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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Transport and losses of fusion-born alpha particles in the presence of tearing modes using the new Toroidal Accelerated Particle Simulator (TAPaS)

Here, the transport and losses of fusion-born alpha particles are studied in the presence of a single-helicity tearing mode, characterized by (m = 2, n = 1). The analysis is performed by means of the recently developed Toroidal Accelerated Particle Simulator (TAPaS). Although such modes have usually been believed to result only in a local flattening of the radial profiles, it is shown that the density profile can exhibit a global modification leading to significant losses of alpha particles. This is due to the fact that, although the magnetic field does not exhibit any chaotic behaviour, the trajectories of alpha particles do, as revealed by their Poincaré maps. Such results are in qualitative agreement with past observations and simulations of energetic particles generated by neutral beam injection in TFTR, DIII-D and AUG tokamaks. In-depth analysis is carried out to characterize the impact of the tearing mode on the transport and losses of fusion-born alpha-particles with a realistic density profile. The impact of the amplitude is evidenced. Moreover, the effect of the island rotation frequency is assessed based on a detailed analysis of the linear resonances in phase-space, in agreement with the simulation results. Finally, the probability density function of the exit time has been computed and the transport of alpha particles has been found to be anomalous.

anomalous transport↗
DOE OSTI2021

Experimental signatures of electron cyclotron wave energy condensation in magnetic islands

Here, bifurcation of the electron temperature perturbation (ΔT e ) in magnetic islands due to electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) is reported for the first time in toroidal plasmas. In this DIIID experiment ΔT e spontaneously increases by 50% in a growing 2,1 island which in turn rapidly shrinks, consistent with improved stabilization by the ECCD due to the temperature bifurcation. This non-linearity of ΔT e maps out a hysteresis in the island evolution cycle, in qualitative agreement with the theoretically predicted radio frequency current condensation effect. Therefore, this observed bifurcation can be critical for the avoidance of disruptions caused by tearing modes in tokamaks.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2015

Drought Variability in the Eastern Australia and New Zealand Summer Drought Atlas (ANZDA, CE 1500-2012) Modulated by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

Agricultural production across eastern Australia and New Zealand is highly vulnerable to drought, but there is a dearth of observational drought information prior to CE (Christian Era) 1850. Using a comprehensive network of 176 drought-sensitive tree-ring chronologies and one coral series, we report the first Southern Hemisphere gridded drought atlas extending back to CE 1500. The austral summer (December-February) Palmer drought sensitivity index reconstruction accurately reproduces historically documented drought events associated with the first European settlement of Australia in CE 1788, and the leading principal component explains over 50 percent of the underlying variance. This leading mode of variability is strongly related to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation tripole index (IPO), with a strong and robust antiphase correlation between (1) eastern Australia and the New Zealand North Island and (2) the South Island. Reported positive, negative, and neutral phases of the IPO are consistently reconstructed by the drought atlas although the relationship since CE 1976 appears to have weakened.

Palmer, Jonathan G.↗
NASA NTRS1994

(abstract) Airborne Emission Spectrometer (AES)

AES is a low-cost analog of the TES downlooking modes. Because AES operates at ambient temperature, limb-viewing is not possible. The first flight of AES took place in April 1994 on the NASA P3B aircraft out of Wallops Island, VA. While planned as an engineering test flight, spectra were successfully acquired both over the Atlantic Ocean and the area of the Great Dismal Swamp on the Virginia-North Carolina border. At this writing (July 1994), a second series of flights on the NASA DC8 aircraft out of Ames RC,CA is in progress. By the time of the workshop, a third series using the NASA C130 should have been accomplished.

