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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

AstroSat /LAXPC Detection of Millisecond Phenomena in 4U 1728-34

The low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1728-24 was observed with AstroSat /LAXPC on 2016 March 8th. Data from a randomly chosen orbit of over 3 ks was analyzed for detection of rapid intensity variations. We found that the source intensity was nearly steady but, toward the end of the observation, a typical Type-1 burst was detected. Dynamical power spectrum of the data in the 3–20 keV band, reveals the presence of a kHz Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) for which the frequency drifted from ∼815 Hz at the beginning of the observation to about 850 Hz just before the burst. The QPO is also detected in the 10–20 keV band, which was not obtainable by earlier RXTE observations of this source. Even for such a short observation with a drifting QPO frequency, the time lag between the 5–10 and 10–20 keV bands can be constrained to be less than 100 microseconds. The Type-1 burst that lasted for about 20 s had a typical profile. During the first four seconds, dynamic power spectra reveal a burst oscillation for which the frequency increased from ∼361.5 to ∼363.5 Hz. This is consistent with the earlier results obtained with RXTE /PCA, showing the same spin frequency of the neutron star. The present results demonstrate the capability of the LAXPC instrument for detecting millisecond variability even from short observations. After RXTE ceased operation, LAXPC on AstroSat is the only instrument at present with the capability of detecting kHz QPOs and other kinds of rapid variations from 3 keV to 20 keV and possibly at higher energies as well.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dissipative dark matter and the rotation curves of dwarf galaxies

There is ample evidence from rotation curves that dark matter halos around disk galaxies have nontrivial dynamics. Of particular significance are: a) the cored dark matter profile of disk galaxies, b) correlations of the shape of rotation curves with baryonic properties, and c) Tully-Fisher relations. Dark matter halos around disk galaxies may have nontrivial dynamics if dark matter is strongly self interacting and dissipative. Multicomponent hidden sector dark matter featuring a massless 'dark photon' (from an unbroken dark U(1) gauge interaction) which kinetically mixes with the ordinary photon provides a concrete example of such dark matter. The kinetic mixing interaction facilitates halo heating by enabling ordinary supernovae to be a source of these 'dark photons'. Dark matter halos can expand and contract in response to the heating and cooling processes, but for a sufficiently isolated halo could have evolved to a steady state or 'equilibrium' configuration where heating and cooling rates locally balance. This dynamics allows the dark matter density profile to be related to the distribution of ordinary supernovae in the disk of a given galaxy. In a previous paper a simple and predictive formula was derived encoding this relation. Here we improve on previous work by modelling the supernovae distribution via the measured UV and H α fluxes, and compare the resulting dark matter halo profiles with the rotation curve data for each dwarf galaxy in the LITTLE THINGS sample. The dissipative dark matter concept is further developed and some conclusions drawn.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

TOWARD PRECISION BLACK HOLE MASSES WITH ALMA: NGC 1332 AS A CASE STUDY IN MOLECULAR DISK DYNAMICS

We present first results from a program of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) CO(2–1) observations of circumnuclear gas disks in early-type galaxies. The program was designed with the goal of detecting gas within the gravitational sphere of influence of the central black holes (BHs). In NGC 1332, the 0.″3-resolution ALMA data reveal CO emission from the highly inclined (i≈83{sup ∘}) circumnuclear disk, spatially coincident with the dust disk seen in Hubble Space Telescope images. The disk exhibits a central upturn in maximum line-of-sight velocity, reaching ±500 km s{sup −1} relative to the systemic velocity, consistent with the expected signature of rapid rotation around a supermassive BH. Rotational broadening and beam smearing produce complex and asymmetric line profiles near the disk center. We constructed dynamical models for the rotating disk and fitted the modeled CO line profiles directly to the ALMA data cube. Degeneracy between rotation and turbulent velocity dispersion in the inner disk precludes the derivation of strong constraints on the BH mass, but model fits allowing for a plausible range in the magnitude of the turbulent dispersion imply a central mass in the range of ∼(4–8) × 10{sup 8} M{sub ⊙}. We argue that gas-kinematic observations resolving the BH’s projected radius of influence along the disk’s minor axis will have the capability to yield BH mass measurements that are largely insensitive to systematic uncertainties in turbulence or in the stellar mass profile. For highly inclined disks, this is a much more stringent requirement than the usual sphere-of-influence criterion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Radar Wind Profiler for Cloud Forecasting at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Field Campaign Report

