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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Sodium Superionic Conductors Based on Clusters

Owing to the high abundance and low cost of sodium (Na), Na-based rechargeable batteries hold great potential for large-scale applications in the future energy industry. However, as key component of the battery electrolyte, only a few Na-based superionic conductors can reach the ionic conductivity comparable to that of liquid or gel electrolytes. Here, we provide a guideline for the development of cluster-based Na-rich antiperovskite superionic conductors using computational studies. With a selected cluster ion BCl 4 – , we are able to achieve high-room-temperature Na-ionic conductivity over 10 –3 S/cm and low activation energies below 0.2 eV in the antiperovskite crystals Na 3 S(BCl 4 ) and Na 3 S(BCl 4 ) 0.5 I 0.5 . In addition, these materials have large bandgaps and favorable mechanical properties. Here, a comprehensive study of the stability and formation energy of these materials further illustrates possible routes for their synthesis. New insights into the conduction mechanism of these cluster-based superionic conductors are provided, including the cooperative motion of Na ions and the significant reduction of the migration barrier due to the changing orientation of the cluster ion.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Low-Resistant Ion-Exchange Membranes for Energy Efficient Membrane Capacitive Deionization

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) has emerged as an effective and energy efficient desalination technology for treating brackish water streams used in numerous industrial processes. Most material research studies on MCDI focus on improving the porous electrodes or using flowing electrode architectures, and little emphasis is given to the rationale design of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) for MCDI. In this work, the ionic conductivity, permselectivity, and thickness for three different IEM chemistries (polyaliphatic, poly(arylene ether), and perfluorinated) were correlated to MCDI performance attributes: energy expended per ion removed, salt removal efficiency, and Coulombic efficiency. A 5- to 10-fold reduction in area specific resistance, which accounts for thickness and ionic conductivity, with unconventional perfluorinated and poly(arylene ether) IEMs reduced the energy expended per ion removed in MCDI by a factor of 2 when compared to conventional electrodialysis IEMs. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy substantiated that thinner membranes with higher ionic conductivity helped in the reduction of energy expended per ion removed (more than 50%). Lastly, the lower than 100% Coulombic efficiency is ascribed to carbon corrosion of the porous electrodes highlighting that further improvements in MCDI do not just necessitate more appropriate membranes but corrosion resilient electrodes. KEYWORDS: Desalination, Ion-exchange membranes, Membrane capacitive deionization

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hydrogen defects in LaBi 2 O 4 X (X = Cl, Br, and I) Sillén oxyhalide phases and their impacts on ionic transport

Sillén oxyhalides have recently emerged as promising materials for both photocatalytic and ionic transport applications, yet the role of likely-ubiquitous hydrogen-related defects in these layered compounds remains largely unexplored. Here, we employ first-principles defect calculations to investigate incorporation energetics for hydrogen- and oxygen-related defects, as well as their migration barriers in LaBi 2 O 4 X (X = Cl, Br, I) phases. We find that hydrogen interstitials, particularly protonic species (H i + ), are readily accommodated within the open Bi–O layers. Protons compete with oxygen vacancy donors (V O 2+ ) and charge-compensate with oxygen interstitial acceptors (O i 2− ). By linking hydrogen defect formation to water- and oxygen-related redox equilibria, we reveal that V O 2+ facilitates H i + incorporation, while O i 2− promotes interstitial hydroxide formation, establishing a direct connection between proton and oxide-ion transport. Calculated migration barriers indicate that ionic diffusion is confined to Bi–O layers with low barriers of 0.20–0.25 eV for H i + and 0.14–0.25 eV for V O 2+ , suggesting that the materials contain intrinsic pathways for mixed ionic conduction. These results provide a microscopic picture of hydrogen behavior in Sillén oxyhalides and point to design strategies for integrating protonic and oxide-ion transport in layered oxyhalide electrolytes. Band-edge alignment analysis shows that LaBi 2 O 4 I provides the optimal combination of hydrogen solubility, oxygen defect stability, and mixed ionic conductivity, highlighting its potential for low-temperature electrochemical and energy-conversion applications. Overall, this work establishes the defect-driven origin of hydrogen transport in Sillén oxyhalides and expands their applicability beyond photocatalysis to mixed ionic conduction and hydrogen electrochemistry.

