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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2024

Geant4 Monte-Carlo (GEMC) A database-driven simulation program

GEMC[1] is an application that harnesses the power of databases to execute Geant4 Monte-Carlo simulations. The databases (MYSQL, CSQL, TEXT) define the geometry, materials, digitization algorithms, readout electronics and output formats. Implemented in C++, GEMC also boasts a user-friendly Python API that facilitates detector construction and database population. GEMC can handle real-life scenarios such as geometry variations and the run number-dependent calibration constants and digitization parameters. This abstract provides an overview of GEMC, accompanied by examples that showcase its versatility. We delve into the practical application of GEMC within the the CLAS12 experimental program at Jefferson Lab.

Ungaro, Maurizio↗

DOE OSTI2025

Unlocking load growth at the grid edge: Practices for managing, recovering, and allocating distribution system investments

Utilities and utility regulators are preparing to make significant investments in the electricity distribution system driven by expected load growth in coming years and decades. Regulators will be tasked with vetting investment proposals and implementing cost recovery and allocation mechanisms. In particular, state regulators are anticipating the need to make proactive distribution system investments, building the capability to serve new load in advance of demand. This report focuses on load growth from homes and businesses that adopt electric vehicles and heat pump heating technologies. Through a review of legislation and regulatory dockets in a subset of states, we provide insights into emerging utility and regulatory practices to recover and allocate costs of electrification-driven distribution system investments necessary to accommodate these technologies. Our review focused on utility electrification programs, line extension policies, and proactive investments. Our report is largely descriptive, offering detailed information about approaches different state commissions and utilities have implemented to inform future decision-making.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2026

Genesis Data Card Schema, Template and Supporting Tools

Genesis Data Cards provide a standardized template and schema for documenting scientific datasets in support of discovery, access, interoperability, reusability, governed use, and AI usability. This release of the Genesis Data Card repository includes a versioned Markdown template, a LinkML schema with generated Pydantic and JSON artifacts, schema documentation, and example completed data cards. Validation tooling is provided to ensure that completed data cards conform to the schema prior to submission. Accompanying documentation for the structured metadata is provided as a Field Reference Guide. The schema and accompanying template provided in this repository address the call for actionable context that enables humans and AI systems to find, access, interpret, cite, and reuse data, and, when appropriate, integrate it into AI and machine learning workflows. The data card is intended to serve as a common metadata artifact intended to support standardized, cross-program dataset documentation across Department of Energy (DOE)-aligned efforts, including but not limited to Genesis Mission-related implementations, the Office of Science, National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) data governance and stewardship initiatives.

data card↗

DOE OSTI2024

CI/CD Efforts for Validation, Verification and Benchmarking OpenMP Implementations

Software developers must adapt to keep up with the changing capabilities of platforms so that they can utilize the power of High-Performance Computers (HPC), including exascale systems. OpenMP, a directive-based parallel programming model, allows developers to include directives to existing C, C++, or Fortran code to allow node level parallelism without compromising performance. This paper describes our CI/CD efforts to provide easy evaluation of the support of OpenMP across different compilers using existing testsuites and benchmark suites on HPC platforms. Our main contributions include (1) the set of a Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Development (CD) workflow that captures bugs and provides faster feedback to compiler developers, (2) an evaluation of OpenMP (offloading) implementations supported by AMD, HPE, GNU, LLVM, and Intel, and (3) evaluation of the quality of compilers across different heterogeneous HPC platforms. With the comprehensive testing through the CI/CD workflow, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of OpenMP (offloading) support in different compilers and heterogeneous platforms consisting of CPUs and GPUs from NVIDIA, AMD, and Intel.

