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At least 253 records · Page 14

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NASA NTRS1990

The rotating spectrometer: New biotechnology for cell separations

An instrument for biochemical studies, called the rotating spectrometer, separates previously inseparable cell cultures. The rotating spectrometer is intended for use in pharmacological studies which require fractional splitting of heterogeneous cell cultures based on cell morphology and swimming behavior. As a method to separate and concentrate cells in free solution, the rotating method requires active organism participation and can effectively split the large class of organisms known to form spontaneous patterns. Examples include the biochemical star, an organism called Tetrahymena pyriformis. Following focusing in a rotated frame, the separation is accomplished using different radial dependencies of concentrated algal and protozoan species. The focusing itself appears as concentric rings and arises from the coupling between swimming direction and Coriolis forces. A dense cut is taken at varying radii and extraction is replenished at an inlet. Unlike standard separation and concentrating techniques such as filtration or centrifugation, the instrument is able to separate motile from immotile fractions. For a single pass, typical split efficiencies can reach 200 to 300 percent compared to the inlet concentration.

Noever, David A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

The rotating spectrometer: Biotechnology for cell separations

An instrument for biochemical studies, called the rotating spectrometer, separates previously inseparable cell cultures. The rotating spectrometer is intended for use in pharmacological studies which require fractional splitting of heterogeneous cell cultures based on cell morphology and swimming behavior. As a method to separate and concentrate cells in free solution, the rotating method requires active organism participation and can effectively split the large class of organisms known to form spontaneous patterns. Examples include the biochemical star, an organism called Tetrahymena pyriformis. Following focusing in a rotating frame, the separation is accomplished using different radial dependencies of concentrated algal and protozoan species. The focusing itself appears as concentric rings and arises from the coupling between swimming direction and Coriolis forces. A dense cut is taken at varying radii, and extraction is replenished at an inlet. Unlike standard separation and concentrating techniques such as filtration or centrifugation, the instrument is able to separate motile from immotile fractions. For a single pass, typical split efficiencies can reach 200 to 300 percent compared to the inlet concentration.

Noever, David A.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Recent progress in numerical techniques for flow simulation

Recent developments in the use of numerical methods for fluid flow simulation show an increasing tendency to use numerical operators that can, in various ways, be factored. Use of methods having this property often increases the accuracy and efficiency of computer codes. Tracing the factorization property provides a unity to the basic concepts involved in the development of cyclic reduction, predictor-corrector, splitting, fast Fourier transform, and pseudospectral methods.-

Lomax, H.↗

NASA NTRS1985

On spectral multigrid methods for the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations

A splitting scheme is proposed for the numerical solution of the time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by spectral methods. A staggered grid is used for the pressure, improved intermediate boundary conditions are employed in the split step for the velocity, and spectral multigrid techniques are used for the solution of the implicit equations.

Zang, T. A.↗

NASA NTRS1986

On spectral multigrid methods for the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations

Zang, T. A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Numerical methods for one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equations arising in combustion theory

A review of numerical methods for one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equations arising in combustion theory is presented. The methods reviewed include explicit, implicit, quasi-linearization, time linearization, operator-splitting, random walk and finite-element techniques and methods of lines. Adaptive and nonadaptive procedures are also reviewed. These techniques are applied first to solve two model problems which have exact traveling wave solutions with which the numerical results can be compared. This comparison is performed in terms of both the wave profile and computed wave speed. It is shown that the computed wave speed is not a good indicator of the accuracy of a particular method. A fourth-order time-linearized, Hermitian compact operator technique is found to be the most accurate method for a variety of time and space sizes.

Ramos, J. I.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Implicit solution methods in computational fluid dynamics

A class of implicit finite difference schemes of the Beam and Warming approximate factorization type will be addressed. The development and analysis of various aspects of this class of schemes will be given along with the motivations behind many of the choices. Various acceleration and efficiency modifications such as matrix reduction, diagonalization and flux split schemes will be presented. The methods are demonstrated in fully vectorized codes for a CRAY type architecture. The emphasis will be on the Euler equations in generalized coordinates.