Energy - Conversion↗
DOE OSTI2021

Material Design Strategy for Halide Solid Electrolytes Li 3 MX 6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) for All-Solid-State High-Voltage Li-Ion Batteries

Although several solid electrolyte (SE) candidates have been explored, achieving the necessary combination of performance, stability, and processability has been challenging. Recently, several lithium ternary halides have attracted increasing attention for SEs because of their favorable combination of high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical window. This study aims to provide a material design strategy for lithium halides Li 3 MX 6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) for high-voltage all-solid-state Li-ion batteries, achieved by the systematic investigation of crystal structures, phase and electrochemical stabilities, electronic and mechanical properties, and ionic conductivities. Calculation results reveal that the electronegativity difference between M and X affects structural properties and stabilities. Weak Coulomb interactions in Li 3 MX 6 result in the preference of the monoclinic phase, and the oxidation potential and chemical stability against the cathode materials of Li 3 MX 6 increase for relatively small X. Chlorides exhibit the highest oxidation potential (~4.3 V) among Li 3 MX 6 , suggesting that chlorides are appropriate SEs for high-voltage cathodes. The band gap and elastic moduli increase for relatively small X, suggesting the relatively low electronic conductivity and elastic deformability of chlorides. Chlorides with transition metals typically exhibit trigonal phases, a wider electrochemical stability window, a larger band gap, and higher elastic moduli compared to other types of halides. Additionally, chloride Li 3 MCl 6 is expected to have relatively high ionic conductivities with the aliovalent substitution of M 3+ to Zr 4+ and the anion mixing of Cl with Br. The findings of this study will provide fundamental guidelines for the development of lithium halide SEs for high-voltage all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Structural design strategies for superionic sodium halide solid electrolytes

We report sodium all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with superionic solid electrolytes (SEs) show substantial potential for large-scale energy-storage applications. Recently, lithium halide SEs have attracted attention owing to their potential compatibility with high-voltage cathode materials and high ionic conductivity. Although sodium halide SEs are believed to exhibit good electrochemical stability, very few compounds have been reported. This study provides design principles for superionic sodium halide SEs through systematic theoretical investigations of Na 3 MX 6 (X = Cl, Br, and I). The Na 3 MX 6 structures depend on the types and sizes of M and X: Na 3 MCl 6 and Na 3 MBr 6 prefer the $P\bar{3}$1c, P2 1 /n and $R\bar{3}$ phases, whereas Na 3 MI 6 prefers the C2/m phase. The Na 3 MI 6 C2/m phase is found to exhibit reasonably high ionic conductivity (~10 -4 S/cm -1 ) and anion mixing with Br further improve Na-ion migration, leading to an even higher ionic conductivity (~10 -3 S/cm -1 ) for Na 3 MBr 3 I 3 . The material design principles in this study provide fundamental guidelines for the development of superionic Na halide SEs for high-voltage Na ASSBs

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ab Initio Simulation of Medium-Range Ordering in Ionic Glass Electrolytes LiSiPON and LiNaSiPON

Ionic glasses can exhibit a unique combination of optical transparency, electronic resistivity, ionic conductivity, and mechanical ductility. The origin of the relatively high ionic conductivity and ductility is poorly understood. Recently, these ionic glasses were found to have medium-range ordering (MRO) similar to that of metallic glasses. This MRO significantly impacts the properties of metallic glasses and is also expected to significantly impact the properties of ionic glasses. Here, this work used ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to study the effect of ionic glass composition on the MRO. The AIMD models showed that the degree of MRO increased as the temperature of the LiSiPON ionic glass decreased. The modeling also showed that the MRO is suppressed when 50% of Li is substituted with Na. This work lays the foundation for using AIMD to identify clear structure–property relationships in ionic glasses, allowing their properties to be optimized.

