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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

An electronic microemulsion phase emerging from a quantum crystal-to-liquid transition

Strongly interacting electronic systems often exhibit a complicated phase diagram that results from the competition between different quantum ground states. One feature of these phase diagrams is the emergence of microemulsion phases, where regions of different phases self-organize across multiple length scales. The experimental characterization of these microemulsions can pose considerable challenges, as the long-range Coulomb interaction microscopically mingles with the competing states. Here we observe the signatures of the microemulsion between an electronic Wigner crystal and an electron liquid in a MoSe 2 monolayer using cryogenic reflectance and magneto-optical spectroscopy. We find that the transition into this microemulsion state is marked by anomalies in exciton reflectance, spin susceptibility and umklapp scattering, establishing it as a distinct phase of electronic matter.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Formation of Linear Plasmonic Heterotrimers Using Nanoparticle Docking to DNA Origami Cages

The fabrication of complex assemblies with interesting collective properties from plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) is often challenging. While DNA-directed self-assembly has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to forming such complex assemblies, the resulting structures tend to have large variability in gap sizes and shapes, as the DNA strands used to organize these particles are flexible, and the polydispersity of the NPs leads to variability in these critical structural features. Here, we use a new strategy termed docking to DNA origami cages (D-DOC) to organize spherical NPs into a linear heterotrimer with a precisely defined geometrical arrangement. Instead of binding NPs to the exterior of the DNA templates, D-DOC binds the NPs to either the interior or the opening of a 3D cage, which significantly reduces the variability of critical structural features by incorporating multiple diametrically arranged capture strands to tether NPs. Additionally, such a spatial arrangement of the capture strand can work synergistically with shape complementarity to achieve tighter confinement. To assemble NPs via D-DOC, we developed a multistep assembly process that first encapsulates an NP inside a cage and then binds two other NPs to the openings. Microscopic characterization shows low variability in the bond angles and gap sizes. Both UV–vis absorption and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements showed strong plasmonic coupling that aligned with predictions by electrodynamic simulations, further confirming the precision of the assembly. These results suggest D-DOC could open new opportunities in biomolecular sensing, SERS and fluorescence spectroscopies, and energy harvesting through the self-assembly of NPs into more complex 3D assemblies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

47 Tuc in Rubin Data Preview 1. Exploring Early LSST Data and Science Potential

We present analyses of the early data from Rubin Observatory’s Data Preview 1 (DP1) for the field of the globular cluster 47 Tuc. The DP1 data set for 47 Tuc includes four nights of observations from the Rubin Commissioning Camera (LSSTComCam), covering multiple bands (ugriy). We address challenges of crowding in the inner region of the cluster and toward the SMC in DP1, and demonstrate improved star–galaxy separation by fitting fifth-degree polynomials to the stellar loci in color–color diagrams and applying multidimensional sigma clipping. We compile a catalog of 3576 probable 47 Tuc member stars selected via a combination of isochrone, Gaia proper-motion, and color–color space matched filtering. We explore the sources of photometric scatter in the 47 Tuc color–color sequence, evaluating contributions from various potential sources, including differential extinction within the cluster. Finally, of the 72 well-characterized variables in the field, we recover three known variable stars, including two RR Lyrae and one eclipsing binary, in the coadd-based object catalog, and identify 62 in the difference image-based object catalog. Although the DP1 lightcurves have sparse temporal sampling, they appear to follow the patterns of densely sampled literature lightcurves well. Despite some data limitations for crowded-field stellar analysis, DP1 demonstrates the promising scientific potential for future LSST data releases.