Airborne Emission Spectrometer spectrometry AES Gr↗
NASA NTRS1992

Surface morphology of molecular-beam epitaxially grown Si(1-x)Ge(x) layers on (100) and (110) Si

The surface morphology and dislocation structure of Si(1-x)Ge(x) layers grown on (100) and (110) Si substrates have been investigated using atomic force microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The layers, which have up to a 1.2 percent lattice mismatch with the substrates, were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at 550 C at thicknesses above those required for the introduction of dislocations. Si(1-x)Ge(x) layers grown on (100) show a crosshatch morphology which is correlated to the underlying misfit dislocation network. Annealing greatly enhances the surface roughness producing a partial islanding growing on the preexisting crosshatch morphology. On the (110) substrates no annealing is necessary to produce a roughened surface. The roughened surface morphology is analyzed as a strain-reducing growth mode which enables partial relaxation of the near-surface atomic planes.

Pike, W. T.↗
DOE OSTI2026

RHOD Site - NOAA PSL Wind Retrievals WINDoe / Derived Data

This dataset contains daily NetCDF files with horizontal wind profiles retrieved with the WINDoe retrieval (Gebauer and Bell 2024) at Rhode Island (RHOD). WINDoe retrievals datasets are also available at Nantucket Island (NANT, nant.windoe.z01.c1) and Block Island (BLOC, bloc.windoe.z01.c1). WINDoe is an optimal estimation algorithm to retrieve wind profiles combining multiple instruments. The code is available in this github repository (https://github.com/OAR-atmospheric-observations/WINDoe/tree/main) and the retrieval is described by Gebauer and Bell (2024). WINDoe allows combining the individual datasets and outputs into one profile taking into account the information and uncertainties of each dataset. The use of WINDoe minimizes data gaps and maximizes data availability, compared to using wind profiles from only one of the instruments. The regular height grid eases comparisons to numerical weather prediction models. Code modifications have been made that include reading in WFIP3 specific instruments, averaging Doppler lidar radial velocities at various azimuth angles to avoid overfitting, and allowing the user to define a height grid by the user in the vipfile. The instruments used as input to the retrieval are a radar wind profiler (low- and high resolution mode) providing data in and above the boundary layer, a scanning Doppler lidar usually providing data throughout the boundary layer, a profiling lidar providing data from 50 to 200 m at BLOC and NANT, and from 10 to 280 m at Rhode Island, and a surface tower (4 m at NANT and RHOD and 10 m at BLOC). From the scanning lidars, we used radial velocity measurements at 60 deg elevation angle at six different azimuth angles with a resolution of approximately 30 m along the line of sight and the lowest range gate at approximately 70 m. The wind profiles are retrieved with WINDoe up to 3.74 km with 10 m vertical resolution. The profiles are retrieved every 15 min at BLOC and NANT and every 60 min at RHOD.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

BLOC Site - NOAA PSL Wind Retrievals WINDoe / Derived Data

This dataset contains daily netcdf files with horizontal wind profiles retrieved with the WINDoe retrieval (Gebauer and Bell 2024) at Block Island (BLOC). WINDoe retrievals datasets are also available at Nantucket Island (NANT, nant.windoe.z01.c1) and Rhode Island (RHOD, rhod.windoe.z01.c1). WINDoe is an optimal estimation algorithm to retrieve wind profiles combining multiple instruments. The code is available in this github repository (https://github.com/OAR-atmospheric-observations/WINDoe/tree/main), and the retrieval is described by Gebauer and Bell (2024). WINDoe allows combining the individual datasets and outputs into one profile taking into account the information and uncertainties of each dataset. The use of WINDoe minimizes data gaps and maximizes data availability, compared to using wind profiles from only one of the instruments. The regular height grid eases comparisons to numerical weather prediction models. Code modifications have been made that include reading in WFIP3 specific instruments, averaging Doppler lidar radial velocities at various azimuth angles to avoid overfitting, and allowing the user to define a height grid by the user in the vipfile. The instruments used as input to the retrieval are a radar wind profiler (low- and high resolution mode) providing data in and above the boundary layer, a scanning Doppler lidar usually providing data throughout the boundary layer, a profiling lidar providing data from 50 to 200 m at BLOC and NANT, and from 10 to 280 m at Rhode Island, and a surface tower (4 m at NANT and RHOD and 10 m at BLOC). From the scanning lidars, we used radial velocity measurements at 60 deg elevation angle at six different azimuth angles with a resolution of approximately 30 m along the line of sight and the lowest range gate at approximately 70 m. The wind profiles are retrieved with WINDoe up to 3.74 km with 10 m vertical resolution. The profiles are retrieved every 15 min at BLOC and NANT and every 60 min at RHOD.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

