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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Quantification of Hydrogen Isotopes Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy Paired with Chemometric Analysis for Application across Multiple Systems

On-line and real-time analysis of a chemical process is a major analytical challenge that can drastically change the way the chemical industry or chemical research operates. With in situ analyses, new and powerful understanding of chemistry can be gained; however, building robust tools for long-term monitoring faces many challenges that include compensating for instrument drift, instrument replacement, and sensor or probe replacement. Accounting for these changes by recollecting calibration data and rebuilding quantification models can be costly and time consuming. Here, in this study, methods to overcome these challenges are demonstrated with an application of Raman spectroscopy to monitoring hydrogen isotopes with varied speciation within dynamic gas streams. Specifically, chemical data science tools such as chemometric modeling are leveraged along with several examples of calibration transfer approaches. Furthermore, the optimization of instrument and sensors cell parameters for targeted gas phase analyses is discussed. While the particular focus on hydrogen is highly beneficial within the nuclear energy sector, mechanisms built and demonstrated here are widely applicable to optical spectroscopy monitoring in numerous other chemical systems that can be leveraged in other hazardous processes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2005

Analysis of Raman Lidar and radiosonde measurements from the AWEX-G field campaign and its relation to Aqua validation

Early work within the Aqua validation activity revealed there to be large differences in water vapor measurement accuracy among the various technologies in use for providing validation data. The validation measurements were made at globally distributed sites making it difficult to isolate the sources of the apparent measurement differences among the various sensors, which included both Raman lidar and radiosonde. Because of this, the AIRS Water Vapor Experiment-Ground (AWEX-G) was held in October - November, 2003 with the goal of bringing validation technologies to a common site for intercomparison and resolution of the measurement discrepancies. Using the University of Colorado Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) as the water vapor reference, the AWEX-G field campaign resulted in new correction techniques for both Raman lidar, Vaisala RS80-H and RS90/92 measurements that significantly improve the absolute accuracy of those measurement systems particularly in the upper troposphere. Mean comparisons of radiosondes and lidar are performed demonstrating agreement between corrected sensors and the CFH to generally within 5% thereby providing data of sufficient accuracy for Aqua validation purposes. Examples of the use of the correction techniques in radiance and retrieval comparisons are provided and discussed.

Whiteman, D. N.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Analysis of Raman Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements from the AWEX-G Field Campaign and Its Relation to Aqua Validation

Early work within the Aqua validation activity revealed there to be large differences in water vapor measurement accuracy among the various technologies in use for providing validation data. The validation measurements were made at globally distributed sites making it difficult to isolate the sources of the apparent measurement differences among the various sensors, which included both Raman lidar and radiosonde. Because of this, the AIRS Water Vapor Experiment-Ground (AWEX-G) was held in October-November 2003 with the goal of bringing validation technologies to a common site for intercomparison and resolving the measurement discrepancies. Using the University of Colorado Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) as the water vapor reference, the AWEX-G field campaign permitted correction techniques to be validated for Raman lidar, Vaisala RS80-H and RS90/92 that significantly improve the absolute accuracy of water vapor measurements from these systems particularly in the upper troposphere. Mean comparisons of radiosondes and lidar are performed demonstrating agreement between corrected sensors and the CFH to generally within 5% thereby providing data of sufficient accuracy for Aqua validation purposes. Examples of the use of the correction techniques in radiance and retrieval comparisons are provided and discussed.

Whiteman, D. N.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Probing the thermal decomposition of plutonium (III) oxalate with IR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy

The thermal decomposition of Pu(III) oxalate was analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. These data show that crystalline Pu 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 •9H 2 O progressively loses water and oxalate ligands as it is heated, which leads to a decrease in long-range lattice ordering, though minimal changes are observed in gross crystalline morphology. The onset of PuO 2 formation was observed between 200 - 250 °C. Thermal decomposition of oxalate ligands leads to the formation of CO 2 and plutonium oxalate-carbonate moieties, which had not been observed in previously published thermogravimetric measurements of Pu(III) oxalate. Formation of plutonium oxalate-carbonate moieties is believed to be associated with a change in the plutonium oxidation state from 3+ to 4+, which occurs prior to PuO 2 formation. The data provided herein demonstrate the rich spectroscopic nature of a rather underexplored, and technologically relevant, plutonium system. Ideally these results will further future investigations into the Pu(III) oxalate system both experimentally and computationally.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Assessment of Extinction‐, Satellite‐, and Model‐Based Vertical Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) Retrieval Methods Using Airborne CCN Measurements Over the Southern Great Plains

