Pozzolanic reactivity of natural pozzolans, ground glasses and coal bottom ashes and implication of their incorporation on the chloride permeability of concrete
It is well understood that the partial replacement of portland cement with pozzolans in sufficient proportions results in improved long-term performance of concrete. However, dwindling availability of the most widely used pozzolan in the construction industry, fly ash, is forecast due to the termination of coal-fired electricity power stations around the world, necessitating the exploration of alternative pozzolans. Experimental investigations are conducted to study the performance of traditional pozzolans such as fly ash, silica fume and natural pozzolans (metakaolin, pumice, perlite and lassenite) together with novel pozzolans, including ground glasses (high-alkali and low-alkali), and ground bottom ash. Twenty-one concrete mixtures are examined for compressive strength, electrical conductivity, electrical resistivity, chloride permeability, and chloride migration coefficient. The reactivity of pozzolans studied is also determined in terms of compressive strength in lime-pozzolan mortar using a modified lime-reactivity test method. Many of the materials tested demonstrate the potential to be used in place of fly ash. However, a wide variation in the performance of these materials is evident which highlights the need for a reliable test to determine the level of reactivity of a pozzolan. The results indicate that the 7-day strength in the modified lime-reactivity test provides a good indication of the pozzolanic reactivity of the material and of how the material can be expected to contribute to the strength and permeability of concrete. The use of electrical resistivity as an indicator of the performance of pozzolans in terms of strength development and chloride penetration resistance when used to partially replace portland cement in concrete is also discussed.