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At least 271 records · Page 15

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NASA NTRS1969

Interdisciplinary Approach to the Lubrication of Concentrated Contacts

In an effort to further the advances in the complex and multidisciplinary subject of lubrication, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) inaugurated in 1967 an interdisciplinary lubrication symposium series. The first meeting of the series, held in San Antonio, Texas, on November 28-30, 1967, was devoted to a critical appraisal of the level of understanding and the needed research in the area of sliding friction and wear under unlubricated and boundary-lubrication conditions. The second meeting, held in Cleveland, Ohio, on November 19-21, 1968, again emphasized unlubricated and boundary-lubricated sliding friction and wear but attempted to focus attention on some selected theoretical and practical problems by discussing in small working group their implications and possible methods of attack. Having thus provided for an examination of sliding friction and wear under unlubricated and boundary-lubrication conditions in considerable breadth and depth, the Steering Committee recommended to ASA in September 196 that further attention be turned to an evaluation of the collective understanding and the needed research in the lubrication of highly loaded machine elements in a combined rolling and sliding situation. The recommendation was accepted by ASA and, accordingly, a symposium entitled Interdisciplinary Approach to the Lubrication of Concentrated Contacts was held on the p-rounds of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, on July 15-17, 1969.

P M Ku↗

NASA NTRS1971

Management applications for thermal IR imagery of lake processes

A thermal infrared scanning program was conducted in the Lake Ontario Basin region in an effort to determine: (1) limonologic data that could be collected by remote sensing techniques, and (2) local interest in and routine use of such data in water management programs. Difficulties encountered in the development of an infrared survey program in New York suggest that some of the major obstacles to acceptance of remotely sensed data for routine use are factors of psychology rather than technology. Also, terminology used should suit the measurement technique in order to encourage acceptance of the surface thermal data obtained.

Whipple, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Community reaction to aircraft noise around smaller city airports

The results are presented of a study of community reaction to jet aircraft noise in the vicinity of airports in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Reno, Nevada. These cities were surveyed in order to obtain data for comparison with that obtained in larger cities during a previous study. (The cities studied earlier were Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York.) The purpose of the present effort was to observe the relative reaction under conditions of lower noise exposure and in less highly urbanized areas, and to test the previously developed predictive equation for annoyance under such circumstances. In Chattanooga and Reno a total of 1960 personal interviews based upon questionnaires were obtained. Aircraft noise measurements were made concurrently and aircraft operations logs were maintained for several weeks in each city to permit computation of noise exposures. The survey respondents were chosen randomly from various exposure zones.

Connor, W. K.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Project Fog Drops. Part 1: Investigations of warm fog properties

A detailed study was made of the micrometeorological and microphysical characteristics of eleven valley fogs occurring near Elmira, New York. Observations were made of temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, dew deposition, vertical wind velocity, and net radiative flux. In fog, visibility was continuously recorded and periodic measurements were made of liquid water content and drop-size distribution. The observations were initiated in late evening and continued until the time of fog dissipation. The vertical distribution of temperature in the lowest 300 meters and cloud nucleus concentration at several heights were measured from an aircraft before fog nucleus concentrations at several heights were measured from an aircraft before fog formation. A numerical model was developed to investigate the life cycle of radiation fogs. The model predicts the temporal evolution of the vertical distributions of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water as determined by the turbulent transfer of heat and moisture. The model includes the nocturnal cooling of the earth's surface, dew formation, fog drop sedimentation, and the absorption of infrared radiation by fog.

Pilie, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

A case study of persistent, intense, clear air turbulence in an upper level frontal zone.

Widespread and persistent clear air turbulence (CAT) occurred over the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. between New York and South Carolina on 18 March 1969. The major synoptic features and a qualitative discussion of the factors contributing to the development of the large vertical wind shears associated with the turbulence are presented. The turbulent region in the vicinity of Wallops Island, Va., was probed with a NASA T-33 research aircraft and with sensitive radars. The clear air radar echoes and the most intense turbulence occurred principally within an upper level frontal zone of about 2 km depth which was produced by the confluence of two currents of widely different origin.

Reed, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Pollution detection in Lake Champlain using ERTS-1 imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. A major waste water discharge plume generated by a large paper mill along the New York shore of Lake Champlain was visually detected on ERTS-1 imagery. The plume is best displayed in 9.5 inch positive transparencies of MSS bands 4 and 5. Observation of the magnitude and extent of this plume is feasible, under magnification of 4 times. The chemical parameters of this plume have been documented by limnological studies. An enhancement technique useful for documenting the presence of waste water discharge plumes in Lake Champlain utilizes Polaroid MP-3 copy camera equipment and Spectral Data Corporation's multispectral viewer. The 9.5 inch, ERTS-1, positive transparency is enlarged using the Polaroid MP-3 copy camera to produce an enlarged lantern slide size positive transparency. These are projected through the multispectral viewer for enhancement and the scene is viewed directly on the screen or copied by an additional photographic step. The technique is simple and produces rapid results.

