Results for “digital Image correlation” — Page 14

NASA NTRS1982

Antimisting kerosene atomization and flammability

Various parameters found to affect the flammability of antimisting kerosene (Jet A + polymer additive) are investigated. Digital image processing was integrated into a technique for measurement of fuel spray characteristics. This technique was developed to avoid many of the error sources inherent to other spray assessment techniques and was applied to the study of engine fuel nozzle atomization performance with Jet A and antimisting fuel. Aircraft accident fuel spill and ignition dynamics were modeled in a steady state simulator allowing flammability to be measured as a function of airspeed, fuel flow rate, fuel jet Reynolds number and polymer concentration. The digital imaging technique was employed to measure spray characteristics in this simulation and these results were related to flammability test results. Scaling relationships were investigated through correlation of experimental results with characteristic dimensions spanning more than two orders of magnitude.

Fleeter, R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Integrated-Circuit Active Digital Filter

Pipeline architecture with parallel multipliers and adders speeds calculation of weighted sums. Picture-element values and partial sums flow through delay-adder modules. After each cycle or time unit of calculation, each value in filter moves one position right. Digital integrated-circuit chips with pipeline architecture rapidly move 35 X 35 two-dimensional convolutions. Need for such circuits in image enhancement, data filtering, correlation, pattern extraction, and synthetic-aperture-radar image processing: all require repeated calculations of weighted sums of values from images or two-dimensional arrays of data.

Nathan, R.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Digital simulation of the SIR-C sensor electronics

In this paper software for simulation of the response of the SIR-C sensor to a point target is described. Synthetic SAR data is generated by passing successive chirps through a simulation of the transmitter electronics, propagation path and receiver electronics. This result is then processed with a digital correlator to yield the point target response of the system. This allows an accurate assessment of the effect of the radar design on the final image product.

Klein, Jeffrey D.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A preliminary comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and SPOT-1 HRV multispectral data for estimating coniferous forest volume

Digital Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT high-resolution visible (HRV) images of coniferous forest canopies were compared in their relationship to forest wood volume using correlation and regression analyses. Significant inverse relationships were found between softwood volume and the spectral bands from both sensors (P less than 0.01). The highest correlations were between the log of softwood volume and the near-infrared bands.

Ripple, W. J.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Overview of Terrain Relative Navigation Approaches for Precise Lunar Landing

The driving precision landing requirement for the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology project is to autonomously land within 100m of a predetermined location on the lunar surface. Traditional lunar landing approaches based on inertial sensing do not have the navigational precision to meet this requirement. The purpose of Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) is to augment inertial navigation by providing position or bearing measurements relative to known surface landmarks. From these measurements, the navigational precision can be reduced to a level that meets the 100m requirement. There are three different TRN functions: global position estimation, local position estimation and velocity estimation. These functions can be achieved with active range sensing or passive imaging. This paper gives a survey of many TRN approaches and then presents some high fidelity simulation results for contour matching and area correlation approaches to TRN using active sensors. Since TRN requires an a-priori reference map, the paper concludes by describing past and future lunar imaging and digital elevation map data sets available for this purpose.

Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN)↗

NASA NTRS2008

Overview of terrain relative navigation approaches for Precise Lunar Landing

The driving precision landing requirement for the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology project is to autonomously land within 100m of a predetermined location on the lunar surface. Traditional lunar landing approaches based on inertial sensing do not have the navigational precision to meet this requirement. The purpose of Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) is to augment inertial navigation by providing position or bearing measurements relative to known surface landmarks. From these measurements, the navigational precision can be reduced to a level that meets the 100m requirement. There are three different TRN functions: global position estimation, local position estimation and velocity estimation. These functions can be achieved with active range sensing or passive imaging. This paper gives a survey of many TRN approaches and then presents some high fidelity simulation results for contour matching and area correlation approaches to TRN using active sensors. Since TRN requires an a-priori reference map, the paper concludes by describing past and future lunar imaging and digital elevation map data sets available for this purpose.