Jarmusch, Aaron↗

DOE OSTI2025

Benders Decomposition Using Graph Modeling and Multi-Parametric Programming

Benders decomposition is a widely used method for solving large and structured optimization problems, but its performance is affected by the repeated solution of subproblems. We propose a flexible and modular algorithmic framework for accelerating Benders decomposition. Specifically, we express the problem structure by using a graph-theoretic modeling abstraction in which nodes represent optimization subproblems and edges represent connectivity between subproblems. A key innovation of our approach is that we embed multiparametric programming (mp) surrogates for node subproblems, which maps the exact analytical map of the subproblem solution space. The use of mp surrogates allows us to replace subproblem solves with fast look-ups and function evaluations for primal and dual variables during the iterative Benders process. We formally show the equivalence between classical Benders cuts and those derived from the mp solution. We implement our framework in the open-source PlasmoBenders.jl software package. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed framework, we apply it to a two-stage stochastic programming problem, which aims to make optimal capacity expansion decisions under market uncertainty. We evaluate both single-cut and multicut variants of Benders decomposition and show that the use of mp surrogates achieves substantial speedups in subproblem solve time, while preserving the convergence guarantees of Benders decomposition. We highlight advantages in solution analysis and interpretability that is enabled by mp critical region tracking; specifically, we show that these reveal how decisions evolve geometrically across the Benders search. Our results aim to demonstrate that combining surrogate modeling with graph modeling offers a promising and extensible foundation for structure-exploiting decomposition. In addition, by decomposing the problem into more tractable subproblems, the proposed approach also aims to overcome scalability issues of mp. Finally, the use of mp surrogates provides a unifying and modular optimization framework that enables the representation of heterogeneous node subproblems as modeling objects with a homogeneous structure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Alternatives to NIST Cf-252 Iirradiations for Transfer Calibration of S-32 Neutron Monitors

Gas-flow proportional counting systems are used by the Radiation Metrology Laboratory (RML) at Sandia National Laboratories for reactor fluence monitoring with the 32 S(n,p) 32 P reaction. Calibration of these systems has traditionally been accomplished by fluence-transfer irradiations at the NIST 252 Cf facility. Such calibrations have become increasingly difficult as the NIST 252 Cf source decayed to unusable levels. To minimize the risk to the testing programs from an inability to properly calibrate these systems, the RML has developed two alternative calibration techniques: 1) development and implementation of certified 32 P sources for activity calibrations and subsequent calculation of neutron fluence, and 2) direct counting of non-certified reactor-irradiated sulfur pellets by liquid scintillation counting to determine 32 P activity for the subsequent calibration of gas-flow proportional counters. Preliminary comparisons show that the several calibration methods are capable of overall uncertainties within about 5 percent.

Vehar, David W.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Apomixis in Farmers’ Fields: Overview, Case Studies from Forage Grasses and Considerations for Future Apomictic Crops

Apomixis occurs naturally in several commercially important species from diverse plant families. While in some of these species apomixis is yet to be exploited in breeding schemes aimed at fixing heterosis, genetic progress and cultivar development, in other species apomixis has been integrated at different stages of breeding. Some of the most relevant examples come from the subfamily Panicoideae, the second largest subfamily of the Poaceae, and are the main focus of this review. The subfamily encompasses many tropical and sub-tropical grasses and grains of worldwide economic importance. Apomictic tropical forages are prime examples of how apomixis can be used and exploited in the development of marketable cultivars, which are essential to the meat and milk production industries globally. The main commercial forages used as grass pastures covering millions of hectares in tropical and sub-tropical regions are polyploids exhibiting gametophytic apomixis that belong to the genus Urochloa spp. (brachiariagrasses) and to the species Megathyrsus maximus (guineagrass). Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and Paspalum spp. are other important apomictic forages bred and used in these regions. Breeding involves large germplasm collections from the centers of origin of the species, and for most of them, sexually reproducing diploid plants have been found. Chromosomically duplicated plants that maintain sexual reproduction are used in crosses with apomictic genotypes for the development and selection of cultivars to be marketed or used as progenitors in subsequent breeding cycles. The peculiarities of each genus/species breeding programs, the cultivars obtained from these programs, and the impact of use of marker assisted selection in cultivar development are presented. In addition, the test or implementation of new technologies such as high throughput phenotyping, and the use of machine learning methods for trait prediction and genomic selection are positively impacting the selection and speed of development of new polyploid apomictic cultivars. Furthermore, genetic transformation techniques, including genome editing, provide an additional layer for design of tailor-made, customer-oriented cultivars.

