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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Secure Control Regions for Distributed Stochastic Systems with Application to Distributed Energy Resource Dispatch: Preprint

With the increasing connectedness and interdependence of systems that are stochastic in nature, the issue of how to manage and coordinate them for safe operation has evidently become more important. In many networked system architectures, the system-wide output has to be delicately managed; often within a prescribed set of bounds. In this paper, a novel control framework is proposed where the bounds on the outputs are translated into independent bounds on the controllable inputs of each subsystem. The main benefit of this framework is that respecting the individual control bounds suffices to guarantee that the system-wide outputs will remain within safe boundaries. Since the systems are assumed to be stochastic, the bounds on the output are introduced as probabilistic chance constraints. The benefits of this framework are demonstrated by applying it to the control of distributed energy resources in a distribution networks where main goal is to keep the voltage magnitudes with their prescribed bounds. The control bounds are evaluated using real data on an IEEE test system.

chance constrained optimization↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reconfiguration of power grids during abnormal conditions using reclosers and distributed energy resources

Apparatus and methods are disclosed for restoring operation of a power grid comprising a plurality of reclosers and distributed energy resources (DERs) responsive to abnormal conditions by determining and implementing a reconfiguration for the power grid. The reconfiguration can specify respective new statuses for one or more of the reclosers and/or respective quantities of reactive power to be supplied by one or more of the DERs. The reconfiguration can be determined based on a plurality of constraints using an objective function, the constraints being determined based at least in part on recloser status data and/or DER power generation capability data. Respective cleared quantities of reactive power for the DERs to supply to the reconfigured power grid can be determined via a transactive control scheme, and the reconfiguration can be updated prior to implementation based on the results of the transactive control scheme.

Radhakrishnan, Nikitha↗
DOE OSTI2022

Far-ultraviolet to FIR Spectral-energy Distribution Modeling of the Stellar Formation History of the M31 Bulge

M31 is being surveyed at far- and near-ultraviolet with the UVIT telescope on AstroSat. The central bulge of M31 was observed in the N279N (275–280 nm), N219M (200–240 nm), F172M (160–185 nm), F169M (145–175 nm), and F148W (120–180 nm) filters. These images are made publicly available here. The UVIT data are supplemented with Sloan Digital Sky Survey data in optical, Spitzer data in near-infrared and Herschel data in mid- and far-infrared. The resulting far-ultraviolet to IR spectral-energy distributions for the bulge and for 10 subregions, are modeled using combinations of simple stellar populations and with CIGALE models. We find a dominant old (10–12 Gyr) metal-rich ([Z/H] ~ 0.3) population and a younger (600 Myr) solar abundance ([Z/H] ~ 0) population throughout the bulge. For the innermost 120" we find an additional very young (25 Myr) metal-poor ([Z/H] ~ –0.7) population. The results are consistent with the most recent stellar population studies of the bulge, which find the two populations for the whole bulge and a third young population in the innermost bulge.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Privacy-Aware Federated Learning Framework for Distributed Energy Resource Analytics in Constrained Environments

To be resilient against extreme weather events, the rural communities in Puerto Rico are leveraging distributed energy resources (DER). However, computing frameworks sup-porting the grid in critical decision-making are still largely centralized. Sensitive consumer data are transmitted over the Internet or cellular networks to a secondary or tertiary node. It guarantees better situational awareness at the cost of a wider attack surface, jeopardizing user privacy, as more DER come online. Cloud, Edge, and Fog computing all require data aggregation at some level. This paper introduces a privacy-aware federated learning framework that leverages the Fog model by pushing analytics all the way to the DER and load assets. These local models train on individual asset data and transmit only learned parameters (such as weights) over secure communications to a global decision-maker. By abstracting personally identifiable consumer data without impacting decision optimality, this framework better aligns with distributed power generation paradigm.