NANT Site - NOAA PSL Wind Retrievals WINDoe / Derived Data

This dataset contains daily NetCDF files with horizontal wind profiles retrieved with the WINDoe retrieval (Gebauer and Bell 2024) at Nantucket Island (NANT). WINDoe retrievals datasets are also available at Block Island (BLOC, bloc.windoe.z01.c1) and Rhode Island (RHOD, rhod.windoe.z01.c1). WINDoe is an optimal estimation algorithm to retrieve wind profiles combining multiple instruments. The code is available in this github repository (https://github.com/OAR-atmospheric-observations/WINDoe/tree/main), and the retrieval is described by Gebauer and Bell (2024). WINDoe allows combining the individual datasets and outputs into one profile taking into account the information and uncertainties of each dataset. The use of WINDoe minimizes data gaps and maximizes data availability, compared to using wind profiles from only one of the instruments. The regular height grid eases comparisons to numerical weather prediction models. Code modifications have been made that include reading in WFIP3 specific instruments, averaging Doppler lidar radial velocities at various azimuth angles to avoid overfitting, and allowing the user to define a height grid by the user in the vipfile. The instruments used as input to the retrieval are a radar wind profiler (low- and high resolution mode) providing data in and above the boundary layer, a scanning Doppler lidar usually providing data throughout the boundary layer, a profiling lidar providing data from 50 to 200 m at BLOC and NANT, and from 10 to 280 m at Rhode Island, and a surface tower (4 m at NANT and RHOD and 10 m at BLOC). From the scanning lidars, we used radial velocity measurements at 60 deg elevation angle at six different azimuth angles with a resolution of approximately 30 m along the line of sight and the lowest range gate at approximately 70 m. The wind profiles are retrieved with WINDoe up to 3.74 km with 10 m vertical resolution. The profiles are retrieved every 15 min at BLOC and NANT and every 60 min at RHOD.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2011

A Pure Marine Aerosol Model, for Use in Remote Sensing Applications

Retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and related parameters from satellite measurements typically involve prescribed models of aerosol size and composition, and are therefore dependent on how well these models are able to represent the radiative behaviour of real aerosols, This study uses aerosol volume size distributions retrieved from Sun-photometer measurements at 11 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) island sites, spread throughout the world's oceans, as a basis to define such a model for unpolluted maritime aerosols. Size distributions are observed to be bimodal and approximately lognormal, although the coarse mode is skewed with a long tail on the low-radius end, The relationship of AOD and size distribution parameters to meteorological conditions is also examined, As wind speed increases, so do coarse-mode volume and radius, The AOD and Angstrom exponent (alpha) show linear relationships with wind speed, although there is considerable scatter in all these relationships, limiting their predictive power. Links between aerosol properties and near-surface relative humidity, columnar water vapor, and sea surface temperature are also explored. A recommended bimodal maritime model, which is able to reconstruct the AERONET AOD with accuracy of order 0.01-0.02, is presented for use in aerosol remote sensing applications. This accuracy holds at most sites and for wavelengths between 340 nm and 1020 nm. Calculated lidar ratios are also provided, and differ significantly from those currently used in Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) processing.

