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At least 253 records · Page 14

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DOE OSTI2025

J/ ψ -hadron correlations at midrapidity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

We report on the measurement of inclusive, non-prompt, and prompt J/ψ-hadron correlations by the ALICE Collaboration at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The correlations are studied at midrapidity (|y| < 0.9) in the transverse momentum ranges p T < 40 GeV/c for the J/ψ and 0.15 < p T < 10 GeV/c and |η| < 0.9 for the associated hadrons. The measurement is based on minimum bias and high multiplicity data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of L int = 34 nb −1 and L int = 6.9 pb −1 , respectively. In addition, two more data samples are employed, requiring, on top of the minimum bias condition, a threshold on the tower energy of E = 4 and 9 GeV in the ALICE electromagnetic calorimeters, which correspond to integrated luminosities of L int = 0.9 pb −1 and L int = 8.4 pb −1 , respectively. The azimuthally integrated near and away side yields of associated charged hadrons per J/ψ trigger are presented as a function of the J/ψ and associated hadron transverse momentum. The measurements are discussed in comparison to PYTHIA calculations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for jet quenching with dijets from high-multiplicity pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV

The first measurement of the dijet transverse momentum balance xj in proton-lead (pPb) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV is presented. The xj observable, defined as the ratio of the subleading over leading jet transverse momentum in a dijet pair, is used to search for jet quenching effects. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 174.6 nb −1 , were collected with the CMS detector in 2016. The x j distributions and their average values are studied as functions of the charged-particle multiplicity of the events and for various dijet rapidity selections. The latter enables probing hard scattering of partons carrying distinct nucleon momentum fractions x in the proton- and lead-going directions. The former, aided by the high-multiplicity triggers, allows probing for potential jet quenching effects in high-multiplicity events (with up to 400 charged particles), for which collective phenomena consistent with quark-gluon plasma (QGP) droplet formation were previously observed. The ratios of x j distributions for high- to low-multiplicity events are used to quantify the possible medium effects. These ratios are consistent with simulations of the hard-scattering process that do not include QGP production. These measurements set an upper limit on medium-induced energy loss of the subleading jet of 1.26% of its transverse momentum at the 90% confidence level in high multiplicity pPb events.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Cosmological moduli and non-perturbative production of axions

Cosmological moduli generically come to dominate the energy density of the early universe, and thereby trigger an early matter dominated era. Such non-standard cosmological histories are expected to have profound effects on the evolution and production of axion cold dark matter and dark radiation, as well as their prospects for detection. We consider moduli-axion couplings and investigate the early history of the coupled system, considering closely the evolution of the homogeneous modulus field, the back-reaction from the axion, and the energy densities of the two fields. A particular point of interest is the enhancement of axion production from modulus decay, due to tachyonic and parametric resonant instabilities, and the implications of such production on the cosmological moduli problem, axion dark radiation, and the available parameter space for axion dark matter. Using an effective field theory approach, WKB-based semi-analytical analysis, and detailed numerical estimates of the co-evolution of the system, we evaluate the expected decay efficiency of the modulus to axions. The effects of higher-order operators are studied and implications for UV-complete frameworks such as the Large Volume Scenarios in Type IIB string theory are considered in detail.

Axions and ALPs↗

DOE OSTI2025

Unraveling the Hsp70-ROS-autophagy axis in pentachlorophenol-challenged lung and liver epithelial cells

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was extensively utilized as an organochlorine pesticide and wood preservative in the United States from the 1930s until the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imposed restrictions due to concerns about its toxicity and potential carcinogenic properties. Although it is no longer widely used, PCP remains a concern due to its environmental persistence and potential for long-term health effects. Significant occupational and environmental exposures have likely occurred, with the health and economic costs of PCP exposure potentially being substantial given its known toxicity. Notably, PCP exhibits rapid absorption through both the skin and respiratory system and has been shown to cause hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, irritation, and carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies. PCP exposure induces oxidative stress, a key mechanism underlying its inflammatory and toxic effects, which can activate cellular stress responses including upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Previous studies in lung and liver epithelial cells have shown that Hsp70 and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in triggering autophagy. This study establishes the critical role of the Hsp70-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-autophagy axis in regulating cellular responses to PCP exposure in human alveolar (A549) and liver carcinoma (HepG2) epithelial cells. Our research elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying PCP's cellular effects, demonstrating that its exposure resulted in increased expression of autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, LC3B, ATG12, and ATG16), subunits of NADPH oxidase (NCF-1, NCF-2, NOX2, and Rac), and antioxidant proteins (SOD and GPx) in both lung and liver cell types. Notably, PCP augmented the interaction between Hsp70 and the autophagy regulator Beclin-1. Pretreatment with the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine or Hsp70 knockdown markedly reversed PCP-induced responses. Our in-silico protein–protein docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed enhanced interactions and/or stable confirmations maintained throughout the simulations for TLR4-Hsp70 and Hsp70-Beclin-1 complexes in the presence of PCP. These findings provide a strong foundation for future studies, employing in vivo experimental models and human populations to identify promising targets for PCP-induced toxicity and cellular injury. As a result, these findings may have far-reaching implications for public health and environmental policy, ultimately leading to the identification of biomarkers and the development of more effective interventions for environmentally induced toxicity and diseases.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Improved Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon in the High-resolution CESM1 and Its Causes