Lind, A. O.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Ionospheric disturbances caused by long period sound waves generated by Saturn-Apollo launches

Wavelike disturbances were observed in the ionosphere following several nuclear explosions in early 1960's. Supersonic shock waves within the atmosphere generated by large rockets can cause ionospheric electron density perturbations. A CW phase path Doppler array in the New York area was operated during the Saturn-Apollo 12 and 13 launches and recorded Doppler frequency fluctuations due to rocket launchings. Cross correlation and power spectral analyses of the phase path-path Doppler frequency variation records showed that the phase velocities of the signal arrivals were from south of the array with 700 - 800 m/sec corresponding to periods in the range of 2 to 4 minutes. Ionograms taken every 60 seconds from Wallops Islands showed clearly ionospheric disturbances due to rockets. The group velocities were estimated to be of the order of 450 m/sec 1 obtained from the earliest visible disturbances seen on CW phase path Doppler records and ionograms together with the rocket trajectory data.

Rao, G. L.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Dynamics of suspended sediment plumes in Lake Ontario

The author has identified the following significant results. Owing to the normally heavy cloud cover over the lake during the winter, just one ERTS-1 frame was received during the report period. This imagery, obtained January 29, 1973 shows that the highly turbid waters from the Welland Canal and Port Dalhousie harbor commonly seen during the shipping season were not in evidence. Instead, only a broad band of slightly turbid waters extending about 2 to 3 miles into the lake is visible from just west of Port Dalhousie to the Niagara River outlet. A broad band of altocumulus clouds east of the Niagara River precluded study of nearly all of the New York shoreline.

Pluhowski, E. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

ERTS evaluation for land use inventory

The author has identified the following significant results. The feasibility of accomplishing a general inventory of any given region based on spectral categories from satellite data has been demonstrated in a pilot study for an area of 6300 square kilometers in central New York State. This was accomplished by developing special processing techniques to improve and balance contrast and density for each spectral band of an image scene to compare with a standard range of density and contrast found to be acceptable for interpretation of the scene. Diazo film transparencies were made from enlarged black and white transparencies of each spectral band. Color composites were constructed from these diazo films in combinations of hue and spectral bands to enhance different spectral features in the scene. Interpretation and data takeoff was accomplished manually by translating interpreted areas onto an overlay to construct a spectral map. The minimum area interpreted was 25 hectares. The minimum area geographically referenced was one square kilometer. The interpretation and referencing of data from ERTS-1 was found to be about 88% accurate for eight primary spectral categories.

Hardy, E. E.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Monitoring ocean dumping with ERTS-1 data

The results of an analysis of ERTS-1 data for the New York Bight collected on 16 August 1972 are described. Results are presented which show acid-iron wastes, sewage sludge, suspended solids, and major water mass boundary features in the study area. The potential of satellite remote sensing for monitoring large scale events such as ocean dumping is discussed.

Wezernak, C. T.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Annoyance judgements of aircraft with and without acoustically treated nacelles

A series of subjective response laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of reducing aircraft noise by treating the aircraft engine nacelles with acoustically absorbent material. A total of 108 subjects participated in the magnitude estimation tests. The subjects were selected from persons who had previously been interviewed and classified according to selected psychological characteristics. The subjects lived in three general areas located at three specified distances from New York's Kennedy Airport. The aircraft signals used in the tests consisted of tape recordings of the landing approach noise of a B-727 aircraft under normal operating conditions. These recordings were electronically altered to simulate an aircraft with acoustically treated nacelles to achieve noise reductions of approximately 6 EPNdB and 12 EPNdB. The results from these tests indicate that significant reductions in annoyance resulted from the synthesized nacelle treatments.

Borsky, P. N.↗

NASA NTRS1972

The Market Demand for Air Transportation

Although the presentation will touch upon the areas of market for air transportation, the theoretical foundations of the demand function, the demand models, and model selection and evaluation, the emphasis of the presentation will be on a qualitative description of the factors affecting the demand for air transportation. The presentation will rely heavily on the results of market surveys carried out by the Port of New York Authority, the University of Michigan, and Census of Transportation.

Taneja, N.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Application of ERTS-1 data to the protection and management of New Jersey's coastal environment

The author has identified the following significant results. Rapid access to ERTS data was provided by NASA GSFC for the February 26, 1974 overpass of the New Jersey test site. Forty-seven hours following the overpass computer-compatible tapes were ready for processing at EarthSat. The finished product was ready just 60 hours following the overpass and delivered to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. This operational demonstration has been successful in convincing NJDEP as to the worth of ERTS as an operational monitoring and enforcement tool of significant value to the State. An erosion/ accretion severity index has been developed for the New Jersey shore case study area. Computerized analysis techniques have been used for monitoring offshore waste disposal dumping locations, drift vectors, and dispersion rates in the New York Bight area. A computer shade print of the area was used to identify intensity levels of acid waste. A Litton intensity slice print was made to provide graphic presentation of dispersion characteristics and the dump extent. Continued monitoring will lead to the recommendation and justification of permanent dumping sites which pose no threat to water quality in nearshore environments.