Pulliam, Thomas H.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Numerical solution of the two-dimensional Euler equations by second-order upwind difference schemes

Two time-level, five-point explicit and implicit upwind difference schemes based on the characteristic flux difference splitting concept have been developed for the two-dimensional Euler equations. The method is conservative, second-order accurate in time and space, and general coordinate systems are used to treat complex geometries. Nonlinear flux limiters are employed to yield oscillation free sharp shock profiles. Upstream interpolation is used to yield a class of higher-order upwind schemes which closely mimic the locally one-dimensional method of characteristics (with fixed time intervals) through operator splitting. Numerical results have been obtained for a plane shock reflection and for flow over a circular arc in a channel. Characteristics of upwind TVD schemes, as applied to two-dimensional flows with embedded shocks are discussed.

Yang, J. Y.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Accuracy and stability of time-split finite-difference schemes

In a recently published work by Abarbanel and Gottlieb (1980), a new class of explicit time-split algorithms designed for application to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations was developed. These algorithms, which utilize locally-one-dimensional (LOD) spatial steps, were shown to possess stability characteristics superior to those of other time-split schemes. In the present work, the properties of an implicit LOD method, analogous to the Abarbanel-Gottlieb algorithm, are examined using the two-dimensional heat conduction equation as the test problem. Both temporal and spatial inconsistencies inherent in the scheme are identified, and a new consistent, implicit splitting approach is developed and applied to the linear Burgers' equation. The relationship between this new method and other time-split implicit schemes is explained and stability problems encountered with the method in three dimensions are discussed.

Dwoyer, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Unbalanced and Minimal Point Equivalent Estimation Second-Order Split-Plot Designs

Restricting the randomization of hard-to-change factors in industrial experiments is often performed by employing a split-plot design structure. From an economic perspective, these designs minimize the experimental cost by reducing the number of resets of the hard-to- change factors. In this paper, unbalanced designs are considered for cases where the subplots are relatively expensive and the experimental apparatus accommodates an unequal number of runs per whole-plot. We provide construction methods for unbalanced second-order split- plot designs that possess the equivalence estimation optimality property, providing best linear unbiased estimates of the parameters; independent of the variance components. Unbalanced versions of the central composite and Box-Behnken designs are developed. For cases where the subplot cost approaches the whole-plot cost, minimal point designs are proposed and illustrated with a split-plot Notz design.

Parker, Peter A.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Split-Step Simulations of Sonic Boom Propagation Beyond the Lateral Cutoff in a Turbulent Atmosphere

Recent flight tests during the Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) study reported sonic booms heard outside of the primary carpet region. In the absence of turbulence, the lateral cutoff region separates the primary sonic boom carpet from the shadow zone, where the sonic boom signal experiences significant attenuation. However, when turbulence is present in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), additional scattering of the sonic boom to the shadow zone region occurs. A method is presented for simulating sonic boom propagation in a turbulent atmospheric boundary layer beyond the lateral cutoff region into the shadow zone. A split-step method is used to integrate a partially one-way equation for the acoustic pressure. Inhomogeneous turbulence, representative of the ABL, is generated in the computational domain with a Fourier synthesis approach. Distributions of several loudness metrics in the shadow zone region for a sonic boom N-wave and a shaped boom are examined. Increasing both turbulence root-mean-square velocity and integral length scale are found to increase the average loudness of booms in the shadow zone. (This research is supported by the Commercial Supersonic Technology Project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC19K1685.)

sonic boom↗

NASA NTRS2002

A quasi-static method for determining the characteristics of a motion capture camera system in a "split-volume" configuration

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy, repeatability and resolution of a six-camera Motion Analysis system in a vertical split-volume configuration using a unique quasi-static methodology. The position of a reflective marker was recorded while it was moved quasi-statically over a range of 2.54 mm (0.100 inches) via a linearly-translating table. The table was placed at five different heights to cover both sub-volumes and the overlapping region. Data analysis showed that accuracy, repeatability and resolution values were consistent across all regions of the split-volume, including the overlapping section.