Based on the high- and low-resolution Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), and corresponding simulations from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we compare the interannual variability of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The EASM interannual variability is characterized by the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) circulation and the dipole rainfall pattern with a negative southern lobe over the western North Pacific and a positive northern lobe along the Meiyu–Baiu region, which is better reproduced by the high-resolution models. Here, the reason for the improvement in the high-resolution models has been attributed to the better simulation of the warm temperature advection from the wind anomalies on the climatological temperature gradient. Positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean are the key to the improved wind anomalies featuring a WNPAC in the high-resolution models. The warm SST anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean strengthen the WNPAC by triggering a Kelvin-wave response to the enhanced heat release induced by the increased precipitation. Based on the mixed-layer heat budget analysis, the warm SST anomalies over the western Indian Ocean in the high-resolution CESM1 are tied to the anomalous easterly wind along the equator, which reduces surface evaporation and upwelling. Therefore, the better simulations of air-sea feedback and the oceanic mesoscale eddy over the western Indian Ocean are the key for the improved simulation of the EASM interannual variations in the high-resolution CESM1.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Atmospheric and oceanic energy transport during North Atlantic freshening events: influences of moisture transport and hydrologic cycle feedbacks

Analogs of present-day rapid ice melt can be found in episodic discharges of icebergs that occurred during glacial periods called Heinrich events. This introduces excess meltwater into the North Atlantic and weakens the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (AMOC), triggering a hydrologic cycle–AMOC collapse feedback as the atmospheric energy transport compensates for reduced northward heat transport. Here we employ a novel series of 100-year North Atlantic “hosing” simulations to investigate atmospheric and oceanic energy transport response from freshwater forcing, focusing in particular on the role of atmospheric rivers (ARs) within atmospheric energy transport. Importantly, we use an “overwriting” methodology that allow us to attribute AMOC weakening to added North Atlantic meltwater and subsequent hydrologic cycle responses, respectively. In contrast to far-reaching response of transient eddies, our results show a substantial increase in moisture convergence from ARs that is geographically constrained to the North Atlantic midlatitudes. Such AR changes nevertheless comprise an important component of net precipitation changes over the Euro-Atlantic sector, with the amount being comparable to that from transient eddies over the subpolar Atlantic. Over the course of the century-long simulations, we demonstrate that hydrologic cycle responses to North Atlantic freshening and subsequent feedbacks, including those from ARs, account for approximately half of the simulated AMOC collapse. Furthermore, our work highlights the dynamics of atmospheric moisture transport response to North Atlantic freshening events and elucidates how intensifying moisture transport may accelerate AMOC collapse in the future.

Atmospheric Science↗

DOE OSTI2025

Investigation of the genesis and intensification of simultaneous cyclones in the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal in November 2020

The North Indian Ocean (NIO), which includes the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS), is frequently impacted by tropical cyclones (TCs). Notably, in November 2020, the simultaneous occurrence of Cyclones Gati in the AS and Nivar in the BoB presented a rare and compelling phenomenon worthy of investigation. This study delves into the underlying mechanisms driving the genesis and intensification of these two Very Severe Cyclonic Storms (VSCS). Key contributing factors include elevated sea surface temperatures (SST) and Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential (TCHP), both crucial for the development and intensification of TCs. Notably, the BoB exhibits higher TCHP values compared to the AS, which facilitated greater intensity for Nivar over Gati. Despite their concurrent formation, the genesis processes of Gati and Nivar were distinct. The early November development of Gati in the AS was modulated by the Rossby wave and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). Subsequently, the eastward propagation of the MJO triggered the formation of Cyclone Nivar in the BoB, enhancing convective activity from the AS and coinciding with the arrival of a downward-propagating Rossby wave. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the simultaneous formation of Gati and Nivar, contributing novel insights into the complex interactions between oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. In conclusion, such insights are vital for enhancing the predictive capabilities for destructive weather events in the NIO.

