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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Multifunctional Nanofiber Reinforcement for Improved Thermomechanical and Chemical Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

This project focused on the development of metal halide perovskite-polymeric nanofiber nanocomposites for robust and efficient solar cells. Metal halide perovskite solar cells are a potentially disruptive technology with high efficiencies and low-cost solution processability amenable with roll-to-roll fabrication of flexible devices. However, perovskites exhibit extreme brittleness, high internal film stresses, and chemical instabilities that significantly limit service lifetimes under normal operating conditions. To date, most work addressing these shortcomings has been focused on encapsulating devices between thick layers of rigid materials such as glass, which increases the total weight and cost of devices. Furthermore, these rigid and heavy encapsulants do not translate well to emerging solar markets vital for national security, including integrated mobile power, emergency deployments for disaster relief and military engagement, and lightweight power for space. It is therefore critical to improve the thermomechanical and chemical stability of perovskite devices in a way that is compatible with flexible and lightweight substrates. In this project, we integrated nylon-6,6 nanofibers into MAPbI3 to mechanically reinforce the perovskite, demonstrating films that exhibited fracture energies 5-fold greater than pristine MAPbI3 while also maintaining similar power conversion efficiencies due to beneficial light scattering effects from the polymeric nanofibers. These results required successful development of approaches to control the deposition thickness of nanofiber mats down to 100s of nanometers, and to ensure the polymer nanofibers did not inhibit charge transport to the at the perovskite-transport layer interface.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advancements in Multiphysics Microdepletion Analysis of an eVinci TM -like Microreactor Leveraging OpenMC-CRAB Workflow

Nuclear microreactors (MRs) are a class of nuclear reactor technology, characterized by reduced dimensions, modular design, and reduced power output in contrast to conventional Light Water Reactors (LWRs). MRs are proposed for supplying electricity and eventual process heat to remote locations, such as military installations and disaster-affected areas. Current research work sponsored by the US Department of Energy Microreactor Program (MRP) is devoted to the development of novel modeling and simulation tools to better support MR vendors and regulatory bodies. Notably, the NRC is projected to utilize the CRAB multiphysics software driver for executing both design and beyond-design-basis accident analyses. Furthermore, the NRC has been utilizing the MELCOR code to calculate mechanistic source terms during accidents. Since MELCOR relies on isotopic inventory and reactor temperature/power profiles under accident conditions, which theoretically can be derived from CRAB, the goal is to establish a comprehensive CRAB-MELCOR computational framework. Past work was focused on testing and demonstrating CRAB's capability to generate results that can be used to inform mechanistic source term calculations in MELCOR. In particular, a computational workflow leveraging OpenMC-generated microscopic cross sections and CRAB was first applied to perform multiphysics microscopic depletion calculation followed by an accident scenario for a stylized microreactor problem. In fiscal year 2024, the research work has been focused on applying the OpenMC-CRAB workflow, which was first tested in fiscal year 2023, to a realistic 3D heat-pipe cooled MR problem representative of the eVinci TM design. The latter computational problem was developed with inputs from WEC to conserve selected neutronic and thermal characteristics of the eVinci TM design without releasing proprietary data. The results of this simulation, encompassing isotopic inventory, power density distribution, and kinetic parameters, will inform both MELCOR and the WEC-developed FATE code for mechanistic source terms calculations. The results from the two codes will then be compared for code verification purposes. This report contains the design characteristics of the realist heat pipe cooled microreactor developed as a use-case for the verification exercise, and the current results for the multiphysics microscopic depletion performed with the OpenMC-CRAB workflow. The results include eigenvalue as a function of time, power distribution at EOL, in addition to nuclides inventory's time evolution and spatial distribution. Finally, we report improvements to the workflow efficiency achieved through a collaboration with the NEAMS programs. Through this collaborative effort, we were able to strongly decrease the computational time for the multiphysics microdepletion calculation (i.e., from 17.4 hours to 5.7 hours on 280 processors) in addition to simplifying the interface to generate isotopics spatial distribution utilizable by FATE and MELCOR. Future work, including the improvement of the current microscopic cross-sections' library and the simulation of an accident scenario at EOL, is also discussed.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Low-Flow Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine for Small Autonomous Unmanned Mobile Recharge Stations