Osetsky, Yuri N. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (O↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chemistry Design Towards a Stable Sulfide‐Based Superionic Conductor Li 4 Cu 8 Ge 3 S 12

Abstract Sulfide‐based superionic conductors with high ionic conductivity have been explored as candidates for solid‐state Li batteries. However, moisture hypersensitivity has made their manufacture complicated and costly and also impeded applications in batteries. Now, a sulfide‐based superionic conductor Li 4 Cu 8 Ge 3 S 12 with superior stability was developed based on the hard/soft acid–base theory. The compound is stable in both moist air and aqueous LiOH aqueous solution. The electrochemical stability window was up to 1.5 V. An ionic conductivity of 0.9×10 −4 S cm with low activation energy of 0.33 eV was achieved without any optimization. The material features a rigid Cu‐Ge‐S open framework that increases its stability. Meanwhile, the weak bonding between Li + and the framework promotes ionic conductivity. This work provides a structural configuration in which weak Li bonding in the rigid framework promotes an environment for highly conductive and stable solid‐state electrolytes.

Wang, Yingqi↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chemistry Design Towards a Stable Sulfide-Based Superionic Conductor Li 4 Cu 8 Ge 3 S 12

Sulfide-based superionic conductors with high ionic conductivity have been explored as candidates for solid-state Li batteries. However, moisture hypersensitivity has made their manufacture complicated and costly and also impeded applications in batteries. Now, a sulfide-based superionic conductor Li 4 Cu 8 Ge 3 S 12 with superior stability was developed based on the hard/soft acid–base theory. The compound is stable in both moist air and aqueous LiOH aqueous solution. The electrochemical stability window was up to 1.5 V. An ionic conductivity of 0.9×10 -4 S cm with low activation energy of 0.33 eV was achieved without any optimization. The material features a rigid Cu-Ge-S open framework that increases its stability. Meanwhile, the weak bonding between Li + and the framework promotes ionic conductivity. This work provides a structural configuration in which weak Li bonding in the rigid framework promotes an environment for highly conductive and stable solid-state electrolytes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

High‐Entropy Lithium Argyrodite Solid Electrolytes Enabling Stable All‐Solid‐State Batteries

Abstract Superionic solid electrolytes (SEs) are essential for bulk‐type solid‐state battery (SSB) applications. Multicomponent SEs are recently attracting attention for their favorable charge‐transport properties, however a thorough understanding of how configurational entropy (ΔS conf ) affects ionic conductivity is lacking. Here, we successfully synthesized a series of halogen‐rich lithium argyrodites with the general formula Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl x Br 1.5‐x (0≤x≤1.5). Using neutron powder diffraction and 31 P magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the S 2− /Cl − /Br − occupancy on the anion sublattice was quantitatively analyzed. We show that disorder positively affects Li‐ion dynamics, leading to a room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 22.7 mS cm −1 (9.6 mS cm −1 in cold‐pressed state) for Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.8 Br 0.7 (ΔS conf =1.98R). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence that configurational entropy of the anion sublattice correlates with ion mobility. Our results indicate the possibility of improving ionic conductivity in ceramic ion conductors by tailoring the degree of compositional complexity. Moreover, the Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.8 Br 0.7 SE allowed for stable cycling of single‐crystal LiNi 0.9 Co 0.06 Mn 0.04 O 2 (s‐NCM90) composite cathodes in SSB cells, emphasizing that dual‐substituted lithium argyrodites hold great promise in enabling high‐performance electrochemical energy storage.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2023

Facile Strategy to Prepare Poly(ionic liquid)-Coated Solid Polymer Electrolytes through Layer-by-Layer Assembly