The Radar Wind Profiler for Cloud Forecasting at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) [http://www.arm.gov/campaigns/osc2013rwpcf] campaign was scheduled to take place from 15 July 2013 through 15 July 2015 (or until shipped for the next U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement [ARM] Climate Research Facility first Mobile Facility [AMF1] deployment). The campaign involved the deployment of the AMF1 Scintec 915 MHz Radar Wind Profiler (RWP) at BNL, in conjunction with several other ARM, BNL and National Weather Service (NWS) instruments. The two main scientific foci of the campaign were: 1) To provide profiles of the horizontal wind to be used to test and validate short-term cloud advection forecasts for solar-energy applications and 2) to provide vertical profiling capabilities for the study of dynamics (i.e., vertical velocity) and hydrometeors in winter storms. This campaign was a serendipitous opportunity that arose following the deployment of the RWP at the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) campaign in Cape Cod, Massachusetts and restriction from participation in the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15 (GoAmazon 2014/15) campaign due to radio-frequency allocation restriction for international deployments. The RWP arrived at BNL in the fall of 2013, but deployment was delayed until fall of 2014 as work/safety planning and site preparation were completed. The RWP further encountered multiple electrical failures, which eventually required several shipments of instrument power supplies and the final amplifier to the vendor to complete repairs. Data collection began in late January 2015. The operational modes of the RWP were changed such that in addition to collecting traditional profiles of the horizontal wind, a vertically pointing mode was also included for the purpose of precipitation sensing and estimation of vertical velocities. The RWP operated well until the end of the campaign in July 2015 and collected observations for more than 20 precipitation events.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Radar Wind Profiler for Cloud Forecasting at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Field Campaign Report

The Radar Wind Profiler for Cloud Forecasting at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) [http://www.arm.gov/campaigns/osc2013rwpcf] campaign was scheduled to take place from 15 July 2013 through 15 July 2015 (or until shipped for the next U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement [ARM] Climate Research Facility first Mobile Facility [AMF1] deployment). The campaign involved the deployment of the AMF1 Scintec 915 MHz Radar Wind Profiler (RWP) at BNL, in conjunction with several other ARM, BNL and National Weather Service (NWS) instruments. The two main scientific foci of the campaign were: 1) To provide profiles of the horizontal wind to be used to test and validate short-term cloud advection forecasts for solar-energy applications and 2) to provide vertical profiling capabilities for the study of dynamics (i.e., vertical velocity) and hydrometeors in winter storms. This campaign was a serendipitous opportunity that arose following the deployment of the RWP at the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) campaign in Cape Cod, Massachusetts and restriction from participation in the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15 (GoAmazon 2014/15) campaign due to radio-frequency allocation restriction for international deployments. The RWP arrived at BNL in the fall of 2013, but deployment was delayed until fall of 2014 as work/safety planning and site preparation were completed. The RWP further encountered multiple electrical failures, which eventually required several shipments of instrument power supplies and the final amplifier to the vendor to complete repairs. Data collection began in late January 2015. The operational modes of the RWP were changed such that in addition to collecting traditional profiles of the horizontal wind, a vertically pointing mode was also included for the purpose of precipitation sensing and estimation of vertical velocities. The RWP operated well until the end of the campaign in July 2015 and collected observations for more than 20 precipitation events.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modeling Framework for Bulk Electric Grid Impacts from HEMP E1 and E3 Effects (Tasks 3.1 Final Report)

This report presents a framework to evaluate the impact of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) event on a bulk electric power grid. This report limits itself to modeling the impact of EMP E1 and E3 components. The co-simulation of E1 and E3 is presented in detail, and the focus of the paper is on the framework rather than actual results. This approach is highly conservative as E1 and E3 are not maximized with the same event characteristics and may only slightly overlap. The actual results shown in this report are based on a synthetic grid with synthetic data and a limited exemplary EMP model. The framework presented can be leveraged and used to analyze the impact of other threat scenarios, both manmade and natural disasters. This report d escribes a Monte-Carlo based methodology to probabilistically quantify the transient response of the power grid to a HEMP event. The approach uses multiple fundamental steps to characterize the system response to HEMP events, focused on the E1 and E3 components of the event. 1) Obtain component failure data related to HEMP events testing of components and creating component failure models. Use the component failure model to create component failure conditional probability density function (PDF) that is a function of the HEMP induced terminal voltage. 2) Model HEMP scenarios and calculate the E1 coupled voltage profiles seen by all system components. Model the same HEMP scenarios and calculate the transformer reactive power consumption profiles due to E3. 3) Sample each component failure PDF to determine which grid components will fail, due to the E1 voltage spike, for each scenario. 4) Perform dynamic simulations that incorporate the predicted component failures from E1 and reactive power consumption at each transformer affected by E3. These simulations allow for secondary transients to affect the relays/protection remaining in service which can lead to cascading outages. 5) Identify the locations and amount of load lost for each scenario through grid dynamic simulation. This can be an indication of the immediate grid impacts from a HEMP event. In addition, perform more detailed analysis to determine critical nodes and system trends. 6) To help realize the longer-term impacts, a security constrained alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) is run to maximize critical load served. This report describes a modeling framework to assess the systemic grid impacts due to a HEMP event. This stochastic simulation framework generates a large amount of data for each Monte Carlo replication, including HEMP location and characteristics, relay and component failures, E3 GIC profiles, cascading dynamics including voltage and frequency over time, and final system state. This data can then be analyzed to identify trends, e.g., unique system behavior modes or critical components whose failure is more likely to cause serious systemic effects. The proposed analysis process is demonstrated on a representative system. In order to draw realistic conclusions of the impact of a HEMP event on the grid, a significant amount of work remains with respect to modeling the impact on various grid components.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Separating physical impacts from natural variability using piggybacking technique