A prototype low-flow marine current turbine for deployment from a small unmanned mobile floating platform has been developed for autonomously seeking and harnessing tidal/coastal currents. The support platform is an unmanned surface vehicle (USV), in the form of a catamaran with two electric outboard motors and with capabilities for autonomous navigation. The USV utilized is a WAM-V 16 vehicle that has been developed separately with support from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) [1]. The marine current turbine is based on a freestream waterwheel (FSWW), also known as an undershot waterwheel (FSWW), mounted on the stern of the USV. The concept of operation involves the USV autonomously navigating to a designated marine current resource. Upon arrival, the USV anchors itself, aligns with the current, and deploys the FSWW turbine using a custom cable-lift mechanism. The turbine harnesses the local current, and an onboard power-take-off (PTO) device converts the mechanical energy into electricity, which is stored in an onboard battery bank. When energy harvesting is completed, the turbine and the anchor are retrieved and the USV navigates to a selected location. These unmanned at-sea platforms can provide power to other unmanned maritime systems. Specifically, in this project, the power generated onboard can be used to charge aerial drones via a custom flight deck that has been developed for the USV. The recharging capabilities offered by a fleet of such strategically placed recharging stations can significantly benefit aerial drones operating in the maritime domain by eliminating the need to travel back and forth to land or ship based charging stations. The project has resulted in the development of subcomponents, including the FSWW turbine, a novel PTO, an automated anchoring system for the USV, an automated turbine deployment system, and a flight deck with capabilities onboard the USV for landing, direct-contact charging and takeoff of aerial drones. The design and development of these subsystems have culminated in the overall prototype marine hydrokinetic platform (MHK Platform, Fig. 1). Comprehensive lab and field testing have been conducted to validate the functionality and performance of the platform and its components. The project demonstrates the potential for autonomous, unmanned systems to harness renewable energy from marine currents, and provide sustainable power solutions for maritime applications such as coastal surveillance and environmental monitoring; shoreline mapping; search and rescue; oceanographic research; inspection and maintenance of offshore energy installations like wind turbines and oil rigs; oil spill response; maritime disaster response; and aerial surveys, as well as facilitation of data transfer drones and shore stations.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2024

Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Project: Bainbridge Island, Washington - Cohort 2 Technical Assistance: Pathways to 100% Renewable Energy

The City of Bainbridge Island (COBI) applied for and received technical assistance from the Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Program (ETIPP) in part to achieve their goal of 100% renewable electricity generation by 2040, five years ahead of the Washington State goal, and to increase its energy resilience in the face of natural disasters. To help address these goals, the City of Bainbridge Island (COBI) applied for and received technical assistance from the Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Program (ETIPP) during 2022-2024. Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, ETIPP provides technical assistance to remote coastal and island communities interested in approaches to renewable and resilient energy transitions. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) completed the technical analysis aspects of the project, supported by the community partner Spark Northwest and the program administrator, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). This report begins by describing the approach to technical assistance in the ETIPP project, followed by the development of future scenarios for electric demand based on current use. Potential pathways to 100% renewable energy are identified and analyzed by technology contributions from solar energy, anaerobic biodigestion, distributed wind, and marine energy. The combinations of these technologies and contributions to meet demand are discussed, along with potential policies and programs for implementation of the most relevant technologies moving forward. The report concludes with recommendations for next steps for COBI to meet the goal of 100% renewable energy generation by 2040 on- and off-island, and key caveats to consider.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC V1: Design and Experimental Data Collection Efforts

The Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC) is a research platform aimed at developing a modular, small-scale wave-powered desalination system for remote and disaster-response applications. Funded by the Department of Energy (DOE)'s Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO), the project aims to advance wave-powered desalination by developing and testing a small-scale, modular wave energy converter (WEC). The insights gained from this project will help guide the design and development of larger-scale wave energy devices as well as the integration of marine energy and reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. The HERO WEC was initially developed to derisk the Waves to Water prize, enabling the staff to practice WEC deployment and recovery, while optimizing installation protocols ologies, aiming to advance the broader fields of marine energy and water treatment.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Draft Prototype Microreactor Transportation Safety Program