The inability of solid polymer electrolytes to preserve strong mechanical strength with high ionic conductivity hinders the commercialization of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The success of fabricating layer-by-layer (LbL)-assembled electrolytes has realized the application of flexible solid polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices. Here, we demonstrate a rational strategy to construct solid electrolytes coated with multiple ultrathin layers of polyanions (poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)) and polycations (linear poly(1-butyl-3-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-imidazolium chloride) (BVIC)/linear poly(PEG 4 -VIC)/SiO 2 -g-poly(PEG 4 -VIC)) using an LbL assembly method. Poly(ionic liquid) backbones and PEG side groups are employed to facilitate the transport of lithium ions via the segmental motion of the macromolecular matrix. The fabricated free-standing membranes exhibited good ionic conductivities of 9.03–10 × 10 –4 S cm –1 . Furthermore, a Li/LiFePO 4 cell assembled with the LbL-membrane electrolytes exhibits an initial high discharge capacity of 143–158 mAhg –1 at 60 °C with high columbic efficiency. In conclusion, this approach, which combines polymer synthesis and LbL self-assembly, is an effective and facile route to fabricate solid polymer electrolyte membranes with superior ionic conductivity and mechanical robustness, which are useful for electrochemical devices and high-voltage battery applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ionic/electronic conductivity regulation of n-type polyoxadiazole lithium sulfonate conductive polymer binders for high-performance silicon microparticle anodes

Low-cost silicon microparticles (SiMP), as a substitute for nanostructured silicon, easily suffer from cracks and fractured during the electrochemical cycle. A novel n-type conductive polymer binder with excellent electronic and ionic conductivities as well as good adhesion, has been successfully designed and applied for high-performance SiMP anodes in lithium-ion batteries to address this problem. Its unique features are attributed to the strong electron-withdrawing oxadiazole ring structure with sulfonate polar groups. The combination of rigid and flexible components in the polymer ensures its good mechanical strength and ductility, which is beneficial to suppress the expansion and contraction of SiMP s during the charge/discharge process. By fine-tuning the monomer ratio, the conjugation and sulfonation degrees of the polymer can be precisely controlled to regulate its ionic and electronic conductivities, which has been systematically analyzed with the help of an electrochemical test method, filling in the gap on the conductivity measurement of the polymer in the doping state. The experimental results indicate that the cell with the developed n-type polymer binder and SiMP (~0.5 μm) anodes achieves much better cycling performance than traditional non-conductive binders. It has been considered that the initial capacity of the SiMP anode is controlled by the synergetic effect of ionic and electronic conductivity of the binder, and the capacity retention mainly depends on its electronic conductivity when the ionic conductivity is sufficient. Here, it is worth noting that the fundamental research of this work is also applicable to other battery systems using conductive polymers in order to achieve high energy density, broadening their practical applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

High Lithium Transference Number Electrolytes Containing Tetratriflylpropene’s Lithium Salt

Electrolytes with a high lithium transference number linked with high ionic conductivity are urgently needed for high power battery operation. In this work, we present newly synthesized lithium tetra(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)propene as a salt-in-glyme-based “salt-in-solvent” electrolyte. We employ impedance spectroscopy in symmetric Li/electrolyte/Li cells and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the lithium conduction mechanism. We find predominant lithium conductivity with very high lithium transference numbers (~70% from the polarization experiments) and three times higher ionic conductivity compared to well-known lithium triflate in diglyme electrolyte. As a result, this is a consequence of the reduced mobilities of large anions linked with improved ionic dissociation.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Strongly Correlated Ion Dynamics in Plastic Ionic Crystals and Polymerized Ionic Liquids