Abstract. In a chaotic system, like moist convection, it is difficult to separate the impact of a physical process from effects of natural variability. This is because modifying even a small element of the system physics typically leads to a different system evolution and it is difficult to tell whether the difference comes from the physical impact or it merely represents a different flow realization. This paper discusses a relatively simple and computationally efficient modelling methodology that allows separation of the two. The methodology is referred to as the piggybacking approach. The idea is to use two sets of thermodynamic variables (the temperature, water vapor, and all aerosol, cloud, and precipitation variables) in a single cloud simulation. The two sets differ in a specific element of the physics, such as aerosol properties, microphysics parameterization, large-scale forcing, environmental profiles, etc. One thermodynamic set is coupled to the dynamics and drives the simulated flow, and the other set piggybacks the flow, that is, thermodynamic variables are carried by the flow but they do not affect it. By switching the two sets (i.e. the set driving the simulation becomes the piggybacking one, and vice versa), the impact on the cloud dynamics can be evaluated. This paper provides details of the method and reviews results of its application to such problems as the postulated deep convection invigoration in polluted environments, the impact of changes in environmental profiles (e.g., due to climate change) on convective dynamics, and the role of cloud-layer heterogeneities for shallow convective cloud field evolution. Prospects for applying piggybacking technique to other areas of atmospheric simulation (e.g., weather prediction or geoengineering) are also mentioned.

Grabowski, Wojciech W.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Operation and Optimization of Microwave-Heated Continuous-Flow Microfluidics

Microwave (MW) technology can be powerful for electrification and process intensification but limited fundamental understanding of scalability and design principles hinders its effective use. In this work, we build a continuous-flow microreactor inside a commercial single-mode MW applicator and the corresponding computational fluid dynamics model to simulate the temperature profile. The model is in good agreement with experiments for various microreactor dimensions and operating conditions. The model indicates that MW heating is greatly influenced by reactor geometry as well as the operating parameters. We observe a strong correlation between parameters and develop a gradient boost regression tree model to predict the outlet temperature accurately. This model is then applied to optimize the dimensions and operating conditions to maximize the outlet temperature and energy efficiency, resulting in a Pareto optimal. We demonstrate computationally and experimentally that it is possible to surpass the Pareto optimal and achieve an energy efficiency of ~90% or greater at temperatures relevant for liquid-phase chemistry via salting of the solvent. The present methodology can be applied to other complex MW reactors. Lastly, the combined numerical and experimental approach provides insights into and a framework for scale-up and optimization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Chaos in an ion-channel free-electron laser with realistic helical wiggler

Chaotic behavior of an electron motion in a free-electron laser with realistic helical wiggler and ion-channel guiding is studied using Poincare surface-of-section maps. The effects of a realistic electron beam density on chaotic electron dynamics are investigated by considering an electron beam with Gaussian density profile in radial distance. The effects of self-fields on chaotic electron dynamics are investigated for different Gaussian beam parameters, and the results are compared with those of uniform electron beam. It is shown that the electron chaotic behavior can be controlled by changing the Gaussian beam parameter. Also, the chaotic behavior can be controlled by increasing the ion-channel and/or the electron beam densities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Dark Matter Content of Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies: Draco, Sextans, and Ursa Minor