Sundararajan, Aditya↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cybersecurity Certification Standard for Distributed Energy and Inverter Based Resources

NREL and UL co-presented on their joint effort to develop a cybersecurity certification standard for distributed energy resources (DERs) at a meeting of the Cybersecurity Advisory Team for State Solar (CATSS). The advisory team is hosted by NASEO & NARUC. The presentation outlined the benefits of a cybersecurity certification standard, the outcomes of previous initiatives, how this effort reflects the evolving electric grid, and the role of state energy offices. UL explained their role as a trusted third party with expertise to lead this effort and the process from Outline of Investigation (OOI) to a certification standard.

BPS↗
DOE OSTI2023

USAID Colombia Young Leaders Workforce Training Program Action Plans: Regulatory Road Map for Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Interconnection and Interoperability

As part of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Young Leaders Workforce Training Program in Colombia, participants from Colombia's Energy and Gas Regulatory Commission (CREG) leveraged their training and professional experience to develop a regulatory roadmap for the interconnection and interoperability of increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs). CREG was one of four teams selected by the training program development team to receive continued technical assistance and strategic advisory support from the USAID-NREL Partnership for action plan development and implementation. This case study provides an overview of the key activities and outcomes of the technical assistance provided by NREL on the CREG Action Plan, and key next steps for implementation of Colombia's DER Integration Regulatory Roadmap.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of an Interactive Valuation Model for Distributed Energy Resource Value: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

The Oklahoma Office of the Secretary of Energy and Environment (OSEE) seeks to address perceived challenges and barriers to the deployment of distributed energy generation resources (DERs), including solar and other technologies, in the state of Oklahoma. The Scope of Work (SOW) associated with CRD-18-762 covers two tasks: (1) Interactive Valuation Model Requirements Document and (2) Consumer Protection Assessment. Follow-on work was completed under a separate CRADA (CRD-19-00788).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cybersecurity Certification Requirements for Distributed Energy Resources: A Survey of SunSpec Alliance Standards

This survey paper explores the cybersecurity certification requirements defined by the SunSpec Alliance for Distributed Energy Resource (DER) devices, focusing on aspects such as software updates, device communications, authentication mechanisms, device security, logging, and test procedures. The SunSpec cybersecurity standards mandate support for remote and automated software updates, secure communication protocols, stringent authentication practices, and robust logging mechanisms to ensure operational integrity. Furthermore, the paper discusses the implementation of the SAE J3072 standard using the IEEE 2030.5 protocol, emphasizing the secure interactions between electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) for functionalities like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities. This research also examines the SunSpec Modbus standard, which enhances the interoperability among DER system components, facilitating compliance with grid interconnection standards. This paper also analyzes the existing SunSpec Device Information Models, which standardize data exchange formats for DER systems across communication interfaces. Finally, this paper concludes with a detailed discussion of the energy storage cybersecurity specification and the blockchain cybersecurity requirements as proposed by SunSpec Alliance.

Tsikteris, Sean (ORCID:0009000524202250)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measurement of the energy distribution of electrons escaping confinement from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source

Production of high charge state ions in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) is dependent on the electron energy distribution (EED) within the source plasma. In order to better understand the EED, a measurement of electrons escaping axially from an ECRIS device has been performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. Electrons were measured escaping from the Superconducting Source for Ions, driven at 18 GHz. Dependencies of the observed EED on the confining magnetic field strength and injected microwave power are reported. This paper focuses on large peaks of electrons in the 400–1200 keV energy range. Measurements of the axial bremsstrahlung spectrum have been simultaneously carried out to provide a direct comparison between both techniques. A comparison between the energy associated with the peak of the electron distribution and the spectral temperature of the bremsstrahlung distribution is shown.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Transactive Energy Systems: The Market-based Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources

This paper synthesizes a unifying framework that captures a large class of transactive energy systems studied in the literature. The framework consists of four key elements: agent preferences, control decisions, information structure, and solution concept. Among them, agent preference specifies the preferred outcome by each agent and models the conflict of interest in decision making. Control decision specifies the set of decisions for each agent to maximize its payoff. Information structure describes the information available to each agent before it makes a decision. Solution concept encodes the rationality assumptions of each agent in the system. These elements are important in identifying and distinguishing different transactive energy systems. In this paper, we use them to analyze a number of important ones, including the competitive equilibrium, Stackelberg game, reverse Stackelberg game, and mechanism design. Each class of these problems is formulated as a special case of the proposed transactive energy systems. Their connections and differences are discussed. Available tools and results for each category of problems are surveyed.