Understanding the mechanisms controlling ionic conductivity is critical for the development of the next generation of batteries and supercapacitors. This paper discusses the significant role played by ionic correlations in conductivity of concentrated ionic systems. Our studies of an organic ionic plastic crystal reveal that correlations in ions dynamics suppress conductivity by 25–100 times in comparison to the expected uncorrelated ionic conductivity estimated from the Nernst–Einstein relationship. Furthermore, additional analysis also demonstrates that ionic correlations suppress conductivity in polymerized ionic liquids and gel by ~10 times. Thus, ionic correlations, usually neglected in many studies, play a very important role in conductivity of concentrated ionic systems. These results cannot be explained by a diffusion of ion pairs because all these systems are essentially single ion conductors. In contrast, strongly correlated motions of mobile ions with the same charge (cation–cation or anion–anion correlations) are the major mechanism suppressing the ionic conductivity in these systems. Finally, on the basis of these results, we emphasize that charge transport rather than ion diffusion is critical for electrolyte performance and suggest the potential design of plastic crystals and polymer electrolytes with enhanced ionic conductivity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Resolving the Amorphous Structure of Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride (Lipon)

© 2018 American Chemical Society. Lithium phosphorus oxynitride, also known as Lipon, solid-state electrolytes are at the center of the search for solid-state Li metal batteries. Key to the performance of Lipon is a combination of high Li content, amorphous character, and the incorporation of N into the structure. Despite the material's importance, our work presents the first study to fully resolve the structure of Lipon using a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics, density functional theory, neutron scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. The modeled and experimental results have exceptional agreement in both neutron pair distribution function and infrared spectroscopy. Building on this synergy, the structural models show that N forms both bridges between two phosphate units and nonbridging apical N. We further show that as the Li content is increased the ratio of bridging to apical N shifts from being predominantly bridging at Li contents around 2.5:1 Li:P to only apical N at higher Li contents of 3.38:1 Li:P. This crossover from bridging to apical N appears to directly correlate with and explain both the increase in ionic conductivity with the incorporation of N and the ionic conductivity trends found in the literature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evidence for a Solid-Electrolyte Inductive Effect in the Superionic Conductor Li 10 Ge 1– x Sn x P 2 S 12

Strategies to enhance ionic conductivities in solid electrolytes typically focus on the effects of modifying their crystal structures or of tuning mobile-ion stoichiometries. A less-explored approach is to modulate the chemical bonding interactions within a material to promote fast lithium-ion diffusion. Recently, the idea of a solid-electrolyte inductive effect has been proposed, whereby changes in bonding within the solid-electrolyte host framework modify the potential energy landscape for the mobile ions, resulting in an enhanced ionic conductivity. Direct evidence for a solid-electrolyte inductive effect, however, is lacking—in part because of the challenge of quantifying changes in local bonding interactions within a solid-electrolyte host framework. Here, we consider the evidence for a solid-electrolyte inductive effect in the archetypal superionic lithium-ion conductor Li 10 Ge 1–x Sn x P 2 S 12 . Substituting Ge for Sn weakens the {Ge,Sn}–S bonding interactions and increases the charge density associated with the S 2– ions. This charge redistribution modifies the Li + substructure causing Li + ions to bind more strongly to the host framework S 2– anions, which in turn modulates the Li + ion potential energy surface, increasing local barriers for Li + ion diffusion. Each of these effects is consistent with the predictions of the solid-electrolyte inductive effect model. Density functional theory calculations predict that this inductive effect occurs even in the absence of changes to the host framework geometry due to Ge → Sn substitution. These results provide direct evidence in support of a measurable solid–electrolyte inductive effect and demonstrate its application as a practical strategy for tuning ionic conductivities in superionic lithium-ion conductors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Theoretical Design of Lithium Chloride Superionic Conductors for All-Solid-State High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries

The development of solid electrolytes (SEs) is a promising pathway to improve the energy density and safety of conventional Li ion batteries. Several lithium chloride SEs, Li 3 MCl 6 (M = Y, Er, In, and Sc), have gained popularity due to their high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and good chemical stability. This study systematically investigated 17 Li 3 MCl 6 SEs to identify novel and promising lithium chloride SEs. Calculation results revealed that 12 Li 3 MCl 6 (M = Bi, Dy, Er, Ho, In, Lu, Sc, Sm, Tb, TI, Tm, and Y) were stable phase with a wide electrochemical stability window and excellent chemical stability against cathode materials and moisture. Li-ion transport properties were examined using bond valence site energy (BVSE) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculation. Li 3 MCl 6 showed the lower migration energy barrier in monoclinic structures, while orthorhombic and trigonal structures exhibited higher energy barriers due to the sluggish diffusion along the two-dimensional path based on the BVSE model. AIMD results confirmed the slower ion migration along the 2D path, exhibiting lower ionic diffusivity and higher activation energy in orthorhombic and trigonal structures. For the further increase of ionic conductivity in monoclinic structures, Li-ion vacancy was formed by the substitution of M 3+ with Zr 4+ . Zr-substituted phase (Li 2.5 M 0.5 Zr 0.5 Cl 6 , M = In, Sc) exhibited up to a fourfold increase in ionic conductivity. This finding suggested that the optimization of Li vacancy in the Li 3 MCl 6 SEs could lead to superionic Li 3 MCl 6 SEs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Plasticizer-Free Gradient-Crosslinked Polyurethane Electrolyte for Room-Temperature Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Polymer-based solid-state electrolytes are promising for next-generation lithium metal batteries, yet their limited ionic conductivity and mechanical stability at ambient conditions remain key challenges. Herein, we report a novel gradient crosslinked polymer electrolyte (PU/PUA/PU) synthesized via a sequential in situ UV-curing process that integrates a mechanically robust polyurethane acrylate (PUA) core with soft linear polyurethane (PU) interfaces. This all-solid membrane operates without any liquid plasticizer and the interfacial PU layers ensure low interfacial resistance and intimate electrode contact, while the PUA core provides enhanced dimensional stability and dendrite suppression. As a result, the gradient electrolyte delivers an impressive ∼2.6 × 10 −4 S cm −1 ionic conductivity at 25 °C (two orders of magnitude higher than conventional PEO) and remains electrochemically stable >5 V (vs Li + /Li). Structural analysis confirms the formation of a well-defined crosslinked network with suppressed crystallinity and expanded interchain spacing. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) further validate these properties. When applied in a Li||NMC811 cell, the PU/PUA/PU electrolyte delivers stable cycling with high capacity at both 60 °C and 25 °C, demonstrating its potential for room-temperature solid-state battery applications without reliance on plasticizers or heating. In conclusion, this gradient design offers a practical path toward ambient-condition operation of solid-state lithium batteries, providing a paradigm for overcoming the traditional trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical robustness.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Impact of Side Chain Chemistry on Lithium Transport in Mixed Ion–Electron-Conducting Polymers

We discuss how typical design strategies for mixed ion-electron conduction in polymers have focused on overall ionic conductivity, without specificity for anion vs. cation conduction. Here, we demonstrate that side chain chemistry can be used to control Li+ conductivity in semiconducting polymers. This design principle is significant for applications which require Li+ specific transport, such as Li-ion batteries. We show that a polythiophene functionalized with an ionic liquid side chain demonstrates higher conductivity and lithium transference than a more commonly studied ether-functionalized P3AT derivative. Poly(3-(6’-(N-methylimidazolium) hexyl)thiophene TFSI–) (P3HT-Im+TFSI–) can solvate and conduct ions up to salt concentrations of r=1.0 (where r = [moles of salt]/[moles of monomer]) while achieving ionic conductivity of ≈10–3 S/cm at 80°C, and a lithium transference number of 0.36. On the other hand, poly(3¬-(methoxyethoxyethoxymethyl) thiophene) (P3MEEMT) shows a peak conductivity of ≈10–5 S/cm at r=0.05 and 80°C, with near zero lithium transport. This work shows that multiple high dielectric moieties can be used to drive ion conduction in semiconducting polymers, but diffuse, cationic side chains such as imidazolium are preferred for Li-ion conduction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