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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of magnesium addition on structural and magnetic properties of NiO, Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles

Magnesium added NiO and Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles were prepared from microwave assisted method. The cubic phase natures of NiO, Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles have been ascertained from X-ray diffraction. XRD pattern reveals the size of the particles was reduced to quantum level for NiO than Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} due to the addition of magnesium ion. FTIR spectra have been performed to identify the vibration peaks of metal oxygen. Room temperature magnetic measurement ensures small ferromagnetic nature for Mg added NiO with higher saturation magnetization. superparamagnetic nature was examined for Mg added Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Mechanical milling induced enhancement of magnetic and hyperfine properties of nanosized Co{sub 0.3}Zn{sub 0.7}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4}

Nanosized Co{sub 0.3}Zn{sub 0.7}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} having average particle size ∼20 nm has been synthesized by mechanochemical method. The results of dc magnetic and Mössbaeur studies suggest that the sample is ferrimagnetic in nature and shows superparamagnetic behavior above 230K. Magnetic ordering in the sample evolves gradually upon cooling the system below blocking temperature. Moreover, the sample exhibits enhancement of magnetic order and ordering temperature with respect to its counterpart synthesized by chemical routes mainly due to increase of stress anisotropy induced by high energy ball milling. We have shown that maintaining suitable cation distribution helps in enhancement of magnetization by reducing the adverse effect of spin canting.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of heat treatment on structural and Mössbauer spectroscopic properties of coprecipitated Mn{sub 0.5}Ni{sub 0.5}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} ferrite nanoparticles

Results obtained in a systamatic study by X-ray diffraction and Mösssbauer spectroscopy on the structural and magnetic properties on Mn{sub 0.5}Ni{sub 0.5}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} ferrite nanoparticles heat treated at 200 °C, 500 °C and 800 °C are reported. Average crystallite sizes are estimated to be in the range (2.6nm – 12.8nm). It is observed that crystallite sizes increase with increase in sintering temperature and random variation in lattice parameter was observed. At relatively low sintering temperatures the samples exhibit superparamagnetism and complete ferrite phase was observed at higher heat treatment.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

The local environment of cobalt in amorphous, polycrystalline and epitaxial anatase TiO{sub 2}:Co films produced by cobalt ion implantation

Amorphous, polycrystalline anatase and epitaxial anatase TiO{sub 2} films have been implanted with 5 at. % Co{sup +}. The magnetic and structural properties of different microstructures of TiO{sub 2}:Co, along with the local coordination of the implanted Co atoms within the host lattice are investigated. In amorphous TiO{sub 2}:Co film, Co atoms are in the (II) oxidation state with a complex coordination and exhibit a paramagnetic response. However, for the TiO{sub 2}:Co epitaxial and polycrystalline anatase films, Co atoms have a distorted octahedral (II) oxygen coordination assigned to a substitutional environment with traces of metallic Co clusters, which gives a rise to a superparamagnetic behavior. Despite the incorporation of the implanted atoms into the host lattice, high temperature ferromagnetism is absent in the films. On the other hand, it is found that the concentration and size of the implantation-induced nanoclusters and the magnetic properties of TiO{sub 2}:Co films have a strong dependency on the initial microstructure of TiO{sub 2}. Consequently, metallic nanocluster formation within ion implantation prepared transition metal doped TiO{sub 2} can be suppressed by tuning the film microstructure.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Gadolinia nanofibers as a multimodal bioimaging and potential radiation therapy agent

Continuous bead-free C-type cubic gadolinium oxide (Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3}) nanofibers 20-30 μm long and 40-100 nm in diameter were sintered by sol-gel calcination assisted electrospinning technique. Dipole-dipole interaction of neighboring Gd{sup 3+} ions in nanofibers with large length-to-diameter aspect ratio results in some kind of superparamagnetic behavior: fibers are magnetized twice stronger than Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder. Being compared with commercial Gd-DTPA/Magnevist{sup ®}, Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} diethyleneglycol-coated (Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3}-DEG) fibers show high 1/T{sub 1} and 1/T{sub 2} proton relaxivities. Intense room temperature photoluminescence, high NMR relaxivity and high neutron scattering cross-section of {sup 157}Gd nucleus promise to integrate Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} fibers for multimodal bioimaging and neutron capture therapy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Characterization of the mechanical properties of HL-1 cardiomyocytes with high throughput magnetic tweezers