Li, Sen↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optimal Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient

Recent studies showed that reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for coordination and control of distributed energy resources (DER) under uncertainties. Many existing RL approaches, including Q-learning and approximate dynamic programming, are based on lookup table methods, which become inefficient when the problem size is large and infeasible when continuous states and actions are involved. In addition, when modeling battery energy storage system (BESS), the loss of life is not reasonably considered into the decision-making process. This paper proposes an innovative deep RL method for DER coordination considering BESS degradation. The proposed deep RL is designed based on an adaptive actor-critic architecture and employs an off-policy deterministic policy gradient method for determining the dispatch operation that minimizes the operation cost and BESS life loss. Case studies were performed to validate the proposed method and demonstrate the effects of incorporating degradation models into control design.

Das, Avijit↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling the energetic tail of a dusty plasma's electron energy distribution and its effect on dust grain charge and behavior

A model for a weakly ionized dusty plasma is proposed in which UV or x-ray radiation continuously creates free electrons at high energy, which then cool through collisions with a cold neutral gas before recombining. The transition of a free electron from high energy at birth to low energy at demise implies that the electron energy distribution is not the simple Maxwellian of an isolated system in thermal equilibrium, but instead has a high-energy tail that depends on the recombination time. This tail can have a major effect on dust grain charging because the flux of tail electrons can be substantial even if the density of tail electrons is small. Detailed analytic and numerical calculations of dust grain charging show that situations exist in which a small high-energy tail dominates charge behavior. This implies that dust grain charge in terrestrial and space dusty plasmas may be significantly underestimated if a Maxwellian distribution is assumed and the non-thermal dynamics are neglected.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dynamical System Scaling of a Thermocline Thermal Storage System in the Thermal Energy Distribution System (TEDS) Facility

The purpose of this study was to develop a process to convert input signals from one facility into another by reflecting geometric and environmental settings. The Dynamic Energy Transport and Integration Laboratory (DETAIL) is one facility in development that aims to emulate the daily interactions among power production industry systems and be capable of receiving real-time data from those systems as inputs. To convert signals and ensure that the temporal sequences and magnitudes reflect the laboratory settings, the ability to scale and project data is essential. To demonstrate this ability, Dynamical System Scaling (a methodology that enables systems to scale and project or extrapolate datasets to desired environments while conserving the observed transient behavior based on first principles) was applied to DETAIL’s thermocline thermal storage system in the Thermal Energy Distribution System. The thermocline system was successfully scaled and a test case was conducted to generate a doubly accelerated energy charge and discharge in reference to past experimental data from the facility. The accelerated data were determined as able to conserve the amount of energy stored and the associated test boundary conditions were charge line maximum temperature, charge line velocity, and thermocline maximum temperature at 354 °C, 0.458 m/s, and 418 °C, respectively. The research results represented a case that required signals to be accelerated without altering the stored energy.

Yoshiura, Ramon (ORCID:0000000319781313)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Distributed Energy Technologies Laboratory Wind Turbine Emulator Design Documentation

This document contains the design and operation principles for the wind turbine emulator (WTE) located in the Distributed Energy Technologies Laboratory (DETL) at Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia). The wind turbine emulator is a power hardware -in-the-loop (PHIL) representation of the research wind turbines located in Lubbock, Texas at the Sandia Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) facility. This document describes installation and commissioning steps, and it provides references to component manuals and specifications.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

CyDER: A Cyber Physical Co-simulation Platform for Distributed Energy Resources in Smartgrids