Microreactors are compact reactors capable of producing less than 50 megawatts of electrical energy. Typically, these reactors are factory-fabricated and designed to be easily transportable by truck, rail, vessel, or air. Microreactor designs often assume that the unit can be transported containing either unirradiated or irradiated fuel. The interest in microreactors is driven by several factors, including the need to generate power on at remote locations, at military installations, at facilities such as data centers, and in areas recovering from natural disasters. The U.S. Department of Defense is actively pursuing the microreactor concept to meet the increasing energy demands of military operations that require portable and dense power sources. Commercial vendors are also exploring microreactor concepts. The report Microreactor Transportation Emergency Planning Challenges (Maheras et al. 2024) outlined the emergency planning challenges associated with the transportation of microreactors by road, rail, and by barge/ship. The successful commercial deployment and redeployment of microreactors will also require the development of microreactor transportation safety programs. The elements in these safety programs are not specific to microreactors; however, the transport of microreactors may pose unique challenges in these areas. This report builds on the report Microreactor Transportation Emergency Planning Challenges (Maheras et al. 2024) and develops the elements of a prototype microreactor transportation safety program that describes the elements that should be contained vendor-developed microreactor transportation safety programs, identifying the unique elements associated with microreactor transport. This will provide vendors and their transportation contractors a basis for their transportation planning and will accelerate the commercial deployment and redeployment of microreactors by identifying those issues unique to microreactor transport. The emphasis of this report is on highway transport of microreactors. This is based on a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission transportation package approval strategy of crawl-walk-run, where transport by highway is evaluated first (Coles et al. 2021, 2024, Maheras et al. 2021), then other surface modes (rail and barge/ship), and finally air transport. Evaluation of maritime transport of microreactors was recently initiated (Rigato et al. 2024, Maheras et al. 2025). The report first discusses microreactors in general and microreactor transportation safety program planning assumptions. The report then provides a description of the transportation safety planning process and provides an extensive discussion of the elements of transportation safety programs. Specific elements examined included transportation roles and responsibilities, transportation planning, transportation mode and route selection, carrier selection, transportation packaging, advance notification of shipments, public information and communications, emergency response plans and procedures, inspections, security, safe parking, shipment tracking, weather and road conditions, medical preparedness, training and exercises, and program evaluation. The report then identifies the unique elements of a transportation safety program associated with microreactor transport. These unique elements were in the areas of: the unusual nature of microreactor designs, compensatory measures, increased radiation dose rates in the vicinity of microreactors, transportation package approval versus 10 CFR 50.59, and the use of a risk-informed transportation package approval process.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Summary of Factory Fueling and Testing Risks to Support the Transformation of Regulatory Requirements for Microreactors

Microreactors have the potential to open new markets and applications for nuclear energy. New manufacturing and operational regimes, such as factory fueling and testing prior to site installation, are being proposed to meet these new markets. The radiological hazards associated with traditional commercial power reactors are not the same as the hazards of a reactor being constructed in a factory. Currently, a reactor operating license specified under 10 CFR Part 50, Part 52, or (in the near future) Part 53 is required prior to loading fuel in the reactor. This is logical for plants that are immediately to begin full-power operations soon after fuel loading. However, for microreactors, this may not be the case. Some deployment concepts may stage reactors as “ready to go” in a factory prior to site installation and startup. This approach is being considered in the case of diesel generator replacements, mobile or roaming mining operations, and emergency response situations, such as after a major disaster event. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate hazards assuming low power operation for a short irradiation time. This report investigates the primary hazards unique to microreactors associated with low power reactor and physics tests necessary to confirm core safety assumptions, neutronic and core design performance parameters, and other assumptions.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Case Study: Seattle Waterfront Networked Microgrid Evaluation - Case Study for Port Electrification Handbook

Many ports and waterfronts are evaluating alternative electrification efforts, including electrification of passenger and vehicle ferries. In Seattle, the Washington State Department of Transportation, in conjunction with Seattle City Light (the local utility) and the Port of Seattle, are working to deploy a hybrid electric ferry and provide charging at Seattle’s Colman dock. As part of this ferry electrification effort, Seattle City Light is considering including a large battery energy storage system (BESS) to help “buffer” the ferry charging. The “buffer” provides energy arbitrage and spreads out the large amount of power needed to recharge the ferry to times when the ferry is out of the dock – rather than one very large peak for 15 minutes, the battery storage allows it to be a smaller power value over a longer duration. This initial BESS concept served as the jumping off point to explore an expanded microgrid concept via a notional test system that incorporates additional distributed energy resources (DER) and infrastructure upgrades to the local distribution infrastructure at the Seattle Waterfront and neighboring Port of Seattle properties. This case study examined the potential for secondary use of the BESS within a networked microgrid during the scenario of a large-scale power outage, such as a natural disaster.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Scalable Unit Commitment with Security Constrained AC Power Flow via ADMM and Hybrid Modeling Strategies

