COSMIC RAY OBSERVATIONS IN SPACE
Cosmic ray in space - galactic radiation - solar protons
COSMIC RADIATION↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Spaced-site observations of jupiter in 1963.
Combined observations of Jupiter investigating correlation between planet activity and geomagnetic activity, sunspot number, solar radiation and flares
PLANETARY RADIATION↗
Scientific basis of observations from space
Orbiting platforms and space probes used to obtain radio astronomy data from Jupiter
RADIO ASTRONOMY↗
Spaced-spectrograph observations of Jupiter's decametric emission.
Ionospheric effect on observation of Jupiter decametric radio bursts
Riihimaa, J. J.↗
Engineering models of the Venus atmosphere based on an interpretation of recent space vehicle observations of Venus.
Venusian atmosphere model developed from satellite and earth based radar data for environmental criteria in spacecraft design and mission planning
Schiffer, R. A.↗
Degradation by the atmosphere of microwave radiometric observations from space - 0.5 to 20 GHz, volume 2 Final report
Brightness temperatures and emissivities of sea water
Gaut, N. E.↗
Evidence for the existence of adiabatic energy loss in interplanetary space from observations of the decay of the February 25-March 2, 1969 series of solar cosmic ray events.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Lezniak, J. A.↗
Observing from space with the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory.
Description of the OAO-A2 satellite and of its use in carrying out stellar measurements. The OAO-A2 is an unmanned satellite which carries two experiments, one measuring individual stars and the other measuring star fields. The OAO-A2 has the ability to point anywhere in celestial space with an accuracy of one arc minute and thus gives rise to certain operational considerations not known with other satellites. A detailed description is given of the operations control center responsible for planning and directing the overall OAO mission. The mission planning cycle and mission operations are discussed. Techniques for recovery of stellar control after loss of the stellar reference provided by the star trackers are considered. Improvements in the OAO series incorporated in the OAO-C satellite are cited.
Osler, S. J.↗
The role of man in conducting earth resources observations from space
The experience gained from the Skylab Earth Resources Experiment Package indicates that future equipment should be designed to facilitate on-orbit maintenance. Man should also be used to achieve selective data gathering, thus reducing the total requirements for data handling and analysis. This should require onboard displays of selected sensor signals for real-time analysis.
Weitz, P. J.↗
Resource observations from space - Present and future
The paper deals with some advances which have been made in the field of space remote sensing of the earth's natural resources and in the application of space techniques to the improvement of resource management and better understanding of the physical and dynamic nature of the earth. The current status and planned developments in the management of renewable and nonrenewable resources are reviewed.
Thome, P. G.↗
Environmental observations from space present and future
Spaceborne systems for measuring and predicting environmental conditions have achieved a level of development that justifies a look at the total environmental system. There are common requirements in all the disciplines, and many of the same measurements are needed to satisfy various discipline needs. It is this factor - the commonality of needs and measurements - that will be used in our future missions. The needs and requirements in the future plan will be faced by combining mission and data requirements that may be satisfied from orbiting spacecraft. There are also similarities in information requirements, as a result of which there is a need for developing an integrated data/information system where information will be produced in a format that will be of immediate utility to the users.
Greenwood, L. R.↗
Thunderstorm and lightning observations from Space Shuttle
A 16 mm camera equipped with a photocell optical sensor and a two-channel tape recorder will be used by Shuttle astronauts to obtain information on thunderstorms and lightning from orbital altitude. The camera will provide photographs of the lightning at night and of the convective structure of the storms during the day. The photocell sensor, which is capable of detecting and recording lightning by day and by night, will give information on the frequency and characteristics of the lightning that is occurring.
Vaughan, O. H., Jr.↗
Space telescope observations of normal galaxies
Observations of the stellar content of galaxies are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the following two types of observation: (1) those objects near enough to observe individual stars; and (2) those so distant that only their integrated light can be observed.
Oemler, A., Jr.↗
Advanced techniques for future observations from space
Advanced remote sensing techniques for the study of global meteorology and the chemistry of the atmosphere are considered. Remote sensing from Spacelab/Shuttle and free-flying satellites will provide the platforms for instrumentation based on advanced technology. Several laser systems are being developed for the measurement of tropospheric winds and pressure, and trace species in the troposphere and stratosphere. In addition, a high-resolution passive infrared sensor shows promise for measuring temperature from sea level up through the stratosphere. Advanced optical and microwave instruments are being developed for wind measurements in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Microwave techniques are also useful for the study of meteorological parameters at the air-sea interface.
Hinkley, E. D.↗
New problems of cometary observations from space
The possibility of treating the comets as natural probes of the solar system presents one of the attractive sides of cometary astronomy. In connection with the plans to study comets from space, new aspects for comets as interplanetary probes are of interst. Possible meteor formation in cometary heads and the implication for space research are considered.
Dobrovolsky, O. V.↗
SCATHA observations of space plasma composition during a spacecraft charging event
During an Earth eclipse of the SCATHA spacecraft, the spacecraft charged to potentials greater than 1KV for about 30 minutes with extended excursions greater than 4KV. The composition of the hot plasma was obtained in the 0.1 to 32 keV energy range with an ion mass spectrometer aboard the spacecraft. Prior to the onset of the charging event, H(+) was the principal plasma ion, and during the event O(+) was the principal ion. The composition was energy dependent and varied significantly on a time scale of 4 minutes. An assumption that the ion flux was all H(+) led to computed number densities that were in error by more than a factor of two for several time intervals during the event.
Johnson, R. G.↗
Mapping urban land cover from space: Some observations for future progress
The multilevel classification system adopted by the USGS for operational mapping of land use and land cover at levels 1 and 2 is discussed and the successes and failures of mapping land cover from LANDSAT digital data are reviewed. Techniques used for image interpretation and their relationships to sensor parameters are examined. The requirements for mapping levels 2 and 3 classes are considered.
Gaydos, L.↗
Thunderstorm observations from Space Shuttle
Results of the Nighttime/Daytime Optical Survey of Lightning (NOSL) experiments done on the STS-2 and STS-4 flights are covered. During these two flights of the Space Shuttle Columbia, the astronaut teams of J. Engle and R. Truly, and K. Mattingly II and H. Hartsfield took motion pictures of thunderstorms with a 16 mm cine camera. Film taken during daylight showed interesting thunderstorm cloud formations, where individual frames taken tens of seconds apart, when viewed as stereo pairs, provided information on the three-dimensional structure of the cloud systems. Film taken at night showed clouds illuminated by lightning with discharges that propagated horizontally at speeds of up to 10 to the 5th m/sec and extended for distances on the order of 60 km or more.
Vonnegut, B.↗