The CyDER project aimed at developing an open-source, modular and scalable co-simulation platform for power grids with large shares of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The project partners are the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL), PG&E, SolarCity, and ChargePoint. The prime recipient is LBNL; SolarCity and ChargePoint were partners for the project’s first two years. Increased DER integration introduces a number of challenges in power grid operation including a more dynamic interaction between the transmission grid and distribution grids, and increased modeling complexity. Although specialized software exists to precisely model different components of the power system, it is far from trivial to integrate all various models and perform a holistic simulation. Instead of replicating all models in a common simulation program, a commonly accepted approach to tackle this model diversity is to couple third-party simulators and models through a co-simulation platform that coordinates information exchange among the various components. Following this line of research, this project’s objective was to develop a co-simulation platform based on a widely accepted industrial standard called Functional Mockup Interface (FMI). Within this process, the project developed models compliant with the FMI standard, called Functional Mockup Units (FMUs), and used them to perform various operational and planning power system analyses. Relying and building upon an industrial standard is the main differentiation of this project compared with previous or parallel efforts in the co-simulation area. Particular emphasis was put on delivering software utilities to facilitate setting up and running co-simulations by end-users. Furthermore, a strong aspect of this project is demonstrating that co-simulation techniques can be used to perform Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulations that couple software components (e.g., simulated models) with hardware components (e.g., real devices such PV systems and batteries). The long-term goal of CyDER project is to help establish FMI as a powerful standard for co-simulation and promote adoption by electric utilities and other interested stakeholders. The main accomplishments of the project include the development of several FMUs including distribution and transmission grid models, PV inverters with Volt/Var/Watt controllers, batteries, and predictive optimal controllers. Additionally, a unique software package was developed, called SimulatorToFMU, which is capable of exporting any Python-driven simulator or Python script as an FMU. This is an important contribution towards establishing FMI as one of the main co-simulation standards, because more and more third-party programs for sub-system modeling and simulation are delivered with Python APIs. The CyDER platform was used to perform PV hosting capacity analyses in real utility feeders with and without smart inverter controls, battery storage, and EV charging. Smart inverter controls include conventional Volt/Var/Watt controls for reactive power support and active power curtailment, but also predictive controls that optimize the charging and discharging profile of the battery connected on the DC side in order to minimize the customer’s economic benefit. Finally, an important result of this project is delivering an experimental setup that consists of residential-scale PV inverters with battery storage, a real-time grid simulator with an ideal voltage source as grid emulator, and micro Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). All these components and additional software modules are coupled to one another using the FMI standard and can be co-simulated with the CyDER platform.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating Air-Source Heat Pumps with Distributed Energy Resources in REopt

This training introduces attendees to NREL's REopt(R) web tool and its capabilities in evaluating air-source heat pumps (ASHP) alongside distributed energy resources (DERs). Designed for energy managers, facility operators, and sustainability managers, this session will explore how REopt provides techno-economic analysis to assess the financial viability of ASHP while identifying synergies with solar PV and battery storage. Participants will gain practical insights into using REopt to optimize energy strategies, reduce costs, and improve site resilience.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

First detection of VHE gamma-ray emission from TXS 1515–273, study of its X-ray variability and spectral energy distribution

ABSTRACT We report here on the first multiwavelength (MWL) campaign on the blazar TXS 1515–273, undertaken in 2019 and extending from radio to very-high-energy gamma-rays (VHE). Up until now, this blazar had not been the subject of any detailed MWL observations. It has a rather hard photon index at GeV energies and was considered a candidate extreme high-synchrotron-peaked source. MAGIC observations resulted in the first-time detection of the source in VHE with a statistical significance of 7.6σ. The average integral VHE flux of the source is 6 ± 1 per cent of the Crab nebula flux above 400 GeV. X-ray coverage was provided by Swift-XRT, XMM–Newton, and NuSTAR. The long continuous X-ray observations were separated by ∼9 h, both showing clear hour scale flares. In the XMM–Newton data, both the rise and decay time-scales are longer in the soft X-ray than in the hard X-ray band, indicating the presence of a particle cooling regime. The X-ray variability time-scales were used to constrain the size of the emission region and the strength of the magnetic field. The data allowed us to determine the synchrotron peak frequency and classify the source as a flaring high, but not extreme synchrotron-peaked object. Considering the constraints and variability patterns from the X-ray data, we model the broad-band spectral energy distribution. We applied a simple one-zone model, which could not reproduce the radio emission and the shape of the optical emission, and a two-component leptonic model with two interacting components, enabling us to reproduce the emission from radio to VHE band.

Acciari, V. A.↗