This research introduces a more efficient way to optimize power grid operations, breaking the problem into manageable steps and using advanced mathematical techniques to speed up calculations. By incorporating smart heuristics, improved preprocessing, and contingency analysis, the approach allows operators to make better decisions faster. These innovations enhance our understanding of how to optimize energy generation, making it possible to anticipate failures before they happen, reduce system costs, and improve overall grid performance. Ultimately, this research helps bridge the gap between theoretical models and real-world applications, paving the way for a smarter, more resilient power grid. This research directly benefits the public by making electricity more affordable, reliable, and sustainable. By improving how power grids schedule and distribute electricity, the project helps energy providers reduce operational costs, which can lead to lower electricity prices for consumers. Additionally, the ability to predict and prevent power system failures enhances grid reliability, reducing the likelihood of blackouts that can disrupt homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure such as hospitals. From an environmental perspective, optimizing power generation reduces energy waste and lowers carbon emissions, contributing to cleaner air and a more sustainable energy system. Furthermore, with extreme weather events becoming more frequent, these advancements make the power grid more resilient, ensuring communities are better prepared for emergencies and natural disasters. By strengthening the nation's energy infrastructure, this research plays a crucial role in improving economic stability, public safety, and environmental sustainability.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

DOE Zero Energy Ready Manufactured Housing: Subject Matter Expert Technical Assistance Summary

Manufactured homes offer American consumers an affordable option for decent single-family detached housing. For working-class American families in many U.S. markets, manufactured homes are the first step toward home ownership. They now make up 10% of all new homes constructed in the United States, with higher percentages in the south and in rural communities. To help encourage the production of homes that are more durable, healthy, efficient, and disaster resistant, the U.S. Department of Energy is bringing its building science research to the manufactured housing industry through DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Manufactured Home (ZER-MH) program, which provides technical assistance and voluntary guidelines to manufactured home builders. Homes built to these guidelines are better able to handle power outages and less likely to experience moisture issues, offering a better product option for American families. This higher quality is evidenced by energy modeling which shows homes manufactured to these voluntary guidelines will typically use half the energy of manufactured homes built to the current minimum requirements of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)’s Manufactured Housing and Construction Safety Standard (MHCSS). These homes can also reduce critical energy demand during the busiest hours of the day, typically late afternoon and early evening in the summer when air conditioning demand is highest and mornings in the winter when furnaces and heaters are heating up. Reducing electricity demand during these peak periods when electricity rates are at their highest reduces costs for American families while freeing up capacity on overburdened energy distribution networks. Builders participating in the DOE ZER-MH program are eligible for a tax incentive via the 45L tax credit, which helps to offset the costs of ZER-MH upgrades, enabling builders to offer these certified homes at no additional cost. Together these factors enable manufactured homes to offer home buyers a housing option that is both affordable to finance and affordable to operate, with lower monthly mortgage payments and lower monthly energy bills.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Illuminating the Night: A Survey of Super-Resolution Methods for Nighttime Light Images

Nighttime Light (NTL) images provide critical insights into urbanization, disaster response, and energy consumption. The VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) sensor offers high-quality NTL imagery with daily revisit rates, but the available spatial resolution hinders fine-grained accurate analysis. Super-resolution techniques aim to increase the resolution of NTL images, enabling more detailed assessments of infrastructure, light pollution, economic activity, and power outages. However, existing state-of-the-art super-resolution methods designed for natural images struggle with the unique characteristics of NTL data. This work provides a comprehensive review of super-resolution methods across multiple image modalities, evaluates their effectiveness on VI-IRS DNB data, and proposes a multi-modal super-resolution approach tailored to NTL imagery. The proposed approach integrates VIIRS DNB data with road networks and land use information to improve reconstruction accuracy and spatial detail. Code is available for this project athttps://code.ornl.gov/viirs-sr/sr-demos.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lessons Learned from the Ongoing Response to the COVID-19 Crisis

The global COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted nearly every facet of daily life and forced state regulators, utilities, industry stakeholders, and customers to adjust to a rapidly changing landscape. At the initial onset of the pandemic, similar to other natural disasters, the immediate focus of response was on safety and life- saving measures.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Testing, Calibration, and UxS Integration of the Kromek GR1 Plus CZT Gamma Spectrometer

Collecting radiation measurements can be a hazardous task, especially in the presence of highly active sources. Various scenarios necessitate source search, classification, and quantification, often with limited or no a priori information. Activities such as disaster mitigation, emergency response, environmental monitoring, and site remediation may involve dangerous radioactive sources. In these situations, there is a pressing need for remote monitoring capabilities that protect human operators from potential harm and enhance adherence to the principle of “As Low as Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) for radiation doses. The first step toward achieving remote radiation measurement capabilities is the remote operation of a radiation sensor. Once this milestone is reached, the next challenge is to integrate this remote sensing capability into suitable actuation agents, collectively referred to as uncrewed systems (UxS). These systems include familiar platforms such as robotic quadrupeds, aerial multirotor vehicles, and ground vehicles, any of which may be teleoperated, act autonomously, or utilize a combination of both. A critical factor in achieving remote radiation sensing is the availability of data from the appropriate sensor. Many commercially available radiation sensors have closed-source documentation for their communication protocols. Typical end-user products are often self-contained, handheld devices designed for manual measurement scenarios. While there are commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) integrations of radiation sensors with UxS available for purchase, these solutions are typically tailored for specific use cases and may not meet the requirements of different applications. This paper discusses efforts to remotely acquire radiation measurements from a small form-factor CZT gamma spectrometer. Sandia National Laboratories has successfully demonstrated the initial capability to integrate low size, weight, and power (SWaP) gamma spectroscopy into various UxS, alongside co-located GPS data logging and sensor calibration and qualification. With remote gamma spectroscopy achieved, the stage is set for UxS integration of this capability.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Updates to USA Structures (Phase 3 Completion) 2024-2025 Technical Report