Choi, Yumi [NSF National Optical-Infrared Astronom↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precise Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor Using Super-BigBite Spectrometer at Jefferson Lab

The GMn experiment (E12-09-019) was conducted at Jefferson Laboratory from late 2021 into early 2022. The goal was to make high-precision measurement of the neutron’s magnetic form factor (GMn) at multiple kinematic points, including Q2 = 3.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 10, 12, 13.5, 16, and 18 (GeV/c)2. Limited data exist for GMn in the region up to about Q2 = 10 (GeV/c)2, with existing data having large systematic uncertainty. In this experiment, the ratio method was employed to reduce systematic uncertainty by measuring the ratio of neutron and proton yields. The experiment took place at Jefferson Laboratory in Hall A, where the BigBite spectrometer was used to detect the scattered electrons, while the HCal in the SuperBigbite spectrometer was used to detect both neutrons and protons. The protons were deflected slightly upwards with the use of a large-aperture dipole magnet named BigBen, allowing for enhanced particle identification. Extraction of GMn requires taking the ratio of proton and neutron yields. Analysis efforts are still currently underway to refine corrections to the data, including detector efficiencies, radiative corrections, neutron and proton mass identification, and charge exchange.

Lashley-Colthirst, Nathaniel↗
DOE OSTI2025

Antipodal self-duality of square fishnet graphs

In strongly deformed planar 𝒩 = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory, or fishnet theory, a point-split single-trace correlation function of four dimension-𝑚 scalar operators is given by a single Feynman integral, which involves integrating over locations of a 𝑚 × 𝑚 grid of points. We show that for any integer 𝑚 this square fishnet graph is invariant under the combined action of a kinematic map and the antipode map of the Hopf algebra on multiple polylogarithms; i.e. it possesses an antipodal self-duality.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Influence of Nb alloying on Nb recrystallization and the upper critical field of Nb 3 ⁢Sn

Nb 3 Sn conductors are important candidates for high-field magnets for particle accelerators, and they continue to be widely used for many laboratory and NMR magnets. However, the critical current density, J c , of present Nb 3 Sn conductors declines swiftly above 12-15 T. State-of-the-art Ta- and Ti-doped strands exhibit upper critical field, H c2 , values of ~ 24-26.5 T (4.2 K) and do not reach the FCC target J c , which serves as the present stretch target for Nb 3 Sn development. As recently demonstrated, to meet this goal requires enhanced vortex pinning but an independent and supplementary approach is to significantly enhance H c2 . In this study, we have arc-melted multiple Nb alloys with added Hf, Zr, Ta and Ti and drawn them successfully into monofilament wires to investigate the possibilities of H c2 enhancement through alloying. H c2 (T) was measured for all samples in fields up to 16 T and some up to 31 T. We have found that all alloys show good agreement with the standard Werthamer, Helfand, and Hohenberg (WHH) fitting procedure without the need to adjust the paramagnetic limitation parameter (α) and spin-orbit scattering parameter (λ so ). The evaluation of dH c2 /dT near T c , which is proportional to the electronic specific heat coefficient γ and the normal state resistivity ρn, allows a better understanding of the induced disorder introduced by alloying in the A15 phase. So far, we have observed that Hf alloying of pure Nb can enhance H c2 (0) by 3-4 T to ~28 T, while adding just 1 at. %Hf or Zr into a Nb4Ta base alloy can raise H c2 (0) to ~31 T. Very importantly we find that Hf and Zr raise the alloy recrystallization temperature above the usual A15 reaction temperature range of 650°C – 750°C, thus ensuring denser A15 phase nucleation in the Nb alloy grain boundaries, possibly leading to a more homogeneous A15 phase Sn content and refined A15 grain size. Furthermore, the potential for further advancements in Nb 3 Sn properties is explored in relation to the recrystallization of the Nb alloy and the factors controlling the upper critical field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cooperative Charge Ordering Signature of Trimer Molecules in Infinite-Layer CaCoO 2

The infinite-layer compound CaCoO 2 provides a compelling platform to explore how local orbital distortions evolve into collective electronic order. Using resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) and its time-resolved counterpart (tr-RSXS), we reveal a cooperative coupling between two intertwined orders at the same in-plane wave vector, 𝑞 ≈ (1/4, 1/4, 0), comprising a quasi-two-dimensional orbital order associated with the distorted Co (1) sites and a quasi-three-dimensional trimerlike charge order stabilized through Co-O-Ca hybridization. The charge-sensitive component exhibits a uniform relaxation time of ∼400 fs (391 ± 5 fs) across multiple Co resonances, evidencing a collective charge response. A comparable timescale observed in the orbital order associated with the highly distorted Co (1) sites indicates that this collective behavior naturally originates from the same orbital framework that mediates both charge and orbital degrees of freedom. Together, these findings establish CaCoO 2 as a model system in which Jahn-Teller distortions, orbital hybridization, and geometric frustration cooperate to form molecular trimer units that dictate the macroscopic electronic behavior.

