DOE OSTI2012
The past four years of incredibly intense research into Fe-based superconductors have brought about many unexpected surprises. Our understanding of their behavior and physical properties is constantly evolving. Unlike any other superconductors, those containing iron span diverse groups of materials: pnictides, chalcogenides, intermetallics and oxides. Some major properties of the materials are quite similar, yet each group has its own distinct features. Significant effort has been put into identifying new superconducting compositions, modifying the existing ones with new dopants and treatments, and producing single crystals, thin films, wires and polycrystalline bulk material. A wide array of experimental techniques was applied to study Fe-based superconductors and the result is a tremendous amount of data collected over a period of less than four years. Theoretical debates are still lively, and there is an ongoing search for possible universalities and commonalities with other unconventional superconductors, like high-Tc cuprates or heavy fermion materials. The three-dimensional electronic structures of Fe-based superconductors, as well as their extreme sensitivity to disorder, present serious challenges for both theoretical analysis and the interpretation of experiments. However, some key properties emerge from multiple studies. Unconventional, multiband superconductivity originating from an electronic mechanism has found both experimental and theoretical support. There has been great progress in the understanding of various anisotropies of superconducting gap structures, including the possibility of gap nodes even if the gap symmetry is s-wave. Similar to high-Tc cuprates, the superconducting phase has a dome-like shape on T-doping or T-pressure phase diagrams. The anisotropy of the superconducting gap evolves with doping and is likely to become stronger at the dome';s edge. In many Fe-based superconductors there is a range where superconductivity coexists and competes with long-range magnetic order, and magnetic fluctuations are considered by some to be of the utmost importance for the pairing mechanism. Others argue that orbital fluctuations, possibly in combination with phonons, are crucial for the pairing. Fe-based superconductors show extremely large upper critical fields and relatively low electronic anisotropy, which are crucial aspects for power applications. The expectations are high, though it remains unclear what maximal current densities can be supported by a properly designed bulk material with optimal pinning centers. This focus issue of Superconductor Science and Technology is a snapshot of some of the recent progress in materials preparation, experiments and theory. It includes articles on the search for new Fe-based superconductors and on the search for superconductivity at extreme conditions. Particular attention is devoted to: the effects of chemical substitutions; the development of thin films; the introduction of artificial defects to increase critical current density; and a general analysis of vortex physics. The articles on fundamental aspects of superconductivity include: the discussion of various experimental problems; an in-depth analysis of the nodal and nodeless pairing states; the discussion of the pairing mechanism; and the effects of pair-breaking due to disorder. Also discussed are nematic correlations and the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity. The papers collected in this issue present a detailed review of the accomplishments of the last four years of research into Fe-based superconductors, up to and including last-minute developments. We hope that this combination will make this special section of Superconductor Science and Technology both interesting and useful to a broad spectrum of physicists and materials scientists.