Cenchrus↗

DOE OSTI2024

Matilda v1.0: An R package for probabilistic climate projections using a reduced complexity climate model

A primary advantage to using reduced complexity climate models (RCMs) has been their ability to quickly conduct probabilistic climate projections, a key component of uncertainty quantification in many impact studies and multisector systems. Providing frameworks for such analyses has been a target of several RCMs used in studies of the future co-evolution of the human and Earth systems. In this paper, we present Matilda, an open-science R software package that facilitates probabilistic climate projection analysis, implemented here using the Hector simple climate model in a seamless and easily applied framework. The primary goal of Matilda is to provide the user with a turn-key method to build parameter sets from literature-based prior distributions, run Hector iteratively to produce perturbed parameter ensembles (PPEs), weight ensembles for realism against observed historical climate data, and compute probabilistic projections for different climate variables. This workflow gives the user the ability to explore viable parameter space and propagate uncertainty to model ensembles with just a few lines of code. The package provides significant freedom to select different scoring criteria and algorithms to weight ensemble members, as well as the flexibility to implement custom criteria. Additionally, the architecture of the package simplifies the process of building and analyzing PPEs without requiring significant programming expertise, to accommodate diverse use cases. We present a case study that provides illustrative results of a probabilistic analysis of mean global surface temperature as an example of the software application.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Towards the First High-Q Treatments for the FCC 800 MHz 5-Cell Elliptical Cavities

Development towards the various realizations of the FCC machine requires optimization of sub-GHz elliptical cavities for high-gradient and high-Q operation, both in pulsed and CW mode, for application in the booster and collider portions. Previous development work validated the proposed 800 MHz 5-cell elliptical RF design, showing reasonable performance after EP treatment. However, the stringent high-Q (3.8e+10) and high-gradient (24 MV/m) goals of the FCC machine cavities will require further development, relying on advanced surface processing techniques developed at 1.3 GHz, such as medium-temperature furnace baking. We describe the development and preparation of 1- and 5- cell 800 MHz cavities for the high-Q program. In parallel, we discuss the design progress and strategies for integrating the 800 MHz cavities into cryomodules to be implemented in both the booster and collider rings.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Data Center Cybersecurity, Supply Chain Risk Management, and Emerging Regulation Cohort Summary: Takeaways and Action Plans

This report summarizes the outcomes of the Data Center Cohort under the Department of Energy’s Technical Assistance for Digital Assurance (TADA) initiative, aimed at enhancing grid resilience through cybersecurity, supply chain risk management (SCRM), and Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE). The cohort engaged 17 organizations across utilities, data center operators, vendors, and technology providers in three sessions combining presentations, discussions, and exercises. Key topics included AI-driven load behavior, cybersecurity vulnerabilities in UPS/BESS and cooling systems, governance gaps at utility–data center boundaries, and supply chain integrity. Five cross-cutting themes emerged: interconnection architecture vulnerabilities, fragmented governance, AI-driven stability risks, lack of regulatory frameworks, and long-term supply chain concerns. Actionable recommendations were developed, including implementing DMZ segmentation, formalizing vendor access agreements, designing AI workload limits, and advancing standards through NERC and state-level programs. These strategies aim to strengthen resilience, clarify responsibilities, and ensure secure integration of data centers into the grid.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Fuels Campaign: Strategic Vision

The Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC) is dedicated to propelling the United States to the forefront of nuclear fuel technology through a comprehensive strategic vision. The vision is structured around five key goals: driving U.S. leadership in nuclear fuel technology, expanding nuclear energy production from the existing fleet, completing the qualification basis for advanced reactor fuel technology, driving innovation in advanced nuclear fuel technology, and enabling a high-performing organization. By focusing on these goals, AFC aims to define and implement cutting-edge nuclear fuel technologies, support industry advancements, achieve critical fuel qualifications, foster innovative research, and ensure effective program management and stakeholder engagement. This strategic approach will solidify the United States’ position as a global leader in nuclear energy and fuel technology, while also preparing for the future of environmentally friendly and reliable nuclear power.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Fuels Campaign: Strategic Vision

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Cybersecurity Standards for Distributed Energy Resources: Gaps and Harmonization Strategy

This report examines cybersecurity standards for Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in light of their rapid growth and increasing integration into energy systems. It identifies critical gaps in existing frameworks, including inadequate coverage of DER-specific challenges, complexities in implementing comprehensive standards, integration issues with legacy systems, adoption hurdles for newer standards, and a lack of harmonization across regulatory landscapes. The analysis highlights vulnerabilities such as data integrity risks, unauthorized device control, and denial-of-service attacks across various DER technologies like solar PV, wind turbines, energy storage systems, and hydrogen fuel cells. The report proposes a harmonization strategy to address these deficiencies by developing unified cybersecurity requirements, certification programs, and training resources while fostering collaboration among stakeholders such as government agencies, industry groups, DER operators, manufacturers, and research institutions. A phased roadmap is outlined to refine and implement these measures through pilot testing and widespread adoption. Ultimately, the report underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts to enhance DER cybersecurity and ensure the reliable operation of future energy systems.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Implementation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Waste Tank Closure in the Savannah River Site

Savannah River Site is a restricted airspace • Required to have NNSA-SRFO approved “flight program” to procure and operate UAS on site • SRMC UAS Program is restricted to indoor flights only (i.e. not within FAA governed airspace).