Lee, J.-S. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (↗
DOE OSTI2026

Investigating Interference Term in DUNE And SBND Neutrino Interactions with ACHILLES

Understanding neutrino-nucleus interactions is critical for conducting precise neutrino oscillation ex- periments. However, uncertainties in neutrino-nucleus cross section measurements and our incomplete understanding of nuclear effects remain a significant challenge in neutrino physics. In this paper, we investigate contributions from quantum interference between one-body and two-body interactions in charged-current quasi-elastic (CCQE) neutrino scattering amplitudes, using the ACHILLES event gen- erator. Simulations are performed using muon neutrino flux from Fermilab’s Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB), as well as Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) flux. We observe the neutrino flux interact- ing with Argon nuclei as detected by the Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND) and DUNE Near Detector (DUNE-ND), both Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPC). We focus on one muon and one proton final states with cascade interactions. We analyze multiple experimental observables including outgoing kinematic variables, energy-momentum transfer variables, and Transverse Kinematic Imbalance (TKI) variables. In this study, we also investigate the effects of PRISM (a method of sampling flux from multiple off-axis angles which creates different neutrino energy spectra). We find that the ratio of in- terference to quasi-elastic contributions gives a non-flat distribution across a 0-3.5 GeV energy range, indicating that effects of interference vary with the neutrino energy sampled. Our ultimate goal is to reduce systematic uncertainties from neutrino interactions when conducting oscillation experiments by working to disentangle the effects of quantum interference from the quasi-elastic signature.

Serumaga, Peera [Fermilab; UC, San Diego] (ORCID:0↗
DOE OSTI2026

The gas-phase mass–metallicity relation of dwarf galaxies across large-scale environments using the CAVITY parent sample

Context. The gas-phase mass–metallicity relation (MZR) of galaxies shows a noticeable break in slope and an increased scatter at low stellar masses, suggesting that the physical processes governing chemical enrichment differ between dwarf and high-mass systems. Dwarf galaxies, in particular, are highly susceptible to both internal and environmental mechanisms due to their shallow potential wells. Aims. The primary aim of this work is to assess whether a single, universal MZR can describe dwarf galaxies across diverse large-scale environments, or whether systematic environmental variations emerge. To probe these, we examine the MZR and star formation rate (SFR) of dwarf galaxies with stellar masses in the range of 8.9 < log(M ★ /M ⊙ ) < 9.5. Methods. Using optical spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we measured the fluxes of key emission lines via the pyPipe3D full spectral fitting pipeline. Aperture-corrected fluxes, along with multiple metallicity indicators and calibrations, were used to derive the MZR and the SFR for 353, 311, and 22 dwarf galaxies located in voids, filaments, and clusters, respectively. Results. We find a systematic variation in the MZR slope, steeper in voids (0.28 ± 0.03) and progressively flatter in clusters (0.17 ± 0.08), indicating a dependence of the MZR on the large-scale environment in this mass regime. When galaxies are separated by local density, no significant differences are observed between isolated and non-isolated dwarfs in voids. Isolated dwarf galaxies in filaments also exhibit properties similar to those of their counterparts in voids. However, non-isolated filament galaxies exhibit similar MZR slopes comparable to those of cluster dwarfs and flatter slopes than their counterparts in voids. Conclusions. We report both large- and local-scale environmental dependencies in the gas-phase metallicity and in the slope of the MZR for dwarf galaxies. Consistent with the general consensus on the pre-processing of galaxies in filaments, our results indicate that the influence of the local environment becomes increasingly significant within the filamentary regions of the cosmic web, affecting the chemical enrichment and star formation activity of low-mass systems. These findings further suggest that a portion of the scatter commonly observed in the MZR of dwarf galaxies arises from environmental effects.