Yunghans, R. S.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Application of ERTS imagery to environmental studies of Lake Champlain

ERTS Imagery has provided data relating to a number of environmental and limnological concerns such as water quality, lake flooding and lake ice formation. Pollution plume data provided by ERTS was recently used in the Supreme Court case involving the States of Vermont and New York and a paper company. Flooding of lowland tracts has been a major concern due to a repetitive pattern of high lake levels over the past three years, and ERTS imagery is being used to construct the first series of flood maps of the affected areas. Lake ice development and turbidity patterns have also been studied from ERTS, since these have significance for shore erosion studies.

Lind, A. O.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Ocean internal waves off the North American and African coasts from ERTS-1

Periodic features observed in the ocean portions of certain ERTS-1 images have been identified with reasonable certainty as surface manifestations of oceanic internal gravity waves. A series of images taken over the New York Bight, commencing with the 16 July 1972 overpass and continuing on into autumn of 1973, has shown the internal waves to be present when summer solar heating stratifies the water sufficiently well to support such oscillations. When fall and winter wind action mixes the shelf water down to the bottom, the waves no longer appear. In the Bight, the wavelengths range from approximately 400 to 1000 m, with the wave field being most sharply delineated near the edges of the continental shelf, at the mouth of the Hudson Canyon. They appear in packets consisting of several waves separated by 10-15 km, which propagate up on the shelf and disappear.

Apel, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Polarimetric observations of Comet Kohoutek (1973f)

Radio, optical, and visual observations were made of Comet Kohoutek (1973f) using facilities of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and of the Hawaii Night Sky Observatory, State University of New York at Albany (SUNYA). Transit observations were made using the NRAO 300 ft radio telescope on six consecutive days beginning November 24, 1973. Observations were carried out in the continuum at 11 cm using the 4-feed system at different position angles. The data were recorded on magnetic tape and were computer reduced. Results were negative, with an rms error of 62 milli flux units, giving an upper limit of 180 mfu for the 11 cm continuum emission from the Comet. This relatively high detection limit resulted from a combination of interference and bad weather that affected these pre-perihelion observations. No observations could be scheduled near or after perihelion.

Weinberg, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Energy impact of short-haul STOL systems

An analysis has been made to evaluate the impact on fuel requirements of a segregated short-haul system. A comparison has been made between two alternate scenarios: one with STOL, and the other without STOL. For the New York to Washington, D.C. city pair the results show: (1) the modal efficiency approach, while indicating the with STOL scenario requires more fuel than the without STOL scenario, is of questionable validity because it does not account for various effects which exist in realistic scenarios; (2) evaluation of fuel requirements based on more detailed modeling indicates that while a STOL scenario requires more fuel than without STOL when an idealized CTOL system is postulated, the STOL scenario requires less fuel than without STOL when the CTOL system has even moderate delays. These results are due to a combination of effects: the closer and more convenient locations of STOL ports to the traveler, congestion at the CTOL airports, and the impact of the through passenger traffic. Sensitivity of results to STOL aircraft block fuel and to CTOL congestion delays are considered.

Stewart, E. C.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Measured and Calculated Neutron Spectra and Dose Equivalent Rates at High Altitudes; Relevance to SST Operations and Space Research

Results of the NASA Langley-New York University high-altitude radiation study are presented. Measurements of the absorbed dose rate and of secondary fast neutrons (1 to 10 MeV energy) during the years 1965 to 1971 are used to determine the maximum radiation exposure from galactic and solar cosmic rays of supersonic transport (SST) and subsonic jet occupants. The maximum dose equivalent rates that the SST crews might receive turn out to be 13 to 20 percent of the maximum permissible dose rate (MPD) for radiation workers (5 rem/yr). The exposure of passengers encountering an intense giant-energy solar particle event could exceed the MPD for the general population (0.5 rem/yr), but would be within these permissible limits if in such rare cases the transport descends to subsonic altitude; it is in general less than 12 percent of the MPD. By Monte Carlo calculations of the transport and buildup of nucleons in air for incident proton energies E of 0.02 to 10 GeV, the measured neutron spectra were extrapolated to lower and higher energies and for galactic cosmic rays were found to continue with a relatively high intensity to energies greater than 400 MeV, in a wide altitude range. This condition, together with the measured intensity profiles of fast neutrons, revealed that the biologically important fast and energetic neutrons penetrate deep into the atmosphere and contribute approximately 50 percent of the dose equivalant rates at SST and present subsonic jet altitudes.

Foelsche, T.↗