Determination of heat-shield char-front recession with a nucleonic technique
Radionuclide method for determining Apollo heat shield char-front recession during reentry
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Radionuclide method for determining Apollo heat shield char-front recession during reentry
Time measurements of differential energy spectra and flux of primary helium nuclei by use of charged particle telescopes
IMP-III satellite measurement of galactic deuterium energy spectra near solar minimum
Resonance formulas for energy dependence of relativistic particle resonances
Telescopic measurements of primary energy spectra and abundances of He 3 and He 4 in galactic cosmic radiation
Solar modulation and time variation of differential energy spectrum and flux of primary helium nuclei in 30 to 90 mev/nucleon energy range
Chemical abundances and energy spectra of nuclei in galactic radiation measured in interplanetary space by OGO-I satellite
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Steel alloy pump tested in mercury corrosion loop to establish feasibility of design
Cosmic ray origin in high energy H and He isotropic abundances and energy spectra observed by IMP 4 satellite during solar quiet times
Solar modulation of low energy galactic cosmic ray protons, proposing diffusion-convection model with time dependent diffusion coefficient
Quiet time proton and alpha particle flux and differential energy spectra measured by cosmic ray detectors on OGO 3 satellite
Interplanetary space He 3 differential energy spectrum in 10-30 MeV range from IMP 4 satellite observations, noting solar contributions
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Explorer 47 satellite observations of carbon, oxygen, and heavier nuclei differential energy spectra below 8.5 MeV/nucleon are presented for solar quiet time periods. A dE/dx vs E method for particle identification and energy determination was used. The instrumentation telescope included an isobutane proportional counter, a surface barrier Si detector, and a cylindrical plastic scintillator anticoincidence shield. The observations were performed outside the bow-shock and in the ecliptic plane. Results show an anisotropy of about 25% at 22 degrees west of the sun with a C/O ratio of 0.5 supporting a solar origin. The low energy portions of the C and O spectra have steep negative slopes, and the corresponding power law is given. Peculiarities in the O spectrum are discussed.
Recently discovered anomalies in the abundances and energy spectra of quiet time, extraterrestrial hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen require serious revisions of origin theories to account for this new component of cosmic radiation. Abnormally large O/C and N/C ratios, long term intensity variations with time, and radial gradient measurements indicate a non-solar origin for these 2 to 30 MeV/nucleon particles. Ideas suggested to explain these measurements range from acceleration of galactic source material having an unusual composition to local acceleration of particles within the solar cavity. Observations are at present insufficient to choose between these alternate origin models.
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It is indicated that the observations with the high-resolution solid-state charged-particle telescopes of the IMP-5 and IMP-6 earth satellites have resolved all the hydrogen and helium isotopes of solar-flare origin in groups of solar flares during the period from September, 1969, through November, 1972. The values obtained for the average isotope ratios are given and are compared with previous values. It is concluded that the observed high yields of H(2), H(3) and He(3) can be explained only by high-energy nuclear interactions and that an acceleration process must have taken place in the chromosphere at that time.