Abstract Accurate estimates of the vertical profile of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration are crucial to better quantify aerosol‐cloud interactions. We assessed the correlation between the vertical CCN concentrations obtained from extinction‐, satellite‐, and model‐based retrieval methods and airborne CCN concentrations collected at 0.24% supersaturation within the 3, 9, 27, and 81 km regions centered over the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement User Facility Southern Great Plains (SGP) site during the spring and summer of 2016. The extinction profiles at a wavelength 355 nm were provided by the ground‐based Raman lidar. Our analysis showed moderate correlation between dry‐corrected extinction and airborne CCN data. We found the retrieved number concentration of CCN (RNCCN) method showed regression best‐fit slopes close to unity and consistent prediction errors for the majority of the data. The Lenhardt et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt‐16‐2037‐2023 ) method showed similar conclusions but only during spring, whereas the Mamouri and Ansmann (2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐16‐5905‐2016 ) method showed poor correlation. The Shinozuka et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐15‐7585‐2015 ) satellite‐based method exhibited reasonable agreement during summer but poor correlation during periods where both high (∼1,400 #/cm 3 ) and low (∼50 #/cm 3 ) airborne CCN concentrations were observed. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis modeled 3‐D CCN data set showed a moderate to weak positive correlation but performed poorly at high airborne CCN concentrations. Our analysis suggests the extinction‐based RNCCN method performed better than other methods across most observation periods under the diverse meteorological conditions observed at the SGP site.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1972

Vibrational spectra and structure of azomethane and azomethane-d6.

The infrared and Raman spectra of azomethane and azomethane-d(6) were examined in detail. Vibrational data provided definitive verification of a trans-structure with C(2h) symmetry. A vibrational assignment is proposed for the 24 fundamental modes based upon the observed contours, isotopic shift ratios, and group frequency correlations. Spectra of the polycrystalline samples indicate that there are at least four molecules per unit cell, since a number of the bands were observed to be split into doublets. The crystal also appeared to have a center of symmetry, since mutual exclusion was clearly operative.

Durig, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Laser applications in meteorology and earth and atmospheric remote sensing; Proceedings of the Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, Jan. 16-18, 1989

Various papers on laser applications in meteorology and earth and atmospheric remote sensing are presented. The individual topics addressed include: solid state lasers for the mid-IR region, tunable chromium lasers, GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb injection lasers for remote sensing applications, development and design of an airborne autonomous wavemeter for laser tuning, fabrication of lightweight Si/SiC lidar mirrors, low-cost double heterostructure and quantum-well laser array development, nonlinear optical processes for the mid-IR region, simulated space-based Doppler lidar performance in regions of backscatter inhomogeneities, design of CO2 recombination catalysts for closed-cycle CO2 lasers, density measurements with combined Raman-Rayleigh lidar, geodynamics applications of spaceborne laser ranging, use of aircraft laser ranging data for forest mensuration, remote active spectrometer, multiwavelngth and triple CO2 lidars for trace gas detection, analysis of laser diagnostics in plumes, laser atmospheric wind sounder, compact Doppler lidar system using commercial off-the-shelf components, and preliminary design for a laser atmospheric wind sounder.

Sokoloski, Martin M.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Evaluation of Vapor Pressure and Ultra-High Vacuum Tribological Properties of Ionic Liquids (2) Mixtures and Additives

Ionic liquids are salts, many of which are typically viscous fluids at room temperature. The fluids are characterized by negligible vapor pressures under ambient conditions. These properties have led us to study the effectiveness of ionic liquids containing both organic cations and anions for use as space lubricants. In the previous paper we have measured the vapor pressure and some tribological properties of two distinct ionic liquids under simulated space conditions. In this paper we will present vapor pressure measurements for two new ionic liquids and friction coefficient data for boundary lubrication conditions in a spiral orbit tribometer using stainless steel tribocouples. In addition we present the first tribological data on mixed ionic liquids and an ionic liquid additive. Post mortem infrared and Raman analysis of the balls and races indicates the major degradation pathway for these two organic ionic liquids is similar to those of other carbon based lubricants, i.e. deterioration of the organic structure into amorphous graphitic carbon. The coefficients of friction and lifetimes of these lubricants are comparable to or exceed these properties for several commonly used space oils.