Climate Change↗

DOE OSTI2024

Signatures of Thermal and Electrical Crosstalk in a Microwave Multiplexed Hard X-ray Transition Edge Sensor Array

We investigate the crosstalk between Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) pixels in a 24-pixel hard X-ray spectrometer array fabricated at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Analysis shows thermal cross talk, possibly associated with insufficient thermalization, and rare but larger in magnitude electrical crosstalk between specific perpetrator-victim pixel combinations, potentially due to defects in the bias wiring or microwave multiplexing circuit. We use a method based on group-triggering and averaging to isolate the crosstalk response despite only having access to X-ray photon illumination uniform across the entire array. This allows us to identify thermal and electrical crosstalk between pixel pairs in repeated measurements to the level of 1 part in 1000 or better. In the array under study, the magnitude of observed crosstalk is small but comparable to the resolving power of this pixel design (E/Delta E similar to\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$E/\Delta {}E \sim$$\end{document} 1000 at 20 keV) and so potentially responsible for a degradation in energy resolution of the array at high incident photon rates. Having proven the methods to identify and quantify crosstalk in our setup, we can now consider mitigations.

Triamkitsawat, Panthita↗

DOE OSTI2025

Yesterday’s extremes, today’s new normal: flood risk in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Unplanned urban growth has left many cities increasingly vulnerable to extreme rainfall events, particularly in regions with inadequate drainage infrastructures and development encroaching on natural floodplains. Here, in this perspective paper, we examine the September 2024 floods that struck Central Nepal, triggered by a persistent low-pressure system and enhanced by converging moisture flows from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which led to widespread catastrophic damage. In the Kathmandu Valley, floodwaters expanded to more than 2.5 times the bankfull water extent, causing significant damage to housing, transportation network, and critical infrastructure, displacing thousands of residents, and severely disrupting urban services. This event highlights the urgent need for improved flood management strategies that integrate both structural and non-structural measures into the infrastructure development. While early warning systems provided critical lead time, challenges remain in reducing forecasting uncertainties and improving communication across government agencies and with local communities. A forward-looking approach is essential, including probabilistic flood forecasting systems, sustainable floodplain management, risk-sensitive land use planning, climate- and disaster- resilient infrastructure development, and the integration of nature-based solutions like urban green and blue spaces to mitigate flood impacts. By involving local communities in planning and preparedness efforts, particularly through citizen science initiatives, and engagement with underserved and disadvantaged communities, Nepal can better adapt to the growing risks posed by extreme rainfall and urban flooding and enhance long-term disaster resilience in rapidly urbanizing areas like Kathmandu Valley.

Kathmandu Valley↗

DOE OSTI2025

Root architectural plasticity optimizes nutrient acquisition in switchgrass under variable phosphorus forms

Aims Understanding the influence of different forms of phosphorus (P) over the different root traits and how those traits are related to increasing the efficiency of nutrient acquisition strategies. Methods Investigation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) root morphology responses to inorganic P (Pi) soluble (Potassium-P), insoluble (Aluminum-P), and organic P (Po) (Inositol Hexa-Phosphate, IHex-P) in rhizoboxes. Roots were traced over the root box and scanned using WinRhizoTM. The CRootbox model was employed to simulate root growth. Results Significant plasticity observed under IHex-P treatment, with a 46% increase in root branching, leading to a 74% rise in total root length and a 65% increase in root surface area compared to inorganic P forms. IHex-P resulted in a 73% higher root biomass than Aluminum-P and a 26% increase compared to Potassium-P. Most of the differences were attributed to the elongation of root branches. Conclusions Here, the study emphasizes the dynamic nature of switchgrass root architecture and morphology in response to varying P forms in the soil. The absence of Pi in the soil triggered increased plasticity in root traits, facilitating root access to Po and uptake of P. These findings offer valuable insights into the adaptive mechanisms of perennial plants, with significant implications for optimizing nutrient acquisition strategies in both agricultural and natural ecosystems.