The USA Structures (USS) foundational data layer remains a critical national dataset for supporting damage assessment and disaster response across the United States. Maintaining its relevance requires regular updates to reflect changes in the built environment and to ensure the accuracy of key structural attributes.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deploying Adversarial Attacks in Super-Resolution Models

Reliable super-resolution methods are crucial for applications like remote sensing, grid resilience and disaster impact analysis, and standoff biometrics. These methods infuse additional high-frequency information into reconstructions, allowing for better contextualization and image intelligence. However, super-resolution models can also introduce hallucinations or other unseen vulnerabilities that could be exploited by an adversary. This is further compounded by the prominence of deep learning in these models, as models are often blindly applied on out-of-distribution images. In this work, we implement adversarial attacks in common open-source super-resolution models and examine their impact on reconstructions and downstream classification tasks. We find that an adversarially trained super-resolution model can produce high-quality reconstructions that degrade downstream classifications. Moreover, these attacks do not require access to low-resolution imagery or class labels at inference time. These results demonstrate the vulnerability of super-resolution methods to malicious actors and motivates the development of a detector for super-resolution adversarial attacks. Further exploration of adversarial attacks in this domain is required to ensure trustworthiness and robustness of super-resolution models for national security applications.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2025

Illuminating the Night: A Survey of Super-Resolution Methods for Nighttime Light Images

Nighttime Light (NTL) images provide critical insights into urbanization, disaster response, and energy consumption. The VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) sensor offers high-quality NTL imagery with daily revisit rates, but the available spatial resolution hinders fine-grained accurate analysis. Super-resolution techniques aim to increase the resolution of NTL images, enabling more detailed assessments of infrastructure, light pollution, economic activity, and power outages. However, existing state-of-the-art super-resolution methods designed for natural images struggle with the unique characteristics of NTL data. This work provides a comprehensive review of super-resolution methods across multiple image modalities, evaluates their effectiveness on VIIRS DNB data, and proposes a multi-modal super-resolution approach tailored to NTL imagery. The proposed approach integrates VIIRS DNB data with road networks and land use information to improve reconstruction accuracy and spatial detail. Code is available for this project at https://code.ornl.gov/viirs-sr/sr-demos.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

A North Carolina Retrospective: Major Outage Event Trends & Hurricane Helene using TASTI-GRID

The impacts of Hurricane Helene in September of 2024 showed magnifying effects on the number of major power outages reported both during and after the catastrophic weather event. The affected areas on the western edge of North Carolina, particularly Buncombe County (Asheville), endured a disproportionate number of outage impacts than surrounding counties atop the Piedmont Plateau. In 2024, each of the counties with the highest frequency of major outage events received at least one category of FEMA Disaster Declaration following Hurricane Helene. While the storm’s impacts certainly skewed 2024’s yearly major outage frequencies, we use TASTI-GRID to identify existence resilience challenges in the years prior to 2024 that may have given way to understanding how geography, topography, population density and other factors have compounding effects on existing resilience challenges in Buncombe and Mecklenburg counties, specifically.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

LandCast Mosaic: Reconstructing Global Population Distributions, 1975-2025

LandCast Mosaic (LCM) provides a global, high-resolution gridded population dataset spanning 1975–2025, representing annual, scenario-consistent estimates of daytime, nighttime, and ambient population distributions. LCM builds on the 2025 LandScan Mosaic (LSM) population data by backcasting to earlier years using historical changes in built-surface area derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) and authoritative population counts from international datasets. The workflow scales 2025 building-informed gridded population estimates according to observed changes in built surface, applies linear interpolation for intermediate years, and normalizes estimates to match administrative- and country-level totals. The resulting dataset offers consistent, globally gridded population estimates over fifty years, suitable for temporal analyses of population dynamics, disaster risk modeling, and urban planning applications.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