The Milky Way Survey of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) has so far observed three classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs): Draco, Sextans, and Ursa Minor. Based on the observed line-of-sight velocities and metallicities of their member stars, we apply the axisymmetric Jeans Anisotropic Multi-Gaussian Expansion modeling (JAM) approach to recover their inner dark matter distributions. In particular, both the traditional single-population Jeans model and the multiple population chemodynamical model are adopted. With the chemodynamical model, we divide member stars of each dSph into metal-rich and metal-poor populations. The metal-rich populations are more centrally concentrated and dynamically colder, featuring lower velocity dispersion profiles than the metal-poor populations. We find a diversity of the inner density slopes γ of dark matter halos, with the best constraints by the single-population or chemodynamical models consistent with each other. The inner density slopes are $0.7{1}_{-0.35}^{+0.34}$, $0.2{6}_{-0.12}^{+0.22}$, and $0.3{3}_{-0.16}^{+0.20}$ for Draco, Sextans, and Ursa Minor, respectively. We also present the measured astrophysical J and D factors of the three dSphs. Our results indicate that the study of the dark matter content of dSphs through stellar kinematics is still subject to uncertainties behind both the methodology and the observed data, through comparisons with previous measurements and datasets.

Dark matter↗
DOE OSTI2013

MEASURING THE MASS DISTRIBUTION IN GALAXY CLUSTERS

Cluster mass profiles are tests of models of structure formation. Only two current observational methods of determining the mass profile, gravitational lensing, and the caustic technique are independent of the assumption of dynamical equilibrium. Both techniques enable the determination of the extended mass profile at radii beyond the virial radius. For 19 clusters, we compare the mass profile based on the caustic technique with weak lensing measurements taken from the literature. This comparison offers a test of systematic issues in both techniques. Around the virial radius, the two methods of mass estimation agree to within {approx}30%, consistent with the expected errors in the individual techniques. At small radii, the caustic technique overestimates the mass as expected from numerical simulations. The ratio between the lensing profile and the caustic mass profile at these radii suggests that the weak lensing profiles are a good representation of the true mass profile. At radii larger than the virial radius, the extrapolated Navarro, Frenk and White fit to the lensing mass profile exceeds the caustic mass profile. Contamination of the lensing profile by unrelated structures within the lensing kernel may be an issue in some cases; we highlight the clusters MS0906+11 and A750, superposed along the line of sight, to illustrate the potential seriousness of contamination of the weak lensing signal by these unrelated structures.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Use of a Multiplexed Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (MPDV) System to Study Plastic Deformation of Metallic Steel Plates in High Velocity Impact

High-velocity impact experiments with a gas gun pose unique challenges, in terms of experimental setup and computational simulation, since the projectile-target interaction creates extreme pressure and temperature within few micro seconds. The objective of this study is to accurately measure the plastic deformation of plates under projectile impact that does not lead to full penetration. In this work, free surface velocities at the back side of target plates are measured using the newly developed Multiplexed Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (MPDV) system, which is an interferometric fiber-optic technique which can measure velocity from the Doppler shift of the light reflected from the moving back surface of the target. The MPDV system allows measurements of velocity from different locations on the target plate using multiple optical fiber probes oriented in specific directions and patterns. Data are reduced using a Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) technique to obtain the free surface velocity profiles. These velocity profiles can present insights into the dynamic behavior of impacted materials under shock loading conditions.

MPDV, multiplexing, high-velocity impact, velocime↗
DOE OSTI2017

Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems

In recent years, the application of district heating systems for the heat supply of residential districts has been increasing in Germany. Central supply systems can be very efficient due to diverse energy demand profiles which may lead to reduced installed equipment capacity. Load diversity in buildings has been investigated in former studies, especially for the electricity demand. However, little is known about the influence of single building characteristics (such as building envelope or hot water demand) on the overall heating peak load of a residential district. For measuring the diversity, the peak load ratio (PLR) index is used to represent the percentage reduction of peak load of a district system from a simple sum of individual peak loads of buildings. A total of 144 residential building load profiles have been created with the dynamic building simulation software IDA ICE for a theoretical analysis in which the PLR reaches 15%. Within this study, certain district features are identified which lead to higher diversity. Furthermore, these results are used in a district heating simulation model which confronts the possible advantage of reduced installed capacity with the practical disadvantage of heat distribution losses. Likewise, the influence of load density and the districts building structure can be analyzed. This study shows that especially in districts with high load density, which consist of newly constructed buildings with low supply temperature and high influence of the hot water demand, the advantages of load diversity can be exploited.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Simulations of peeling-ballooning modes with electron cyclotron resonance heating