Morales, Wilfredo↗
DOE OSTI2020

Application of On-Line Monitoring and Real-Time Characterization of Low Level Waste Samples from Hanford Tanks

Waste and treatment stream characterization is an essential part of safe, efficient, and cost-effective processing of Hanford materials. The demand for materials characterization, including chemical, radionuclide, and physical attributes during waste management, transfer, and staging operations in the Hanford tank farms, is expected to significantly increase as the U.S. Department of Energy Office of River Protection (ORP) progresses toward Hanford waste treatment and immobilization. The application of on-line monitoring can greatly improve operation timeframes and reduce costs by providing real-time data and supporting the reduction of necessary grab sample collection. Recently, our team applied Raman online monitoring and chemometric modeling to the supernate of Hanford tank 241-AP-105, and demonstrated the quantitative measurement of nine analytes within this waste. Application of this method has been expanded to additional Hanford tank wastes, AW-102 and AP-107. The performance of the process monitoring instruments and the accuracy of the chemometric models will be assessed. On-line monitoring results will be compared to anion results determined from the current standard, ion-chromatographic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods. Comparisons of both determined values and uncertainties of results will be presented. Results will be shared with personnel working on flowsheet interfaces for the Direct-Feed Low Activity Waste mission at Hanford.

Lines, Amanda M.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Application of On-Line Monitoring and Real-Time Characterization of Low Level Waste Samples from Hanford Tanks - 20380

Waste and treatment stream characterization is an essential part of safe, efficient, and cost-effective processing of Hanford materials. The demand for materials characterization, including chemical, radionuclide, and physical attributes during waste management, transfer, and staging operations in the Hanford tank farms, is expected to significantly increase as the U.S. Department of Energy Office of River Protection (ORP) progresses toward Hanford waste treatment and immobilization. The application of on-line monitoring can greatly improve operation time frames and reduce costs by providing real-time data and supporting the reduction of necessary grab sample collection. Recently, our team applied Raman online monitoring and chemometric modeling to the supernate of Hanford tank 241-AP-105, and demonstrated the quantitative measurement of nine analytes within this waste. Application of this method has been expanded to additional Hanford tank wastes, AW-102 and AP-107. The performance of the process monitoring instruments and the accuracy of the chemometric models will be assessed. On-line monitoring results will be compared to anion results determined from the current standard, ion-chromatographic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods. Comparisons of both determined values and uncertainties of results will be presented. Results will be shared with personnel working on flowsheet interfaces for the Direct-Feed Low Activity Waste mission at Hanford. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS2014

Overview of NASA GRCs Green Propellant Infusion Mission Thruster Testing and Plume Diagnostics

The Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) is sponsored by NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) Technology Demonstration Mission (TDM) office. The goal of GPIM is to advance the technology readiness level of a green propulsion system, specifically, one using the monopropellant, AF-M315E, by demonstrating ground handling, spacecraft processing, and on-orbit operations. One of the risks identified for GPIM is potential contamination of sensitive spacecraft surfaces from the effluents in the plumes of AF-M315E thrusters. NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is conducting activities to characterize the effects of AF-M315E plume impingement and deposition. GRC has established individual plume models of the 22-N and 1-N thrusters that will be used on the GPIM spacecraft. The models describe the pressure, temperature, density, Mach number, and species concentration of the AF-M315E thruster exhaust plumes. The models are being used to assess the impingement effects of the AF-M315E thrusters on the GPIM spacecraft. The model simulations will be correlated with plume measurement data from Laboratory and Engineering Model 22-N, AF-M315E thrusters. The thrusters will be tested in a small rocket, altitude facility at NASA GRC. The GRC thruster testing will be conducted at duty cycles representatives of the planned GPIM maneuvers. A suite of laser-based diagnostics, including Raman spectroscopy, Rayleigh spectroscopy, Schlieren imaging, and physical probes will be used to acquire plume measurements of AFM315E thrusters. Plume data will include temperature, velocity, relative density, and species concentration. The plume measurement data will be compared to the corresponding simulations of the plume model. The GRC effort will establish a data set of AF-M315E plume measurements and a plume model that can be used for future AF-M315E applications.

green Propellants↗
DOE OSTI2023

Morphologically-Directed Raman Spectroscopy as an Analytical Method for Subvisible Particle Characterization in Therapeutic Protein Product Quality