Sayer, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS2022

A Coupled Evaluation of Operational MODIS and Model Aerosol Products for Maritime Environments Using Sun Photometry: Evaluation of the Fine and Coarse Mode

Although satellite retrievals and data assimilation have progressed to where there is a good skill for monitoring maritime Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), there remains uncertainty in achieving further degrees of freedom, such as distinguishing fine and coarse mode dominated species in maritime environments (e.g., coarse mode sea salt and dust versus fine mode terrestrial anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, and maritime secondary production). For the years 2016 through 2019, we performed an analysis of 550 nm total AOD550, fine mode AOD (FAOD550; also known as FM AOD in the literature), coarse mode AOD (CAOD550), and fine mode fraction (η550) between Moderate Resolution Spectral Imaging Radiometer (MODIS) V6.1 MOD/MYD04 dark target aerosol retrievals and the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction (ICAP) core four multi-model consensus (C4C) of analyses/short term forecasts that assimilate total MODIS AOD550. Differences were adjudicated by the global shipboard Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) and selected island AERONET sun photometer observations with the application of the spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA). Through a series of conditional and regional analyses, we found divergence included regions of terrestrial influence and latitudinal dependencies in the remote oceans. Notably, MODIS and the C4C and its members, while having good correlations overall, have a persistent +0.04 to +0.02 biases relative to MAN and AERONET for typical AOD550 values (84th% < 0.28), with the C4C underestimating significant events thereafter. Second, high biases in AOD550 are largely associated with the attribution of the fine mode in satellites and models alike. Thus, both MODIS and C4C members are systematically overestimating AOD550 and FAOD550 but perform better in characterizing the CAOD550. Third, for MODIS, findings are consistent with previous reports of a high bias in the retrieved Ångström Exponent, and we diagnosed both the optical model and cloud masking as likely causal factors for the AOD550 and FAOD550 high bias, whereas for the C4C, it is likely from secondary overproduction and perhaps numerical diffusion. Fourth, while there is no wind-speed-dependent bias for surface winds <12 m s−1, the C4C and MODIS AOD550s also overestimate CAOD550 and FAOD550, respectively, for wind speeds above 12 m/s. Finally, sampling bias inherent in MAN, as well as other circumstantial evidence, suggests biases in MODIS are likely MODIS and the C4C products have their own strengths and challenges for a given climate application and discuss needed research. even larger than what was diagnosed here. We conclude with a discussion on how

Aerosols↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigation on Tuning Power–Frequency Droop for Improved Grid–Forming Inverter and Synchronous Generator Transient Load Sharing

Poor transient load sharing has been observed during the parallel operation of synchronous generators (SGs) and droop-controlled grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) in islanded microgrids. This can result in overcurrent protections, causing the inverters to trip, which leads to the collapse of voltage and frequency. In this article, small-signal analysis supported by electromagnetic transients (EMTs) simulation is performed on a detailed model of a microgrid containing IBRs and an SG to identify underdamped modes and their sensitivities to the power–frequency (P-F) droop parameter. Further EMT simulation of a more complex microgrid model with multiple GFM IBRs and SGs is performed to determine whether trends identified from the modal analysis extend to cases where the number of SGs in operation may vary. The objective is to investigate the effectiveness of tuning this parameter to reduce the likelihood of overcurrents in response to load and generation disturbances. The work uncovers both fast and slow modes of concern. Primarily, the findings show that increasing the P-F droop value improves the damping of the slower mode while degrading the damping of the faster mode, leading to an upper limit on the damping improvement of the GFM IBR output current. In EMT simulations of the more complex microgrid, the greatest damping improvement still exhibits significant maximum overshoot. Furthermore, the optimal value of the P-F droop parameter is sensitive to the number of SGs in operation. The conclusion is that tuning the P-F droop parameter is not an effective means to avoid the overcurrent tripping of GFM IBRs during response to large load or generation disturbances when operating in parallel to SGs in islanded microgrids.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Inverter Controls for Smooth Transition Operation of Networked Microgrids

Islanding sections of a distribution grid as microgrids and networking these microgrids offer promising opportunities for improving system reliability; however, this approach may need distributed energy resources (DERs) to switch between grid-connected and islanded operation without affecting the system stability. The Thevenin impedance of the power system at the DER point of common coupling changes due to networking actions. It is critical to have smooth transitions between modes to ensure stable system operation and to avoid nuisance tripping. This paper presents the design of a grid-forming (GFM)-capable inverter control scheme to reliably operate in distribution systems with networked microgrids. Control mechanisms for smooth transitions between grid-following (GFL) and GFM inverter modes are presented. First, we test the control mechanism on a simple two-source power system through electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations using a digital real-time simulator. Then, we add multiple such DERs to the EMT model of a real-world distribution feeder and demonstrate stable operation between mode transitions during the networking of the microgrids.