The effects of the deposited power and deposited position of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) on Peeling-Ballooning (P-B) modes are simulated using BOUT++ code in this paper. The simulation results show that as the deposited position moves from the top to the bottom of the pedestal, the edge localized mode (ELM) size decreases first and then increases, finally decreases again. For ECRH with different deposited power, the effects on P-B modes are similar if they have the same peak value of the power deposition profile. These results show that the effects of ECRH on P-B modes are primarily determined by the change in pressure profile caused by ECRH. As long as ECRH can lead to large enough change in pressure profile, ECRH can efficiently affect the dynamics of P-B modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Collisionless adiabatic afterglow

In this work, we study, by numerical and analytical means, the evolution of a collisionless plasma initiated between absorbing walls. The ensuing flow is described by rarefaction waves that travel inward from the boundaries, interact, and eventually vanish after crossing through, leading up to the asymptotic stage of the decay. Particle simulations indicate that the kinetic evolution strongly resembles one found in isentropic gas dynamics. Namely, a very gradual density profile forms in the expanding central region where the rarefaction waves interact, with an accompanying linear velocity profile. Asymptotically, the density falls off as 1/t. The density and the flux at the boundary show little variation over the period when rarefaction waves still exist. Plasma potential, on the other hand, drops quite rapidly (on the underlying ion-acoustic timescale) to less than initial electron temperature Te when over 70% of the particles still remain in the system. This is due to electron kinetics being governed by conservation of adiabatic invariant in a slowly varying potential well. Analytical model of the velocity distribution is presented to explain the simulations. The results have implications for afterglow plasmas used in material processing and also for ion-extraction devices. One property of potential interest is good uniformity of the decaying plasma that occurs after approximately one ion-acoustic time.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

A mesoscopic digital twin that bridges length and time scales for control of additively manufactured metal microstructures

We present our recent development of an integrated mesoscale digital twin (DT) framework for relating processing conditions, microstructures, and mechanical responses of additively manufactured (AM) metals. In particular, focusing on the laser powder bed fusion technique, we describe how individual modeling and simulation capabilities are coupled to investigate and control AM microstructural features at multiple length and time scales. We review our prior case studies that demonstrate the integrated modeling schemes, in which high-fidelity melt pool dynamics simulations provide accurate local thermal profiles and histories to subsequent AM microstructure simulations. We also report our new mechanical response modeling results for predicted AM microstructures. In addition, we illustrate how our DT framework has been validated through modeling–experiment integration, as well as how it has been practically utilized to guide and analyze AM experiments. Finally, we share our perspectives on future directions of further development of the DT framework for more efficient, accurate predictions and wider ranges of applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Damping Enhancement in Coherent Ferrite–Insulating-Paramagnet Bilayers

High-quality epitaxial ferrites, such as low-damping Mg Al -ferrite (MAFO), are promising nanoscale building blocks for all-oxide heterostructures driven by pure spin current. However, the impact of oxide interfaces on spin dynamics in such heterostructures remains an open question. Here in this paper, we investigate the spin dynamics and chemical and magnetic depth profiles of 15-nm-thick MAFO coherently interfaced with an isostructural 1–8-nm-thick overlayer of paramagnetic CoCr 2 O 4 (CCO) as an all-oxide model system. Compared to MAFO without an overlayer, effective Gilbert damping in MAFO/CCO is enhanced by a factor of > 3, irrespective of the CCO overlayer thickness. We attribute this damping enhancement to spin scattering at the approximately 1-nm-thick chemically disordered layer at the MAFO-CCO interface, rather than spin pumping or proximity-induced magnetism. Our results indicate that damping in ferrite-based heterostructures is strongly influenced by interfacial chemical disorder, even if the thickness of the disordered layer is a small fraction of the ferrite thickness.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Collision geometry and flow in uranium + uranium collisions

Using event-by-event viscous fluid dynamics to evolve fluctuating initial density profiles from the Monte Carlo–Glauber model for U+U collisions, we study the predicted “knee”-like structure in the elliptic flow as a function of collision centrality. The knee arises in the two-component Monte Carlo–Glauber model when the initial source ellipticity is plotted as a function of centrality. It results from the preferential selection of tip-on-tip collision geometries by a high-multiplicity trigger. We find that the knee survives hydrodynamic evolution, and that it is located around the 0.5% most central collisions as measured by the final charged multiplicity. Such a knee structure is not seen in the STAR data. This rules out the two-component MC-Glauber model for initial energy and entropy production. Thus, an enrichment of tip-tip configurations by triggering solely on high-multiplicity in the U+U collisions does not work. Yet, by using zero degree calorimeters (ZDCs) coupled with event-shape engineering such a selection is possible. We identify the selection purity of body-body and tip-tip events in full-overlap U+U collisions. By additionally constraining the asymmetry of the ZDC signals we can further increase the probability of selecting tip-tip events in U+U collisions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