Montgomery, James F.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Pattern-Recognition Processor Using Holographic Photopolymer

proposed joint-transform optical correlator (JTOC) would be capable of operating as a real-time pattern-recognition processor. The key correlation-filter reading/writing medium of this JTOC would be an updateable holographic photopolymer. The high-resolution, high-speed characteristics of this photopolymer would enable pattern-recognition processing to occur at a speed three orders of magnitude greater than that of state-of-the-art digital pattern-recognition processors. There are many potential applications in biometric personal identification (e.g., using images of fingerprints and faces) and nondestructive industrial inspection. In order to appreciate the advantages of the proposed JTOC, it is necessary to understand the principle of operation of a conventional JTOC. In a conventional JTOC (shown in the upper part of the figure), a collimated laser beam passes through two side-by-side spatial light modulators (SLMs). One SLM displays a real-time input image to be recognized. The other SLM displays a reference image from a digital memory. A Fourier-transform lens is placed at its focal distance from the SLM plane, and a charge-coupled device (CCD) image detector is placed at the back focal plane of the lens for use as a square-law recorder. Processing takes place in two stages. In the first stage, the CCD records the interference pattern between the Fourier transforms of the input and reference images, and the pattern is then digitized and saved in a buffer memory. In the second stage, the reference SLM is turned off and the interference pattern is fed back to the input SLM. The interference pattern thus becomes Fourier-transformed, yielding at the CCD an image representing the joint-transform correlation between the input and reference images. This image contains a sharp correlation peak when the input and reference images are matched. The drawbacks of a conventional JTOC are the following: The CCD has low spatial resolution and is not an ideal square-law detector for the purpose of holographic recording of interference fringes. A typical state-of-the-art CCD has a pixel-pitch limited resolution of about 100 lines/mm. In contrast, the holographic photopolymer to be used in the proposed JTOC offers a resolution > 2,000 lines/mm. In addition to being disadvantageous in itself, the low resolution of the CCD causes overlap of a DC term and the desired correlation term in the output image. This overlap severely limits the correlation signal-to-noise ratio. The two-stage nature of the process limits the achievable throughput rate. A further limit is imposed by the low frame rate (typical video rates) of low- and medium-cost commercial CCDs.

Chao, Tien-Hsin↗

NASA NTRS2002

Impact of lossy compression on diagnostic accuracy of radiographs for periapical lesions

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group compression for endodontic pretreatment digital radiographs. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty clinical charge-coupled device-based, digital radiographs depicting periapical areas were selected. Each image was compressed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, and 64 compression ratios. One root per image was marked for examination. Images were randomized and viewed by four clinical observers under standardized viewing conditions. Each observer read the image set three times, with at least two weeks between each reading. Three pre-selected sites per image (mesial, distal, apical) were scored on a five-scale score confidence scale. A panel of three examiners scored the uncompressed images, with a consensus score for each site. The consensus score was used as the baseline for assessing the impact of lossy compression on the diagnostic values of images. The mean absolute error between consensus and observer scores was computed for each observer, site, and reading session. RESULTS: Balanced one-way analysis of variance for all observers indicated that for compression ratios 48 and 64, there was significant difference between mean absolute error of uncompressed and compressed images (P <.05). After converting the five-scale score to two-level diagnostic values, the diagnostic accuracy was strongly correlated (R (2) = 0.91) with the compression ratio. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that high compression ratios can have a severe impact on the diagnostic quality of the digital radiographs for detection of periapical lesions.

NASA Discipline Space Human Factors↗

NASA NTRS1974

Measurement of the earth resources technology satellite /ERTS-1/ multi-spectral scanner OTF from operational imagery

The optical transfer function (OTF) of some typical ERTS-1 multispectral imagery was obtained by comparison of matched sets of aircraft underflight and ERTS photographic and digital images. One-dimensional OTF analysis consisted in obtaining U-2 and ERTS microdensitometer scans followed by density to transmission conversion, microdensitometer aperture correction, exposure calibration, scan correlation scale optimization, OTF calculation, obtaining a form weighted average of the OTFs, transformation of the OTFs back to the spatial domain (giving the line spread function or LSF), and application of a window function to the LSF resulting in a smoothed OTF. Date-to-date comparison of ERTS OTFs showed a drop in quality on April 4, 1973, compared with January 4, 1973.

Schowengerdt, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Delineation of soil temperature regimes from HCMM data

Evaluation of LANDSAT and Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) data as input into National Cooperative Soil Survey is discussed. Signature classification techniques were applied to 13 May 76 LANDSAT data. LANDSAT data was overlaid with HCMM data, revealing registration problems caused by a shortage of control points in LANDSAT data, and the WARP program developed to improve registration accuracy. Initial images for control point selection were produced using digital terrain elevation data. Statistical procedures for evaluating data classification and to describe spatial distribution of surface temperature and its correlation with soil surface conditions were investigated.