We characterized the mechanical properties of cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells using our recently developed multi-pole magnetic tweezers. With the optimized design, both high force and high throughput are achieved at the same time. Force up to 100 pN can be applied on a 1 μm diameter superparamagnetic bead in a workspace with 60 μm radius, which is encircled symmetrically by 3 sharp magnetic tips. By adjusting the coil currents, both the strength and direction of force can be controlled. The result shows that both viscosity and shear elastic modulus of HL-1 cells exhibit an approximately log-normal distribution. The cells became stiffer as they matured, consistent with a transition from proliferating cells to contractile muscle tissue. Moreover, the mechanical properties of HL-1 cells show high heterogeneity, which agrees well with their physiological structure.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Shape control of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles under different chain length of reducing agents

We report on the effect of using reducing agents with different chain-length on the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate in 1-octadecene. This modification allows us to control the shape of nanoparticles into spherical and cubic iron oxide nanoparticles. The highly monodisperse 14 nm spherical nanoparticles are obtained under 1,2-dodecanediol and average 14 nm edge-length cubic iron oxide nanoparticles are obtained under 1,2-tetradecanediol. The structural characterization such as transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows similar properties between two particles with different shapes. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) shows no significant difference between spherical and cubic nanoparticles, which are 36 emu/g and 37 emu/g respectively and superparamagnetic in nature.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Size effects in the magnetic properties of ε-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles

We report the results of comparative analysis of magnetic properties of the systems based on ε-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, nanoparticles with different average sizes (from ∼3 to 9 nm) and dispersions. The experimental data for nanoparticles higher than 6–8 nm in size are consistent with the available data, specifically, the transition to the magnetically ordered state occurs at a temperature of ∼500 K and the anomalies of magnetic properties observed in the range of 80–150 K correspond to the magnetic transition. At the same time, Mőssbauer and ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy data as well as the results of static magnetic measurements show that at room temperature all the investigated samples contain ε-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles that exhibit the superparamagnetic behavior. It was established that the magnetic properties of nanoparticles significantly change with a decrease in their size to ∼6 nm. According to high-resolution electron microscopy and Mőssbauer spectroscopy data, the particle structure can be attributed to the ε–modification of trivalent iron oxide; meanwhile, the temperature of the magnetic order onset in these particles is increased, the well-known magnetic transition in the range of 80–150 K does not occur, the crystallographic magnetic anisotropy constant is significantly reduced, and the surface magnetic anisotropy plays a decisive role. This is apparently due to redistribution of cations over crystallographic positions with decreasing particle size, which was established using Mössbauer spectra. As the particle size is decreased and the fraction of surface atoms is increased, the contribution of an additional magnetic subsystem formed in a shell of particles smaller than ∼4 nm becomes significant, which manifests itself in the static magnetic measurements as paramagnetic contribution.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Engineering helimagnetism in MnSi thin films

Magnetic skyrmion materials have the great advantage of a robust topological magnetic structure, which makes them stable against the superparamagnetic effect and therefore a candidate for the next-generation of spintronic memory devices. Bulk MnSi, with an ordering temperature of 29.5 K, is a typical skyrmion system with a propagation vector periodicity of ∼18 nm. One crucial prerequisite for any kind of application, however, is the observation and precise control of skyrmions in thin films at room-temperature. Strain in epitaxial MnSi thin films is known to raise the transition temperature to 43 K. Here we show, using magnetometry and x-ray spectroscopy, that the transition temperature can be raised further through proximity coupling to a ferromagnetic layer. Similarly, the external field required to stabilize the helimagnetic phase is lowered. Transmission electron microscopy with element-sensitive detection is used to explore the structural origin of ferromagnetism in these Mn-doped substrates. Our work suggests that an artificial pinning layer, not limited to the MnSi/Si system, may enable room temperature, zero-field skyrmion thin-film systems, thereby opening the door to device applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