Organic phosphorus↗

DOE OSTI2025

Metasomatic Alteration of Type 3 Ordinary and Carbonaceous Chondrites

Metasomatism refers to the process during which a pre-existing rock undergoes compositional and mineralogical transformations associated with chemical reactions triggered by the reaction of fluids which invade the protolith. It changes chemical compositions of minerals, promotes their dissolution and precipitation of new minerals. In this paper, we review metasomatic alteration of type 3 ordinary (H, L, LL) and carbonaceous (CV, CO, CK) chondrites, including (i) secondary mineralization, (ii) physicochemical conditions, (iii) chronology ( 53 Mn- 53 Cr, 26 Al- 26 Mg, 129 I- 129 Xe) of metasomatic alteration, (iv) records of metasomatic alteration in H, O, N, C, S, and Cl isotopic systematics, (v) effects of metasomatic alteration on O- and Al-Mg-isotope systematics of primary minerals in chondrules and refractory inclusions, and (vi) sources of water ices in metasomatically altered CV, CO, and ordinary chondrites, and outline future studies.

129I-129Xe chronology↗

DOE OSTI2025

Fast oxygen redox enabled by flexible Al–O bonds in P2-type layered oxides for sodium batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) exhibit significant potential for large-scale energy storage systems due to the abundance and low cost of sodium resources. Triggering lattice oxygen redox (LOR) in P2-type transition metal oxides is considered a promising approach to enhance energy density in SIB cathodes, providing high operating potential and substantial capacity. However, irreversible phase transitions associated with LOR, particularly from prisms (P-type stacking) to octahedrons (O-type stacking), lead to severe structural distortions and sluggish Na + diffusion kinetics. In this work, an Al-substitution strategy is proposed to suppress the formation of O-type stacking and instead promote the formation of a beneficial Z phase. Furthermore, the flexible Al-O bonds accommodate asymmetric variations in their occupied states during the sodiation process, mitigating local structural distortions through Al-O bond contraction. Stabilization of the local structure ensures the maintenance of a robust Na + diffusion pathway. As a result, the Al-substituted cathode achieves a low Na + diffusion barrier of 0.47 eV and delivers a capacity of 86 mAh/g even at a high current density of 1 A/g within 1.5–4.5 V, maintaining 62.5% capacity retention over 100 cycles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Informing electrification strategies of residential neighborhoods with urban building energy modeling

Electrifying end uses is a key strategy to reducing GHG emissions in buildings. However, it may increase peak electricity demand that triggers the need to upgrade the existing power distribution system, leading to delays in electrification and needs of significant investment. There is also concern that building electrification may cause an increase of energy costs, leading to further energy burden for low-income communities. This study uses the urban scale building modeling tool CityBES to assess the electrification impacts of more than 43,000 residential buildings in a neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, USA. Energy efficiency upgrades were investigated on their potential to mitigate the increase of peak electricity demand and energy burden. Simulation results from the calibrated EnergyPlus models show that electrification with heat pumps for space heating and cooling as well as for domestic water heating can reduce CO2e emissions by 38%, but increase peak electricity demand by about 9% from the baseline building stock. Combining electrification measures and energy efficiency upgrades can reduce CO2e emissions by 48% while reducing peak electricity demand by 6% and saving the median household energy costs by 28%. City and utility decision makers should consider integrating energy efficiency upgrades with electrification measures as an effective residential building electrification strategy, which significantly reduces carbon emissions, caps or even decreases peak demand while reducing energy burden of residents.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2024

Mineral and fluid transformation of hydraulically fractured shale: case study of Caney Shale in Southern Oklahoma

This study explores the geochemical reactions that can cause permeability loss in hydraulically fractured reservoirs. The experiments involved the reaction of powdered-rock samples with produced brines in batch reactor system at temperature of 95 °C and atmospheric pressure for 7-days and 30-days respectively. Results show changes in mineralogy and chemistry of rock and fluid samples respectively, therefore confirming chemical reactions between the two during the experiments. The mineralogical changes of the rock included decreases of pyrite and feldspar content, whilst carbonate and illite content showed an initial stability and increase respectively before decreasing. Results from analyses of post-reaction fluids generally corroborate the results obtained from mineralogical analyses. Integrating the results obtained from both rocks and fluids reveal a complex trend of reactions between rock and fluid samples which is summarized as follows. Dissolution of pyrite by oxygenated fluid causes transient and localized acidity which triggers the dissolution of feldspar, carbonates, and other minerals susceptible to dissolution under acidic conditions. The dissolution of minerals releases high concentrations of ions, some of which subsequently precipitate secondary minerals. On the field scale, the formation of secondary minerals in the pores and flow paths of hydrocarbons can cause significant reduction in the permeability of the reservoir, which will culminate in rapid productivity decline. This study provides an understanding of the geochemical rock–fluid reactions that impact long term permeability of shale reservoirs.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