Abstract Subvisible particles (SVPs) are a critical quality attribute of injectable therapeutic proteins (TPs) that needs to be controlled due to potential risks associated with drug product quality. The current compendial methods routinely used to analyze SVPs for lot release provide information on particle size and count. However, chemical identification of individual particles is also important to address root-cause analysis. Herein, we introduce Morphologically-Directed Raman Spectroscopy (MDRS) for SVP characterization of TPs. The following particles were used for method development: (1) polystyrene microspheres, a traditional standard used in industry; (2) photolithographic (SU-8); and (3) ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) particles, candidate reference materials developed by NIST. In our study, MDRS rendered high-resolution images for the ETFE particles (> 90%) ranging from 19 to 100 μm in size, covering most of SVP range, and generated comparable morphology data to flow imaging microscopy. Our method was applied to characterize particles formed in stressed TPs and was able to chemically identify individual particles using Raman spectroscopy. MDRS was able to compare morphology and transparency properties of proteinaceous particles with reference materials. The data suggests MDRS may complement the current TPs SVP analysis system and product quality characterization workflow throughout development and commercial lifecycle.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Overview of SHERLOC Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Results Obtained During Perseverance’s Green Zone Campaign at Jezero Crater, Mars

The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, in February 2021. The field site was chosen because orbiter data provided evidence that the crater hosted an ancient (>2.7 Ga) fluvio-lacustrine environment. The Octavia E. Butler landing site is located ~1.9 km east of the erosional remnant of the Jezero river delta. Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) is an arm-mounted instrument that combines fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy with microscopic imaging to analyze geological materials in order to better understand the history of the environments recorded in the rocks within Jezero crater and to search for potential biosignatures. SHERLOC has two microscopic cameras, the Autofocus and Context Imager (ACI) and the Wide-Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering, (WATSON). These subsystems obtain high spatial resolution (10.1–100 µm/pixel) images to identify grain-scale structure and texture. SHERLOC spectroscopy enables high-sensitivity detection, characterization, and spatially-resolved correlation of trace organic materials. SHERLOC’s 248.6 nm deep UV laser generates a 100 µm-diameter spot. Photons generated by Raman scattering and fluorescence emission are collected and the spectra are downlinked to Earth for analysis. Knowledge of where the laser is pointed allows for mineral and compositional maps to be generated and overlain in ACI and WATSON images. Early spectroscopy observations focused on natural rock surfaces at targets named Nataani (sol 83), Bi_la_sana (sol 98) and Foux (sol 141). These surfaces included patches of aeolian dust that had settled upon the rocks. Perseverance’s abrasion tool is expected to become available in August 2021; it will grind to depths of 14 mm to remove dust and penetrate coatings and weathering rinds. This presentation will summarize major results from analysis of the rocks examined by SHERLOC during Perseverance’s first science and sample coring campaign (Green Zone Campaign).

Luther W Beegle↗
NASA NTRS2018

PIV and Rotational Raman-Based Temperature Measurements for CFD Validation in a Single Injector Cooling Flow

Film cooling is used in a wide variety of engineering applications for protection of surfaces from hot or combusting gases. The design of more efficient thin film cooling geometries/configurations could be facilitated by an ability to accurately model and predict the effectiveness of current designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code predictions. Hence, a benchmark set of flow field property data were obtained for use in assessing current CFD capabilities and for development of better turbulence models. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and spontaneous rotational Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopy were used to acquire high quality, spatially-resolved measurements of the mean velocity, turbulence intensity and also the mean temperature and normalized root mean square (rms) temperatures in a single injector cooling flow arrangement. In addition to flowfield measurements, thermocouple measurements on the plate surface enabled estimates of the film effectiveness. Raman spectra in air were obtained across a matrix of radial and axial locations downstream from a 68.07 mm square nozzle blowing heated air over a range of temperatures and Mach numbers, across a 30.48 cm long plate equipped with a single injector cooling hole. In addition, both centerline streamwise 2-component PIV and cross-stream 3-component Stereo PIV data at 15 axial stations were collected in the same flows. The velocity and temperature data were then compared against Wind-US CFD code predictions for the same flow conditions. The results of this and planned follow-on studies will support NASA's development and assessment of turbulence models for heated flows.