Bidaran, Bahar [Dpto. de Física Teórica y del Cosm↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multimodal super-resolution: discovering hidden physics and its application to fusion plasmas

Understanding complex physical systems often requires integrating data from multiple diagnostics, each with limited resolution or coverage. We present a machine learning framework that reconstructs synthetic high-temporal-resolution data for a target diagnostic using information from other diagnostics, without direct target measurements during the inference. This multimodal super-resolution technique improves diagnostic robustness and enables monitoring even in case of measurement failures or degradation. Applied to fusion plasmas, our method targets edge-localized modes (ELMs), which can damage plasma-facing materials. By reconstructing super-resolution Thomson Scattering data from complementary diagnostics, we uncover fine-scale plasma dynamics and validate the role of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in ELM suppression through magnetic island formation. The approach provides new observation supporting the plasma profile flattening due to these islands. Our results demonstrate the framework’s ability to generate high-fidelity synthetic diagnostics, offering a powerful tool for ELM control development in future reactors like ITER. The approach is broadly transferable to other domains facing sparse, incomplete, or degraded diagnostic data, opening new avenues for discovery.

Jalalvand, Azarakhsh [Princeton Univ., NJ (United ↗
DOE OSTI2024

The strong coupling constant: state of the art and the decade ahead

Theoretical predictions for particle production cross sections and decays at colliders rely heavily on perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) calculations, expressed as an expansion in powers of the strong coupling constant α$_{S}$. The current O(1%)uncertainty of the QCD coupling evaluated at the reference Z boson mass, αS(mZ2)=0.1179±0.0009, is one of the limiting factors to more precisely describe multiple processes at current and future colliders. A reduction of this uncertainty is thus a prerequisite to perform precision tests of the Standard Model as well as searches for new physics. This report provides a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art, challenges, and prospects in the experimental and theoretical study of the strong coupling. The current αS(mZ2)world average is derived from a combination of seven categories of observables: (i) lattice QCD, (ii) hadronic τ decays, (iii) deep-inelastic scattering and parton distribution functions fits, (iv) electroweak boson decays, hadronic final-states in (v) e$^{+}$e$^{−}$, (vi) e–p, and (vii) p–p collisions, and (viii) quarkonia decays and masses. We review the current status of each of these seven αS(mZ2)extraction methods, discuss novel α$_{S}$ determinations, and examine the averaging method used to obtain the world-average value. Each of the methods discussed provides a ‘wish list’ of experimental and theoretical developments required in order to achieve the goal of a per-mille precision on αS(mZ2)within the next decade.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Distributed fiber-optic sensing in a subscale high-temperature superconducting dipole magnet

High-temperature superconductors, such as REBa2Cu3O7−x (REBCO, RE = rare earth), are becoming pivotal for high-field magnet technology for future circular colliders and compact fusion reactors. The U.S. Magnet Development Program, in collaboration with industry, is developing REBCO magnet technology using round conductors consisting of multiple REBCO tapes. For these multi-tape cables, traditional instrumentation, such as voltage taps and resistive strain gauges, become insufficient to help measure and understand the performance-limiting factors in these model magnets. Distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) is a potential solution to address this challenge. Although DFOS is well established for various applications, measuring temperature and strain in high-temperature superconducting magnets is in its infancy. Here we report the detailed implementation and test results of DFOS based on Rayleigh scattering in a subscale canted cosθ (CCT) dipole magnet using high-temperature superconducting CORC® wires. We co-wound optical fibers in each layer of the CCT magnet and compared different types of commercial fibers and mold-release agents to reduce the power attenuation in the fibers. The DFOS allowed us to measure mechanical deformation and temperature along the conductor during tests at 77 and 4.2 K. The measured strain agreed quantitively with a finite-element mechanical model of the subscale magnet. Our results indicate that DFOS can effectively identify locations of strain and temperature changes, offering unique insight into magnet performance that can advance our understanding and development of the REBCO magnet technology for high-energy physics and fusion applications.

