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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14

Composite materials for rail transit systems

The potential is explored for using composite materials in urban mass transit systems. The emphasis was to identify specific advantages of composite materials in order to determine their actual and potential usage for carbody and guideway structure applications. The literature was reviewed, contacts were made with major domestic system operators, designers, and builders, and an analysis was made of potential composite application to railcar construction. Composites were found to be in use throughout the transit industry, usually in secondary or auxiliary applications such as car interior and nonstructural exterior panels. More recently, considerable activity has been initiated in the area of using composites in the load bearing elements of civil engineering structures such as highway bridges. It is believed that new and improved manufacturing refinements in pultrusion and filament winding will permit the production of beam sections which can be used in guideway structures. The inherent corrosion resistance and low maintenance characteristics of composites should result in lowered maintenance costs over a prolonged life of the structure.

Griffin, O. Hayden, Jr.↗

Microlith-based Structured Sorbent for Carbon Dioxide, Humidity, and Trace Contaminant Control in Manned Space Habitats

To support continued manned space exploration, the development of atmosphere revitalization systems that are lightweight, compact, durable, and power efficient is a key challenge. The systems should be adaptable for use in a variety of habitats and should offer operational functionality to either expel removed constituents or capture them for closedloop recovery. As mission durations increase and exploration goals reach beyond low earth orbit, the need for regenerable adsorption processes for continuous removal of CO2 and trace contaminants from cabin air becomes critical. Precision Combustion, Inc. (PCI) and NASA Marshall (MSFC) have been developing an Engineered Structured Sorbents (ESS) approach based on PCI s patented Microlith technology to meet the requirements of future, extended human spaceflight explorations. This technology offers the inherent performance and safety attributes of zeolite and other sorbents with greater structural integrity, regenerability, and process control, thereby providing potential durability and efficiency improvements over current state-of-the-art systems. The major advantages of the ESS explored in this study are realized through the use of metal substrates to provide structural integrity (i.e., less partition of sorbents) and enhanced thermal control during the sorption process. The Microlith technology also offers a unique internal resistive heating capability that shows potential for short regeneration time and reduced power requirement compared to conventional systems. This paper presents the design, development, and performance results of the integrated adsorber modules for removing CO2, water vapor, and trace chemical contaminants. A related effort that utilizes the adsorber modules for sorption of toxic industrial chemicals is also discussed. Finally, the development of a 4-person two-leg ESS system for continuous CO2 removal is also presented.

Junaedi, Christian↗

NASA Glenn/AADC Collaboration Optimized Erosion Coatings for Inlet Guide Vanes

There is a need for lightweight, durable materials and structures to reduce the weight of propulsion systems. Polymer matrix composites (PMC's) are promising materials for aerospace applications because of their high strength-to-weight ratio relative to metals. Unfortunately, they are limited to applications where they are not exposed to hightemperature oxidizing atmospheres and/or particulates from ingested air. This is because oxidation and erosion occur on the surface, leading to weight loss, nodulation, and/or cracking on the surface, and a consequent decline of mechanical properties over time. Although prior research has shown that oxidation can be slowed when metallic or ceramic coatings are applied onto PMC's, there remains a need for erosion-resistant coatings that protect PMC's from high-velocity particulates in the engine flow path. These erosionresistant coatings could extend the life of polymer composites. Polymer composites are heavily damaged without an erosion-resistant coating because they are not as hard as metallic engine structures. The effectiveness and life of the coatings depends on their inherent properties as well as on the interaction between the coating and the PMC. Since polymers, in general, have high thermal expansion coefficients in comparison to metals and ceramics, failure of the coatings often occurs at this interface. The objective of this research is to develop strategies to improve this interface and tailor overlays for erosion resistance. The bondcoat, which was developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center, is composed of zinc blended with polyimides to improve the compatibility between the PMC and the overlay material. Initial coating trials at AADC produced vanes that had poor bonding between the overlay and bondcoats. Subsequently, Glenn successfully demonstrated that high-quality plasma-sprayed erosion coating systems could be applied to these guide vanes. Inlet guide vanes from AE 3007 engines fiber composites were coated using a coating system composed of a bondcoat and a hard topcoat. Optimization of the plasma spray process has led to plans for future erosion testing in gas turbine engine environments.

Sutter, James K.↗

Space Launch System Vibration Analysis Support

The ultimate goal for my efforts during this internship was to help prepare for the Space Launch System (SLS) integrated modal test (IMT) with Rodney Rocha. In 2018, the Structural Engineering Loads and Dynamics Team will have 10 days to perform the IMT on the SLS Integrated Launch Vehicle. After that 10 day period, we will have about two months to analyze the test data and determine whether the integrated vehicle modes/frequencies are adequate for launching the vehicle. Because of the time constraints, NASA must have newly developed post-test analysis methods proven well and with technical confidence before testing. NASA civil servants along with help from rotational interns are working with novel techniques developed and applied external to Johnson Space Center (JSC) to uncover issues in applying this technique to much larger scales than ever before. We intend to use modal decoupling methods to separate the entangled vibrations coming from the SLS and its support structure during the IMT. This new approach is still under development. The primary goal of my internship was to learn the basics of structural dynamics and physical vibrations. I was able to accomplish this by working on two experimental test set ups, the Simple Beam and TAURUS-T, and by doing some light analytical and post-processing work. Within the Simple Beam project, my role involves changing the data acquisition system, reconfiguration of the test set up, transducer calibration, data collection, data file recovery, and post-processing analysis. Within the TAURUS-T project, my duties included cataloging and removing the 30+ triaxial accelerometers, coordinating the removal of the structure from the current rolling cart to a sturdy billet for further testing, preparing the accelerometers for remounting, accurately calibrating, mounting, and mapping of all accelerometer channels, and some testing. Hammer and shaker tests will be performed to easily visualize mode shapes at low frequencies. Short analytical projects using MATLAB were also assigned to aid in research efforts. These included integration of acceleration data for comparison to measured displacement data. Laplace and Fourier transforms were also investigated to determine viability as a method of modal decoupling. In addition to these projects, I was also able contribute work that would benefit future interns and the division as a whole. I gave a short presentation and answered questions to aid in the recruitment of subsequent interns and co-ops for the division. I also assisted in revisions and additions to Intern/Co-Op Handbook to provide incoming employees with background information on the organization they are about to work for. I further developed tutorial on Pulse software, which was used for data acquisition for both experiments and will be helpful to interns and engineers that may be unfamiliar to the software. I gained a diverse range of experience throughout my internship. I was introduced to advanced dynamics and analytical techniques. This was through new experience with both hands on experimentation and analytical post processing methods. I was exposed to the benefits of interdepartmental collaboration and developed stronger skills in time management by coordinating two different tests at once. This internship provided an excellent opportunity to see how engineering theories applied to real life scenarios, and an introduction to how NASA/JSC solves technical problems.