Day, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Analysis of Photogrammetry Data from ISIM Mockup

During ground testing of the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the ISIM Optics group plans to use a Photogrammetry Measurement System for cryogenic calibration of specific target points on the ISIM composite structure and Science Instrument optical benches and other GSE equipment. This testing will occur in the Space Environmental Systems (SES) chamber at Goddard Space Flight Center. Close range photogrammetry is a 3 dimensional metrology system using triangulation to locate custom targets in 3 coordinates via a collection of digital photographs taken from various locations and orientations. These photos are connected using coded targets, special targets that are recognized by the software and can thus correlate the images to provide a 3 dimensional map of the targets, and scaled via well calibrated scale bars. Photogrammetry solves for the camera location and coordinates of the targets simultaneously through the bundling procedure contained in the V-STARS software, proprietary software owned by Geodetic Systems Inc. The primary objectives of the metrology performed on the ISIM mock-up were (1) to quantify the accuracy of the INCA3 photogrammetry camera on a representative full scale version of the ISIM structure at ambient temperature by comparing the measurements obtained with this camera to measurements using the Leica laser tracker system and (2), empirically determine the smallest increment of target position movement that can be resolved by the PG camera in the test setup, i.e., precision, or resolution. In addition, the geometrical details of the test setup defined during the mockup testing, such as target locations and camera positions, will contribute to the final design of the photogrammetry system to be used on the ISIM Flight Structure.

Nowak, Maria↗

NASA NTRS2007

Analysis of Photogrammetry Data from ISIM Mockup, June 1, 2007

During ground testing of the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the ISIM Optics group plans to use a Photogrammetry Measurement System for cryogenic calibration of specific target points on the ISIM composite structure and Science Instrument optical benches and other GSE equipment. This testing will occur in the Space Environmental Systems (SES) chamber at Goddard Space Flight Center. Close range photogrammetry is a 3 dimensional metrology system using triangulation to locate custom targets in 3 coordinates via a collection of digital photographs taken from various locations and orientations. These photos are connected using coded targets, special targets that are recognized by the software and can thus correlate the images to provide a 3 dimensional map of the targets, and scaled via well calibrated scale bars. Photogrammetry solves for the camera location and coordinates of the targets simultaneously through the bundling procedure contained in the V-STARS software.

Nowak, Maria↗

NASA NTRS2013

Methanol Droplet Combustion in Oxygen-Inert Environments in Microgravity

The Flame Extinguishment (FLEX) experiment that is currently underway in the Combustion Integrated Rack facility onboard the International Space Station is aimed at understanding the effects of inert diluents on the flammability of condensed phase fuels. To this end, droplets of various fuels, including alkanes and alcohols, are burned in a quiescent microgravity environment with varying amounts of oxygen and inert diluents to determine the limiting oxygen index (LOI) for these fuels. In this study we report experimental observations of methanol droplets burning in oxygen-nitrogen-carbon dioxide and oxygen-nitrogen-helium gas mixtures at 0.7 and 1 atmospheric pressures. The initial droplet size varied between approximately 1.5 mm and 4 mm to capture both diffusive extinction brought about by insufficient residence time at the flame and radiative extinction caused by excessive heat loss from the flame zone. The ambient oxygen concentration varied from a high value of 30% by volume to as low as 12%, approaching the limiting oxygen index for the fuel. The inert dilution by carbon dioxide and helium varied over a range of 0% to 70% by volume. In these experiments, both freely floated and tethered droplets were ignited using symmetrically opposed hot-wire igniters and the burning histories were recorded onboard using digital cameras, downlinked later to the ground for analysis. The digital images yielded droplet and flame diameters as functions of time and subsequently droplet burning rate, flame standoff ratio, and initial and extinction droplet diameters. Simplified theoretical models correlate the measured burning rate constant and the flame standoff ratio reasonably well. An activation energy asymptotic theory accounting for time-dependent water dissolution or evaporation from the droplet is shown to predict the measured diffusive extinction conditions well. The experiments also show that the limiting oxygen index for methanol in these diluent gases is around 12% to 13% oxygen by volume.