The effect of dipole-dipole interactions on coercivity, anisotropy constant, and blocking temperature of MnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles with mean size of 〈D〉 = 6.5(±1.5) nm were synthesized through a solvothermal method using Tri-ethylene glycol as a solvent. The peak temperature of zero field cooled measurements of magnetization and AC magnetic susceptibility curves shifted toward higher temperatures by applying different pressures from 0 to 1 kbar and increasing the powders compaction. The frequency dependence of AC susceptibility measurements indicated the presence of weak dipole-dipole interactions between nanoparticles. By increasing the powders compaction and interactions strength, the coercive field (H{sub c}) increased and squareness (M{sub r}/M{sub s}) decreased. The obtained effective anisotropy constant (K{sub eff}), by susceptibility measurements, was from 1.72 × 10{sup 6} to 2.36 × 10{sup 6 }ergs/cm{sup 3} for pressure of 0 to 1 kbar. These values are larger than those obtained from hysteresis loops at 5 K (0.14 × 10{sup 6} to 0.34 × 10{sup 6 }erg/cm{sup 3}). Also, the K{sub eff} was two orders of magnitude greater than that of bulk MnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}. Size, surface effects, and total energy barrier between equilibrium states were reported as the main causes of large anisotropy. Below 75 K, a signature of weak surface spin glass was observed. However, memory effect experiment indicated that there is no collective superspin glass state in the samples. This study suggests the role of powders compaction on properties of a magnetic nanoparticles system. Furthermore, the coercivity, the anisotropy constant, and the blocking temperature are affected by changing nanoparticles compaction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

An on-chip colloidal magneto-optical grating

Interacting nano- and micro-particles provide opportunities to create a wide range of useful colloidal and soft matter constructs. In this letter, we examine interacting superparamagnetic polymeric particles residing on designed permalloy (Ni{sub 0.8} Fe{sub 0.2}) shapes that are subject to weak time-orbiting magnetic fields. The precessing field and magnetic barriers that ensue along the outer perimeter of the shapes allow for containment concurrent with independent field-tunable ordering of the dipole-coupled particles. These remotely activated arrays with inter-particle spacing comparable to the wavelength of light yield microscopic on-chip surface gratings for beam steering and magnetically regulated light diffraction applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of Zn-doping on structural and magnetic properties of copper ferrite nanoparticles

The nanoparticles of CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (CF) and Cu{sub 0.8}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (CZF) were synthesized using co-precipitation method to study the effect of Zn doping in Cu-ferrite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were well fitted with two-phase structure using Rietveld analysis as Fd-3 m space group (spinel system) and C12/c1 space group (monoclinic system CuO-phase). The average crystallite size of the CF and CZF nanoparticles for spinel structure are 6 and 7 nm respectively. The spinel phase fraction is increased from 56% to 71% with Zn-doping of 20% in CF. The transmission electron micrograph analysis showed the narrow size distribution for CZF nanoparticles. The magnetization plots as a function of magnetic field (M (H)) of CF and CZF nanoparticles indicate superparamagnetic behavior. The magnetization is increased with Zn-doping in CF. The stable spinel Cu-ferrite can be obtained with Zn-doping in CF.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Studies on magnetic properties of chemically synthesized crystalline calcium ferrite nanoparticles

Spinel-type ferrites have taken a very important role for modern electronic industry. Most of these ferrites exhibit low-loss dielectric properties, high resistivity, low eddy current and also high temperature ferromagnetism. Calcium ferrite is one such important metal oxide which is environmentally safe, chemically stable, low cost and greatly abundant. This outstanding material of calcium ferrite is synthesized by a simple chemical precipitation method using NaOH as the precipitating agent. Ferric chloride anhydrous (FeCl{sub 3}) and Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl{sub 2}.2H{sub 2}O) were used as iron and calcium sources respectively. The samples were heated at 200°C for 8h to obtain homogeneous powder of Calcium ferrite. The powders were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Transmission electrical microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) measurements. The polycrystalline nature of the sample was confirmed by X-ray diffraction study. The magnetic properties of the sample were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements. Magnetization curve of the prepared sample depicts that as synthesized calcium ferrite nanoparticles have saturation magnetic moment of 1.74 emu/g and the coercivity of 35.08 Oe with superparamagnetic behavior. The synthesized calcium ferrite nanoparticles with such magnetic properties will be a candidate material for different applications in electronics and exploring its functionality in the field of recently developing semiconductor device physics and spintronics.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Study of static and dynamic magnetic properties of Fe nanoparticles composited with activated carbon

Nanocomposite of Fe nanoparticles with activated carbon has been synthesized to alter the magnetic spin-spin interaction and hence study the dilution effect on the static and dynamic magnetic properties of the Fe nanoparticle system. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image shows the spherical Fe nanoparticles dispersed in carbon matrix with 13.8 nm particle size. Temperature dependent magnetization measurement does not show any blocking temperature at all, right up to the room temperature. Magnetic hysteresis curve, taken at 300 K, shows small value of the coercivity and this small hysteresis indicates the presence of an energy barrier and inherent magnetization dynamics. Langevin function fitting of the hysteresis curve gives almost similar value of particle size as obtained from TEM analysis. Magnetic relaxation data, taken at a temperature of 100 K, were fitted with a combination of two exponentially decaying function. This diluted form of nanoparticle system, which has particles size in the superparamagnetic limit, behaves like a dilute ensemble of superspins with large value of the magnetic anisotropic barrier.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Analysis of the static magnetic field-dependent optical transmission of Ni nanorod colloidal suspensions