grid forming controls↗
DOE OSTI2020

Wide Operational Windows of Edge-Localized Mode Suppression by Resonant Magnetic Perturbations in the DIII-D Tokamak

Edge-Localized-Mode (ELM) suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) generally occurs over very narrow ranges of the plasma current (or magnetic safety factor $q_{95}$) in the DIII-D tokamak. However, wide $q_{95}$ ranges of ELM suppression are needed for the safety and operational flexibility of ITER and future reactors. In DIII-D ITER Similar Shape (ISS) plasmas with $n$=3 RMPs, the range of $q_{95}$ for ELM suppression is found to increase with decreasing electron density. Nonlinear two-fluid MHD simulations reproduce the observed $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression and the dependence on plasma density, based on the conditions for resonant field penetration at the top of the pedestal. When the RMP amplitude is close to the threshold for resonant field penetration, only narrow isolated magnetic islands form near the top of the pedestal, leading to narrow $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression. However, as the threshold for field penetration decreases with decreasing density, resonant field penetration can take place over a wider range of $q_{95}$. For sufficiently low density (penetration threshold) multiple magnetic islands form near the top of the pedestal giving rise to continuous $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression. The model predicts that wide $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression can be achieved at substantially higher pedestal pressure in DIII-D by shifting to higher toroidal mode number ($n$=4) RMPs.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Direct preemptive stabilization of $m,n$ = 2,1 neoclassical tearing modes by electron cyclotron current drive in the DIII-D low-torque ITER baseline scenario

We report the first preemptive direct stabilization of $m,n$ = 2,1 neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) in DIII-D low-torque ITER baseline scenario plasmas by electron cyclotron waves. These experiments strongly support that the observed stabilization is achieved by replacing the missing bootstrap current in the island by electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). These plasmas (with and without ECCD) are stable to 2,1 NTMs when the differential rotation between the q = 1 and q = 2 surfaces (Δf 1,2 ) is sustained above a critical value (Δf CRIT ≈ 1 kHz), but those evolving to low differential rotation (Δf 1,2 < Δf CRIT ) routinely develop a disruptive 2,1 island at the time and frequency of a sawtooth precursor. Preemptive, local and direct stabilization by ECCD is tested by scanning the current drive amplitude and location inside and outside of the q = 2 rational surface shot by shot. Analysis of only low differential rotation time windows, i.e. when stabilization from Δf 1,2 is absent, shows focused ECCD at q = 2 prevents the onset of 2,1 NTMs. These results are important, as they give the first demonstration of disruptive NTM control by ECCD in the plasma scenario planned for ITER.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Refinement of the Transition-edge Sensor Design for ATHENA X-IFU

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) instrument on the Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA) is baselined to have 2376 transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter pixels in a single array. The required performance for X-IFU has been demonstrated on a kilo-pixel array of square TES’s with 50 m side length, and this is considered the baseline pixel design. However, over the last few years we have explored small modifications to this design in search of a globally optimized instrument performance. We have previously reported on investigations of extending the length of the TES’s and variations in the number of X-ray absorber support stems. Here we report on investigations of TES designs with a length of 50 m but narrower width. We will discuss the consequence of this on magnetic field sensitivity, resistive transition parameters, spectral performance, and ease of multiplexing. We will also discuss how the number and position of the absorber attachments influences the vibrational modes of the pixels, and the impact this may have on performance. Finally, we will present measurements of more substantial change options of our TES design, including more extreme TES geometries, the use of metal islands or etched holes in the silicon nitride membranes, and the position of wiring to minimize current-induced magnetic field effects. The exploration of all these changes to the design are not only useful for optimizing performance on X-IFU, but also guide our fundamental understanding of the key physics of TES microcalorimeters.

