Ca{sub 4}Y{sub 6}O(SiO{sub 4}){sub 6}:7% Dy{sup 3+} phosphors are of such a ratio to produce almost perfect white light with CIE coordinates of (0.330, 0.339). The correlated color temperature is about 5600 K, close to that of the midday sunlight (5500 K). In addition, both the emission intensity and the CIE coordinates exhibit an excellent thermal stability in the temperature range of RT ∼ 300 °C. Our study illustrates that Ca{sub 4}Y{sub 6}O(SiO{sub 4}){sub 6}:7%Dy{sup 3+} may serve as potential warm white lighting phosphors in NUV-based solid state lighting and optical display applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