NASA Center JSC↗

NASA NTRS2001

A Quasi-Static Method for Determining the Characteristics of a Motion Capture Camera System in a "Split-Volume" Configuration

To confidently report any data collected from a video-based motion capture system, its functional characteristics must be determined, namely accuracy, repeatability and resolution. Many researchers have examined these characteristics with motion capture systems, but they used only two cameras, positioned 90 degrees to each other. Everaert used 4 cameras, but all were aligned along major axes (two in x, one in y and z). Richards compared the characteristics of different commercially available systems set-up in practical configurations, but all cameras viewed a single calibration volume. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy, repeatability and resolution of a 6-camera Motion Analysis system in a split-volume configuration using a quasistatic methodology.

Miller, Chris↗

NASA NTRS1973

In-orbit performance of the ITOS improved attitude control system with Hall generator brushless motor and earth-splitting technique

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), launched ITOS-D with an improved attitude control system. A Hall generator brushless dc torque motor replaced the brush dc torque motor on Tiros-M and ITOS-A. Two CO2 attitude horizon sensors and one mirror replaced the four wideband horizon sensors and two mirrors on ITOS-1 and NOAA-1. Redundant pitch-control electronic boxes containing additional electronic circuitry for earth-splitting and brushless motor electronics were used. A method of generating a spacecraft earth-facing side reference for comparison to the time occurrence of the earth-splitting pulse was used to automatically correct pitch-attitude error. A single rotating flywheel, supported by a single bearing, provided gyroscopic stability and the required momentum interchange to keep one side of the satellite facing the earth. Magnetic torquing against the earth's magnetic field eliminated the requirement for expendable propellants which would limit satellite life in orbit.

Peacock, W. M.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Applications of partial orderings to the study of positive definiteness, monotonicity, and convergence of iterative methods for linear systems.

Most of the known results concerning convergence of iterative methods for solving linear systems involve either positive definiteness or monotonicity. In this paper a new concept, called K-semipositivity, is introduced, which provides a link between convergence theory, monotonicity, and positive definiteness. By using this concept, together with partial orderings in Euclidean n-space, several new convergence theorems are proved. Application to Jacobi's methods and the theory of regular splittings shows the usefulness of these new results.

Vandergraft, J. S.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Adaptive grid embedding for the two-dimensional flux-split Euler equations

A numerical algorithm is presented for solving the 2-D flux-split Euler equations using a multigrid method with adaptive grid embedding. The method uses an unstructured data set along with a system of pointers for communication on the irregularly shaped grid topologies. An explicit two-stage time advancement scheme is implemented. A multigrid algorithm is used to provide grid level communication and to accelerate the convergence of the solution to steady state. Results are presented for a subcritical airfoil and a transonic airfoil with 3 levels of adaptation. Comparisons are made with a structured upwind Euler code which uses the same flux integration techniques of the present algorithm. Good agreement is obtained with converged surface pressure coefficients. The lift coefficients of the adaptive code are within 2 1/2 percent of the structured code for the sub-critical case and within 4 1/2 percent of the structured code for the transonic case using approximately one-third the number of grid points.

Warren, Gary Patrick↗

NASA NTRS1990

Adaptive grid embedding for the two-dimensional Euler equations

A numerical algorithm is presented for solving the two-dimensional flux-split Euler equations using a multigrid method with adaptive grid embedding. The method uses an unstructured data set along with a system of pointers for communication on the irregularly shaped grid topologies. An explicit two-stage time advancement scheme is implemented. A multigrid algorithm is used to provide grid level communication and to accelerate the convergence of the solution to steady state. Results are presented for an NACA 0012 airfoil in a freestream with Mach numbers of 0.95 and 1.054. Excellent resolution of the shock structures is obtained with the adaptive grid embedding method with significantly fewer grid points than the comparable structured grid.

Warren, Gary P.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Three-dimensional shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions with bleed through a circular hole

Computations were performed to study three-dimensional (3-D), shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions on a flat plate in which fluid in the boundary layer was bled through a circular hole into a plenum to control shock-wave induced separation. Results are presented which show the details of the 3-D flowfield about the bleed hole and how bleed-hole placement relative to shock-wave impingement affect upstream, spanwise, and downstream influence lengths. This study revealed an underlying mechanisms by which bleed holes can affect shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions. This investigation is based on the ensemble-averaged, "full-compressible" Navier-Stokes equations closed by the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. Solutions to these equations were obtained by an implicit finite-volume method based on the partially-split, two-factored algorithm of Steger.

Rimlinger, M. J.↗