Design, characterization and shape recovery behavior of 3D/4D printed shape memory polymers (SMPs)

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a paradigm shift in material science, uniquely capable of undergoing reversible shape transformations triggered by external stimuli, positioning them as pivotal in developing next-generation biomedical devices, aerospace components, and adaptive structures. Extensive research has been done on SMPs with a major focus on high-temperature programming methods, which can limit energy efficiency and applicability with temperature-sensitive materials. Additionally, while various SMP blends have demonstrated great potential, limited work has been done on the suitability for 3D printing these materials, particularly under high-strain and ambient temperature programming conditions. In this study, a three-component optimized SMP composition was evaluated by 3D printing via the Material Extrusion (MEX) technique and investigating its ambient temperature-programming behavior at high strains. The SMP formulation studied was a tailored blend of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycaprolactone (PCL), and an octadecane diol-based copolymer (OBC) that exhibits robust shape memory behavior, high strain tolerance, and efficient force generation. Rigorous thermal, mechanical, and shape recovery analyses, along with optimized printing parameters and consistent shape recovery rates of up to 90%, were achieved under dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), even under ambient programming conditions. This work demonstrates the SMP composition’s potential for adaptive, self-deployable systems with 4D printing characteristics ideal for bio-inspired structures and artificial muscle fibers.

Sudan, Kavish [University of Louisville, KY]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Rigorous computation of short-range order unifies its controversial effects in complex concentrated alloys

Direct experimental observations of chemical short-range order (SRO) in complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) have triggered high interest. However, the reported effects of SRO on yield stresses are controversial, and their atomic-scale mechanisms are elusive, which limits our ability to utilize SRO in alloy design. Here we tackle this challenge using an advanced computational approach that rigorously takes into account the critical lattice distortion in CCAs and further verify our theoretical predictions with experiments. We show that the CoCrNi model alloy has a narrow temperature window around 670 °C for SRO formation. This explains why the mechanical effect of SRO is observed in some experiments but not in others. Here, we propose an effective alloy-doping method to control SRO and reveal atomic-bonding types that dominate SRO formation for different alloys. The strategies and insights generally apply to a broad spectrum of alloys, laying the foundation for designing advanced alloys by manipulating their SRO.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Nonequilibrium defect-phase nanostructures stabilized by irradiation in undersaturated Ni-Si nanocrystalline alloy

Nanocrystalline thin films of the undersaturated alloy Ni-8.5 at% Si were subjected to 2 MeV Ti irradiation at temperatures ranging from 450˚C to 550˚C. Correlative microscopy combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning-TEM and atom probe tomography (APT revealed that large dose irradiation at 450˚C of samples with initial grain sizes below 100 nm stabilized a novel nanostructure which surprisingly contained three co-existing phases, the γ face-centered-cubic (FCC) matrix, γ' L12 ordered precipitates on intragranular dislocation loops and Ni 31 Si 12 precipitates at triple junctions (TJs). In contrast, irradiation at 550˚C and irradiation of larger grain-size samples at 450˚C only produced a γ-γ' two-phase coexistence. Analysis of the three-phase nanostructure and phase field simulations indicates that radiation-induced segregation is most pronounced at TJs, thus triggering the formation of Ni 31 Si 12 precipitates. These incoherent precipitates, in turn, are expected to stabilize the grain size under irradiation. The results are generalized using the concept of driven defect-phases. It is suggested that the stabilization of driven defect-phases may impart radiation resilience by providing localized relaxation modes to the microstructure evolution during and after temporary perturbations in irradiation conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Oxide nucleation via threshold-driven volume instability in Ni oxidation

Oxide nucleation dictates the onset of metal oxidation, yet the atomistic pathways bridging initial oxygen adsorption to bulk phase transformation remain elusive. Here, we utilize in-situ atomic-resolution imaging to directly capture the nucleation of nickel oxide, revealing a threshold-driven, cooperative transformation of Ni into NiO. Our observations identify a distinct incubation period during which oxygen progressively accumulates in subsurface layers. Once a critical concentration and penetration depth are reached, a collective lattice reconfiguration is triggered, abruptly converting multiple Ni layers into NiO. Atomistic simulations corroborate this mechanism, identifying a cooperative lattice instability induced by subsurface oxygen saturation. These results establish subsurface oxygen incorporation as the missing mechanistic link between surface adsorption and three-dimensional oxide formation, providing an atomistic framework to understand and control reactive phase transformations in materials synthesis, catalysis, and degradation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