Murphy, Lucas D.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds: DOE Experiences and Lessons Learned

From the mid-1980s to the present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has developed, tested, and deployed diverse bioremediation strategies for chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs). A systematic review of these projects after decades of activity provides an opportunity to identify crosscutting themes and lessons learned. The knowledge provided by a DOE bioremediation retrospective represents a resource to support current and future bioremediation operations, and future decisions related to cVOC bioremediation. This systematic review examined the design, objectives, performance and outcomes for remediation projects at DOE sites including Savannah River, Hanford, Idaho, Mound and Pinellas. The results were used to identify emergent themes to provide actionable insights. The bioremediation retrospective technical team first developed standardized criteria to support the systematic review. Then, the evaluation was performed using a sequential process that was informed by local technical experts who identified and provided the structured information that served as the basis for the evaluation. The participation of these experts was invaluable to the effort. Importantly, DOE cVOC bioremediation efforts were implemented based on the foundational knowledge developed by U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) strategic and applied environmental technology development and certification programs, as well as technical, policy and regulatory guidance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), industry, and universities. To maximize the value of the DOE cVOC bioremediation retrospective, the systematic review strategy focused on identifying important DOE-specific experiences, trends and lessons learned that would extend the knowledge available from these other key entities.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2026

Sample Preparation Laboratory (SPL) Best Practices: CGD as the Primary Acceptance Method

The traditional paradigm applied to the construction of nuclear safety related systems, structures, and components (SSCs), like SPL, involves an owner/licensee hiring an EPC firm with an NQA 1 program to manage the engineering, procurement, and construction of the desired SSC. This traditional approach would have posed significant barriers to the successful completion of the SPL. As a smaller capital project, in the $\$$100–$\$$200 million range, there was concern that employing one of the larger EPC companies would escalate costs and extend the projected schedule beyond what would be feasible for the Department of Energy (DOE). The traditional acceptance method employed for nuclear facilities with credited safety functions requires the use of an EPC firm applying American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) NQA 1 nuclear quality assurance (NQA) to accept safety SSCs. In lieu of this approach, INL elected to apply its own NQA 1 program to hire an EPC firm operating a commercial quality program. This method used commercial grade dedication (CGD) as outlined in NQA 1 which had not been applied at this scale. Use of the commercial supply chain was identified as a key factor to the successful completion of SPL. Favorable conditions enabling the use of CGD included: • INL serving as both the designer and the design authority • Design created by an NQA 1 qualified source • A mature CGD program • Availability of a CGD subject matter expert (SME) • A strong construction management program. This white paper elaborates on the methodology employed in the construction of the SPL, the successes achieved, and best practices implemented.

42 - ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2026

A Simulator for Neyer Tests of Explosives

Explosives and explosive devices such as detonators are typically tested by applying a range of stimuli such as voltage or mechanical shock, and recording binary “detonated/did not detonate” responses. These are analyzed using maximum likelihood or generalized linear models to provide estimates of quantities such as the all-fire and no-fire points. Given that the true threshold for detonation is unknown a priori , sequential design methods are typically used to optimize the set of test points. One popular method, implemented in commercial software, is Neyer’s algorithm. To support simulation and experimental design, we have developed code in the R programming language to duplicate the functions of the Neyer software. We provide code for the simulator along with a description and examples of usage.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Transactive Energy Practices Survey

For nearly two decades, the idea of using market-based approaches in field deployments that coordinate the flexible operation of electricity customer assets has occupied the efforts of transactive energy practitioners. While the purported benefits of this distributed decision-making approach encourage transactive energy designs have been well explored, the practical aspects of implementing such a system to address real-world problems are just beginning to emerge. This report surveyed 24 field-deployed programs and interviewed experts instrumental in these deployments. The results of the survey and interviews reveal the diversity of designs and applications. They highlight the technical promise of the approaches as well as challenges with system integration, sustainable business strategy, and regulatory policy obstacles. Insights from the survey offer considerations to direct future effort and investment.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