Nayagam, Vedha↗

NASA NTRS1980

Digital preprocessing of SEASAT imagery

A model for radar image data is derived for use in developing enhancement techniques. This model describes the image data as the result of a multiplicative-convolved noise process. This information is then used to design a minimum mean square error (MMSE) filter. The resulting filter is implemented adaptively to change with local statistics. A radar image processing technique which provides the MMSE estimate inside homogeneous areas and tends to preserve edge structure is thus developed. This technique has been implemented and tested using digitally correlated SEASAT-A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery.

Frost, V. S.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Digital SAR processing using a fast polynomial transform

A new digital processing algorithm based on the fast polynomial transform is developed for producing images from Synthetic Aperture Radar data. This algorithm enables the computation of the two dimensional cyclic correlation of the raw echo data with the impulse response of a point target, thereby reducing distortions inherent in one dimensional transforms. This SAR processing technique was evaluated on a general-purpose computer and an actual Seasat SAR image was produced. However, regular production runs will require a dedicated facility. It is expected that such a new SAR processing algorithm could provide the basis for a real-time SAR correlator implementation in the Deep Space Network.

Butman, S.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Digital SAR processing using a fast polynomial transform

A new digital processing algorithm based on the fast polynomial transform is developed for producing images from Synthetic Aperture Radar data. This algorithm enables the computation of the two dimensional cyclic correlation of the raw echo data with the impulse response of a point target, thereby reducing distortions inherent in one dimensional transforms. This SAR processing technique was evaluated on a general-purpose computer and an actual Seasat SAR image was produced. However, regular production runs will require a dedicated facility. It is expected that such a new SAR processing algorithm could provide the basis for a real-time SAR correlator implementation in the Deep Space Network. Previously announced in STAR as N82-11295

Truong, T. K.↗

NASA NTRS2003

The NASA Airborne Earth Science Microwave Imaging Radiometer (AESMIR): A New Sensor for Earth Remote Sensing

The Airborne Earth Science Microwave Imaging Radiometer (AESMIR) is a versatile new airborne imaging radiometer recently developed by NASA. The AESMIR design is unique in that it performs dual-polarized imaging at all standard passive microwave frequency bands (6-89 GHz) using only one sensor headscanner package, providing an efficient solution for Earth remote sensing applications (snow, soil moisture/land parameters, precipitation, ocean winds, sea surface temperature, water vapor, sea ice, etc.). The microwave radiometers themselves will incorporate state-of-the-art receivers, with particular attention given to instrument calibration for the best possible accuracy and sensitivity. The single-package design of AESMIR makes it compatible with high-altitude aircraft platforms such as the NASA ER-2s. The arbitrary 2-axis gimbal can perform conical and cross-track scanning, as well as fixed-beam staring. This compatibility with high-altitude platforms coupled with the flexible scanning configuration, opens up previously unavailable science opportunities for convection/precip/cloud science and co-flying with complementary instruments, as well as providing wider swath coverage for all science applications. By designing AESMIR to be compatible with these high-altitude platforms, we are also compatible with the NASA P-3, the NASA DC-8, C-130s and ground-based deployments. Thus AESMIR can provide low-, mid-, and high- altitude microwave imaging. Parallel filter banks allow AESMIR to simultaneously simulate the exact passbands of multiple satellite radiometers: SSM/I, TMI, AMSR, Windsat, SSMI/S, and the upcoming GPM/GMI and NPOESS/CMIS instruments --a unique capability among aircraft radiometers. An L-band option is also under development, again using the same scanner. With this option, simultaneous imaging from 1.4 to 89 GHz will be feasible. And, all receivers except the sounding channels will be configured for 4-Stokes polarimetric operation using high-speed digital correlators in the near future. The capabilities and unique design features of this new sensor will be described, and example imagery will be presented.

Kim, Edward↗

NASA NTRS1978

Using airborne radiometry to determine atmospheric effects in Landsat data

An empirical method was developed to measure how solar and atmospheric conditions affect Landsat images by comparing Landsat MSS data with terrain reflectance. Terrain reflectance was measured with a four-channel radiometer designed to measure radiance in wavelength bands matched to the Landsat MSS data. Other instrumentation included a digital data logger, an irradiance meter, and a video camera with recorder. Reflectance of many terrain elements which could be registered to the Landsat digital data were measured from a low-flying aircraft. Correlations of reflectance with Landsat radiance verified a linear atmospheric model with an additive (path radiance) term and a multiplicative (transmittance) term. Coefficients from this model permit the extension of spectral signatures in computer-aided classification of Landsat images.

Dana, R. W.↗