Raman Scattering↗
NASA NTRS2023

Constructing a Raman Spectroscopy System

The project aims to understand how Raman spectroscopy works by constructing a system based on existing concepts of the technique and utilizing NASA’s available tools and software to analyze the collected data. Once the data is successfully interpreted and proven, other improvements to the assembled system will then be explored. Part of the paper goes through several phases of construction of the system and improvements made. Nevertheless, the data obtained and the results were unsatisfactory as they need to be further analyzed for accuracy. The ultimate ambition was to be able to assist NASA with its objective of implementing a remote and compact Raman spectroscopy system on a rover for future planetary surface characterization such as Mars and lunar surfaces via a Raman spectroscopy system that the agency’s Senior Engineer, Dr. M. Nurul Abedin, has been working on since the early 2000s [2,3,4].

Jake Nguyen↗
NASA NTRS2018

PIV and Rotational Raman-Based Temperature Measurements for CFD Validation in a Single Injector Cooling Flow

Film cooling is used in a wide variety of engineering applications for protection of surfaces from hot or combusting gases. The design of more efficient thin film cooling geometries/configurations could be facilitated by an ability to accurately model and predict the effectiveness of current designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code predictions. Hence, a benchmark set of flow field property data were obtained for use in assessing current CFD capabilities and for development of better turbulence models. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and spontaneous rotational Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopy were used to acquire high quality, spatially-resolved measurements of the mean velocity, turbulence intensity and also the mean temperature and normalized root mean square (rms) temperatures in a single injector cooling flow arrangement. In addition to flowfield measurements, thermocouple measurements on the plate surface enabled estimates of the film effectiveness. Raman spectra in air were obtained across a matrix of radial and axial locations downstream from a 68.07 mm square nozzle blowing heated air over a range of temperatures and Mach numbers, across a 30.48cm long plate equipped with a single injector cooling hole. In addition, both centerline streamwise 2-component PIV and cross-stream 3-component Stereo PIV data at 15 axial stations were collected in the same flows. The velocity and temperature data were then compared against Wind-US CFD code predictions for the same flow conditions. The results of this and planned follow-on studies will support NASA's development and assessment of turbulence models for heated flows.

Turbulence Modeling↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advances in imaging, scattering, spectroscopy, and machine learning-aided approaches for multiscale characterization of cementitious systems

Recent progress in methods used in the multiscale characterization of cementitious systems is reviewed, focusing on advances in imaging, scattering, and spectroscopy. The review includes relevant applications and developments in machine learning and other data analytics approaches to enhance characterization. Developments in imaging using light and electron microscopy as well as x-ray (i.e., from synchrotron) methods are summarized. Updates include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tomography, and holography. A critical overview of spectroscopy (e.g., MAS NMR, Raman) and scattering (e.g., neutron, x-ray, synchrotron x-ray) methods is provided, and the intersection of these with imaging is developed (e.g., Raman imaging). Additionally, the paper summarizes recent developments in and implementations of state-of-the-art machine-learning algorithms and data analytics methods for automated, systematic, and/or quantitative analyses of image data sets. The review considers but is not limited to the application of these methods for investigating the hydration and microstructure development of cement phases, low-carbon-footprint cements (e.g., limestone calcined clay cements, LC3), environmental interactions (e.g., ASR) and model systems. Finally, the present work provides a critical presentation of advances in characterization methods that link together the composition and multiscale structure of cementitious materials.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

A GPC2 antibody-drug conjugate is efficacious against neuroblastoma and small-cell lung cancer via binding a conformational epitope

Glypican 2 (GPC2) is a MYCN-regulated, differentially expressed cell-surface oncoprotein and target for immune-based therapies in neuroblastoma. Here, we build on GPC2’s immunotherapeutic attributes by finding that it is also a highly expressed, MYCN-driven oncoprotein on small-cell lung cancers (SCLCs), with significantly enriched expression in both the SCLC and neuroblastoma stem cell compartment.By solving the crystal structure of the D3-GPC2-Fab/GPC2 complex at 3.3 Å resolution, we further illustrate that the GPC2-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC; D3-GPC2-PBD), that links a human GPC2 antibody (D3) to DNA-damaging pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers, binds a tumor-specific, conformation-dependent epitope of the core GPC2 extracellular domain. We then show that this ADC induces durable neuroblastoma and SCLC tumor regression via induction of DNA damage, apoptosis, and bystander cell killing, notably with no signs of ADC-induced in vivo toxicity. Furthermore, these studies provide preclinical data to support the clinical translation of ADCs targeting GPC2.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