Johnson, Katie↗

Impact Simulation of Composite Panels for Aerospace Applications

The aerospace research community has been working towards the development of a comprehensive framework for the design of composite structures at the component, subassembly, assembly, and system levels. Such a framework requires accurate, efficient and easy-to-use mathematical and computational models that are in sync with physical reality. The research work in this paper is designed to help an aerospace structural engineer move towards this goal by simulating dynamic impact to composite panels. First, the existing orthotropic visco-elastic visco-plastic material model in LS-DYNA commercial finite element program, MAT_COMPOSITE_TABULATED_PLASTICITY_DAMAGE (MAT_213) is enhanced with the development and use of rate-dependent damage data. Using state-of-the-art experimental procedures, impact validation test data are created. Second, the versatility of the constitutive model is examined by its ability to simulate a low velocity (27 ft/s, 8 m/s) impact test, and two high velocity impact tests (385–417 ft/s, 117–127 m/s) that straddle the ballistic limit of the projectile and the composite panels. Third, these impact events are modeled using three different finite element types – under-integrated and fully-integrated solid elements, and fully-integrated thin shell elements. Insight into accuracy versus numerical efficiency is gained by comparing the performance of solid versus thin shell elements. The numerical results show that accurate predictions of these impact events can be obtained with reasonable effort and care.

Simulations↗

Space Program

Solar phenomena, planetary and lunar compositions, plasmas, interplanetary particles, satellite probes, animal neurophysiology, engineering structures, and related space activities

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY↗

Testing for hydrogen embrittlement: Primary and secondary influences

An overview is presented of the hydrogen embrittlement process, both internal as well as external, to make more clear the type of parameters which must be considered in the selection of a test method and test procedure, so that the resulting data may be meaningfully applied to real engineering structures. Three primary influences on the embrittlement process are considered: (1) the original location and form of the hydrogen, (2) the transport reactions involved in the transport of hydrogen from its origin to some point where it can interact with the metal to cause embrittlement, and (3) the embrittlement interaction itself. A few secondary influences on the embrittlement process are also discussed.

Nelson, H. G.↗

Technical and social impact of NASTRAN

Estimates are made as to the direction in which a new generation of general purpose applications programs can be expected to migrate. Predictions are made as to the impacts that space technology is liable to have within the field of structural engineering and on the society in which it interacts.

Butler, T. G.↗

Load interaction effects on fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The importance of delay, retardation in the rate of fatigue crack growth, produced by load interactions in variable amplitude loading, on the accurate prediction of fatigue lives of engineering structures is discussed. The effects of a broad range of loading variables on delay in fatigue crack growth at room temperature are examined for a mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The results are used to estimate crack growth behavior under programmed loads.

Wei, R. P.↗

Delay in fatigue crack growth

The importance of delay, or retardation in the rate of fatigue crack growth, produced by load interactions in variable amplitude loading on the accurate prediction of fatigue lives of engineering structures has been well recognized for some time. Heretofore, only a few simple loading combinations or spectra have been examined systematically. In this investigation the effects of a broad range of loading variables on delay in fatigue crack growth at room temperature are examined for a mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The results are used to estimate crack growth behavior under programmed loads.

Wei, R. P.↗

Testing for hydrogen environment embrittlement - Primary and secondary influences

A somewhat phenomological overview of the hydrogen embrittlement process, both internal as well as external, is presented in a effort to make more clear the type of parameters which must be considered in the selection of a test method and test procedure so that the resulting data may be meaningfully applied to real engineering structures. What are believed to be the three primary influences on the embrittlement process are considered - the original location and form of the hydrogen, the transport reactions involved in the transport of hydrogen from its origin to some point it can interact with the metal to cause embrittlement, and the embrittlement interaction itself. Additionally, a few of the large number of secondary influences on the embrittlement process are discussed, for example, the influence of impurity species in the environment, surface hydride films, and surface oxide films.

Nelson, H. G.↗

System analysis of a piston steam engine employing the uniflow principle, a study in optimized performance

Results are reported which were obtained from a mathematical model of a generalized piston steam engine configuration employing the uniflow principal. The model accounted for the effects of clearance volume, compression work, and release volume. A simple solution is presented which characterizes optimum performance of the steam engine, based on miles per gallon. Development of the mathematical model is presented. The relationship between efficiency and miles per gallon is developed. An approach to steam car analysis and design is presented which has purpose rather than lucky hopefulness. A practical engine design is proposed which correlates to the definition of the type engine used. This engine integrates several system components into the engine structure. All conclusions relate to the classical Rankine Cycle.

Peoples, J. A.↗