Nick Wakeham↗
DOE OSTI2025

Impurity radiation seeding of neoclassical tearing mode growth

Abstract The physics of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) is of great concern to tokamak plasma stability and performance, especially in the burning plasma regime. Whereas in many situations the seed events can be clearly identified, such as sawteeth and edge localized modes, the potential seeding mechanism of NTMs due to the resistive tearing instability driven by the impurity radiation cooling still needs more study. Recent NIMROD simulations have demonstrated that local impurity radiation cooling can drive the seed island growth and trigger the subsequent onset of NTM instability. The seed island is mainly driven by the local helical perturbation of the diamagnetic current induced by the perturbed pressure gradient as a result of the impurity radiative cooling on the rational surface. A heuristic closure for the neoclassical viscosity is adopted, and the seed island is further driven by the perturbed bootstrap current induced from the neoclassical electron viscous stress in the extended Ohm’s law. The growth rate of the NTM in simulations is found proportional to the electron neoclassical viscosity, and a theoretical neoclassical driving term is adopted to account for the nonlinear neoclassical island growth in the simulations.

Zeng, Shiyong (ORCID:000000017098818X)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Toward Solar Photovoltaic Storm Resilience: Learning from Hurricane Loss and Rebuilding Better

The General Service Administration (GSA) suffered extensive damage to its solar arrays located throughout the Caribbean from Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. While the damage that occurred was unfortunate, there are excellent lessons learned that can be gained and utilized on new systems. A site on St. Croix provides a particularly high-value opportunity for lessons learned due to the innovative rebuilding process utilized by GSA managers and the in-depth analysis performed by the project engineers. This case study focuses on the rebuild of a 469-kW ground array located at the Almeric L. Christian Federal Building in Christiansted, St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. This array was destroyed by Hurricane Maria. The entire process of planning and subsequent rebuilding that the GSA managers undertook was highly successful. Notably, GSA managers conducting the rebuild effort obtained an independent assessment of failure modes from U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national labs and then retained a consulting engineering firm to develop design and construction guidance for the rebuild effort. This design and construction guidance was then provided to the engineering, procurement, and constructing firm to implement while rebuilding the site.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2012

Origin, Transport, and Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Polluntants over the Northern Sourth China Sea During the 7-SEAS-Dongsha Experiment

During the spring of 2010, comprehensive in situ measurements were made for the first time on a small atoll (Dongsha Island) in the northern South China Sea (SCS), a key region of the 7-SEAS (the Seven South East Asian Studies) program. This paper focuses on characterizing the source origins, transport processes, and vertical distributions of the Asian continental outflows over the region, using measurements including mass concentration, optical properties, hygroscopicity, and vertical distribution of the aerosol particles, as well as the trace gas composition. Cluster analysis of backward trajectories classified 52% of the air masses arriving at ground level of Dongsha Island as having a continental origin, mainly from northern China to the northern SCS, passing the coastal area and being confined in the marine boundary layer (0-0.5 km). Compared to aerosols of oceanic origin, the fine mode continental aerosols have a higher concentration, extinction coefficient, and single-scattering albedo at 550 nm (i.e., 19 vs. 14 microg per cubic meter in PM(sub 2.5); 77 vs. 59 M per meter in beta(sub e); and 0.94 vs. 0.90 in omega, respectively). These aerosols have a higher hygroscopicity (f at 85% RH = 2.1) than those in the upwind inland regions, suggesting that the aerosols transported to the northern SCS were modified by the marine environment. In addition to the near-surface aerosol transport, a significant upper-layer (3-4 km) transport of biomass-burning aerosols was observed. Our results suggest that emissions from both China and Southeast Asia could have a significant impact on the aerosol loading and other aerosol properties over the SCS. Furthermore, the complex vertical distribution of aerosols-coinciding-with-clouds has implications for remote-sensing observations and aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions.

pollutants↗