Luo, Linqing↗
DOE OSTI2024

Gravitational wave signatures of a chiral fermion dark matter model

Abstract Theories in which the dark matter (DM) candidate is a fermion transforming chirally under a gauge symmetry are attractive, as the gauge symmetry would protect the DM mass. In such theories, the universe would have undergone a phase transition at early times that generated the DM mass upon spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry. In this paper, we explore the gravitational wave signals of a simple such theory based on an SU(2) D dark sector with a dark isospin-3/2 fermion serving as the DM candidate. This is arguably the simplest chiral theory possible. The scalar sector consists of a dark isospin-3 multiple, which breaks the SU(2) D gauge symmetry and also generates the DM mass. We construct the full thermal potential of the model and identify regions of parameter space which lead to detectable gravitational wave signals, arising from a strong first-order SU(2) D phase transition, in various planned space-based interferometers, while also being consistent with dark matter relic abundance. The bulk of the parameter space exhibiting detectable gravitational wave signals in the model also has large WIMP-nucleon scattering cross sections, ℴSI, which could be probed in upcoming direct detection experiments.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Predicting the Galactic population of free-floating planets from realistic initial conditions

ABSTRACT We present the first prediction for the mass distribution function of Galactic free-floating planets (FFPs) that aims to accurately include the relative contributions of multiple formation pathways and stellar populations. We derive our predicted distribution from dedicated simulations of planet birth, growth, migration, and ejection around circumbinary systems and extend these results to also include the contributions from single and wide binary systems. Our resulting FFP mass distribution shows several distinct features, including a strong peak at ${\sim} 8\, {\rm M}_{\oplus }$ arising from the transition between pebble and gas accretion regimes and a trough at ${\sim} 1\, {\rm M}_{\oplus }$ due to the shift in the dominant ejection process from planet–planet scattering to ejection through interactions with stars in circumbinary systems. We find that interactions with the central binary in close circumbinary systems are likely the dominant progenitor for FFPs more massive than Earth, leading to a steep power-law dependence in mass that agrees well with existing observations. In contrast, we find planet–planet scattering events in single and wide binary systems likely produce the majority of planets at Mars mass and below, resulting in a shallower power-law dependence. Our results suggest that existing extrapolations into the sub-terrestrial mass range may significantly overestimate the true FFP abundance. The features we predict in the mass distribution of FFPs will be detectable by upcoming space-based microlensing surveys and, if observed, will provide key insight into the origins of FFPs and the environments in which they form.

Coleman, Gavin A. L. (ORCID:0000000151118963)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magnetic evolution induced by freezing of Ag + fluctuations in an intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide

Here, we present a comprehensive study on the magnetic evolution processes in AgCrSe 2 using both neutron scattering and theoretical calculations. Additionally, the development of magnetic short-range correlation with decoupled interlayer interactions is confirmed between 55 and 200 K. Significant magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy around 0.1 meV of Cr 3+ is identified that mainly contributes to the robust existence of the in-plane magnetic correlations in the magnetic short-order regime. Furthermore, the indirect superexchange interactions through Cr-Se-Ag-Se-Cr path between the adjacent CrSe 6 octahedral layers is also demonstrated. In combination with the mutual coupling among multiple degrees of freedom (spin, phonon, lattice, and dipole), we reveal the key role of the freezing of Ag + fluctuations in preventing interlayer exchange interactions from decoupling.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

AMICE2 measurements of lab-generated and ambient aerosols at BNL from 2025-07-21 to 2025-08-22