The magnetic field-dependent optical transmission of dilute Ni nanorod aqueous suspensions was investigated. A series of four samples of nanorods were synthesized using the AAO template method and processed to stable colloids. The distributions of their length and diameter were characterized by analysis of TEM images and revealed average diameters of ∼25 nm and different lengths in the range of 60 nm–1100 nm. The collinear magnetic and optical anisotropy was studied by static field-dependent transmission measurements of linearly polarized light parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. The experimental results were modelled assuming the field-dependent orientation distribution function of a superparamagnetic ensemble for the uniaxial ferromagnetic nanorods in liquid dispersion and extinction cross sections for longitudinal and transversal optical polarization derived from different approaches, including the electrostatic approximation and the separation of variables method, both applied to spheroidal particles, as well as finite element method simulations of spheroids and capped cylindrical particles. The extinction cross sections were compared to reveal the differences associated with the approximations of homogeneous polarization and/or particle shape. The consequences of these approximations for the quantitative analysis of magnetic field-dependent optical transmission measurements were investigated and a reliable protocol derived. Furthermore, the changes in optical cross sections induced by electromagnetic interaction between two nanorods in parallel end-to-end and side-by-side configuration as a function of their separation were studied.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Iron oxide and gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy

Continuous research activities in the field of nanomedicine in the past decade have, to a great extent, been focused on nanoparticle technologies for cancer therapy. Gold and iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) are two of the most studied inorganic nanomaterials due to their unique optical and magnetic properties. Both types of NPs are emerging as promising systems for anti-tumor drug delivery and for nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapy of cancer. In thermal therapy, localized heating inside tumors or in proximity of tumor cells can be induced, for example, with Au NPs by radiofrequency ablation heating or conversion of photon energy (photothermal therapy) and in iron oxide magnetic NPs by heat generation through relaxation in an alternating magnetic field (magnetic hyperthermia). Furthermore, the superparamagnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles have led to their use as potent MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) contrast agents. Surface modification/coating can produce NPs with tailored and desired properties, such as enhanced blood circulation time, stability, biocompatibility and water solubility. To target nanoparticles to specific tumor cells, NPs should be conjugated with targeting moieties on the surface which bind to receptors or other molecular structures on the cell surface. The article presents several approaches to enhancing the specificity of Au and iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor tissue by appropriate surface modification/functionalization, as well as the effect of these treatments on the saturation magnetization value of iron oxide NPs. The use of other nanoparticles and nanostructures in cancer treatment is also briefly reviewed.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Actuation of magnetoelastic membranes in precessing magnetic fields

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles incorporated into elastic media offer the possibility of creating actuators driven by external fields in a multitude of environments. Here, magnetoelastic membranes are studied through a combination of continuum mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. We show how induced magnetic interactions affect the buckling and the configuration of magnetoelastic membranes in rapidly precessing magnetic fields. The field, in competition with the bending and stretching of the membrane, transmits forces and torques that drives the membrane to expand, contract, or twist. We identify critical field values that induce spontaneous symmetry breaking as well as field regimes where multiple membrane configurations may be observed. Our insights into buckling mechanisms provide the bases to develop soft, autonomous robotic systems that can be used at micro- and macroscopic length scales.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

GaN/Fe core/shell nanowires for nonvolatile spintronics on Si

We explore the relationship between the structural and magnetic properties of GaN/Fe core/shell nanowires grown epitaxially on Si substrates. The magnetic properties are consistent with the coexistence of two magnetic contributions: a ferromagnetic response from the single-crystalline Fe particles formed at the nanowire tips, and a superparamagnetic response originating from the granular Fe clusters grown on the nanowire sidewalls, giving them a corncob-like morphology. We show that our interpretation of the origin of the magnetic behavior can be confirmed by the viscous decay of magnetic remanence in the nanowires. Ferromagnetic remanence is observed both parallel and perpendicular to the nanowire axis, making such structures appealing as high-density nonvolatile spintronic components on Si.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