From July 21 through August 22, 2025 the Absorption Measurement Inter-Comparison Experiment phase 2 (AMICE2) was conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The experiment included concurrent operation of several filter-based instruments and in situ instruments sampling from a common sample line. The common sample line provided all instruments with either lab-generated aerosols composed of external mixtures of nigrosin, cabojet, and ammonium sulfate, or with ambient aerosol drawn through an external stack. This data set contains measurements from the CAPS PMssa instrument taken as a reference instrument at 532 nm and against which the effectiveness of the filter corrections may be assessed. It also contains attenuation coefficients from all filter-based instruments and filter transmittances in order to permit correction for filter loading, and the SSA and COA to permit corrections for aerosol darkness. Finally, two sets of multiplicative corrections are provided for the AE-33, TAP, and MA-350 instruments: the first one, Corr1, corrects for filter amplification factor and loading, the second one, Corr2, corrects for the aerosol darkness in terms of the natural log of COA.

Aerosol Extinction↗
DOE OSTI2024

Energy Saving Estimation of ASHRAE Guideline 36 Supervisory Setpoint Reset Controls in a Commercial Large Office Building

Designing, commissioning, and retrofitting HVAC control systems for energy efficiency is crucial, but the use of ad-hoc control sequences by designers and contractors, based on scattered information, results in diverse and sub-optimal sequences. ASHRAE Guideline 36 (G36) addresses the challenge by providing standardized, rule-based HVAC control sequences that prioritize energy efficiency. However, there is limited evaluation of their energy performance at the building level, with only a few studies primarily focused on HVAC airside systems in small-to-medium-sized commercial buildings. In this study, the energy performance of ASHRAE Guideline 36 control sequences was assessed using a large office building emulator in Chicago. The emulator features a central plant system with multiple chillers and boilers as well as multiple variable air volume (VAV) systems with terminal reheat. To achieve a high-fidelity representation, we developed a Spawn-of-EnergyPlus-based model for the large office building, maintaining the DOE prototype large office building setup but substituting the HVAC system with its Modelica counterpart. This substitution ensures that the building thermal load, HVAC system's dynamics, and detailed control sequences are all accurately represented. The study involved evaluating and implementing control strategies outlined in ASHRAE Guideline 36-2021 to replace conventional controls. These strategies include the demand-based supply air temperature and duct static pressure setpoint reset and the request logic for demand-based reset of chilled/hot water supply temperature setpoints and pipe static pressure setpoints. Energy performance was evaluated under various load conditions, including cooling, heating, and transitional seasons, both for individual control strategies and in combination. The results indicate that the collective control strategies retrofit yield greater energy savings than the sum of individual strategies, highlighting the synergistic benefits of incorporating both airside and plant-side control retrofits. Additionally, energy savings of up to 41% in the heating season, 18% in the shoulder season, and 20 % in the cooling season were observed compared to baseline control while maintaining the thermal comfort level.

ASHRAE Guideline 36, Commercial buildings, Control↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating One Body and Two Body Interference In Neutrino Interactions with ACHILLES

Understanding neutrino-nucleus interactions is critical for conducting precise neutrino oscillation experiments, but uncertainties in neutrino-nucleus cross section measurements and our incomplete understanding of nuclear effects remain a significant challenge in neutrino physics. In this paper, we investigate contributions from the interference between one-body and two-body contributions to charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) neutrino scattering using the ACHILLES event generator. Simulations are performed using muon neutrino flux from Fermilab’s Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB). We observe the neutrino flux interacting with Argon nuclei as detected by the Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND), a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC). Although SBND has Argon, it’s also important for us to see how effects scale the number of nucleons, so we observed neutrino interactions with Carbon nuclei as well. We focus on one muon and one proton final states with no further cascade interactions. And, we analyze multiple experimental observables including outgoing kinematic variables, energy-momentum transfer variables, and Transverse Kinematic Imbalance (TKI) variables. Cross section ratios between Argon and Carbon are also studied in order to identify potential variables where nuclear effects scale differently. The ultimate goal is to reduce systematic uncertainties from Monte Carlo simulations when conducting oscillation experiments (like the upcoming DUNE experiment).

Serumaga, Peera [UC, San Diego; Fermilab]↗