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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2001

Orthostatic intolerance and motion sickness after parabolic flight

Because it is not clear that the induction of orthostatic intolerance in returning astronauts always requires prolonged exposure to microgravity, we investigated orthostatic tolerance and autonomic cardiovascular function in 16 healthy subjects before and after the brief micro- and hypergravity of parabolic flight. Concomitantly, we investigated the effect of parabolic flight-induced vomiting on orthostatic tolerance, R-wave-R-wave interval and arterial pressure power spectra, and carotid-cardiac baroreflex and Valsalva responses. After parabolic flight 1) 8 of 16 subjects could not tolerate 30 min of upright tilt (compared to 2 of 16 before flight); 2) 6 of 16 subjects vomited; 3) new intolerance to upright tilt was associated with exaggerated falls in total peripheral resistance, whereas vomiting was associated with increased R-wave-R-wave interval variability and carotid-cardiac baroreflex responsiveness; and 4) the proximate mode of new orthostatic failure differed in subjects who did and did not vomit, with vomiters experiencing comparatively isolated upright hypocapnia and cerebral vasoconstriction and nonvomiters experiencing signs and symptoms reminiscent of the clinical postural tachycardia syndrome. Results suggest, first, that syndromes of orthostatic intolerance resembling those developing after space flight can develop after a brief (i.e., 2-h) parabolic flight and, second, that recent vomiting can influence the results of tests of autonomic cardiovascular function commonly utilized in returning astronauts.

NASA Center JSC↗
NASA NTRS1976

Automated electroencephalography system and electroencephalographic coordinates of space motion sickness, part 1

A self-contained and portable device which permits clinical electroencephalography (EEG) to be conducted in remote locations by minimally trained, nontechnical personnel was developed and tested. The unit accomplishes semiautomatic acquisition of EEG data from the patient, simultaneous transmission of eight data channels to a central hospital facility over conventional telephone equipment, and automatic printing (at the remote site) of the EEG report generated at the central location. Consequently, this system enables the delivery of high-quality EEG diagnostic services in a geographically remote site with the accuracy and speed formerly possible only in certain large medical centers. Beside obvious potential clinical applications, this system serves as an initial prototype of a unit which could provide inflight EEG during future space missions.

Frost, J. D., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Automated electroencephalography system and electroencephalographic correlates of space motion sickness, part 2

Sleep pattern alterations were detected in two subjects by electroencephalographic, electrographic, and electromyographic monitoring before, during and after a 28 day bed rest. Standardized criteria were used for data analysis. During the second half of the bed-rest period, sleep latency and stage 3 increased, while total sleep time, stage 2, and REM latency decreased. In addition, during bed rest both subjects showed an increase in the number of REM periods and a slight increase in stage REM amount. No major alterations were seen in the recovery period. Of the alterations found to be associated with bed rest, only one, the increase in stage 3 sleep, was also seen consistently during Skylab. Conversely, none of the postflight changes seen following Skylab were observed during the post-bed-rest recovery period.

Frost, J. D., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Automated electroencephalography system and electroencephalographic correlates of space motion sickness, part 3

Computer quantification methods were used to analyze the Skylab electroencephalographic data obtained during the course of the M133 series of experiments. This undertaking was prompted by initial observations made during visual analysis of the tape-recorded sleep records where there appeared to be an increase of the alpha-rhythm frequency during some inflight recording sessions, as compared to preflight baseline observations. A number of potential etiological factors are identified and their various possible influences discussed. The presence of the zero-g state is thought to be an important factor, possibly influencing EEG through alteration of vestibular function and/or by producing fluid shifts secondary to loss of hydrostatic pressure.

Frost, J. D., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Automated electroencephalography system and electroencephalographic correlates of space motion sickness, part 4

Comparative data for further assessments of the EEG alterations seen during Skylab are elaborated. The variability of alpha, beta, theta, and delta EEG characteristics was analyzed with quantitative computer techniques in a group of six normal individuals over a period of two months, and the EEG effects of a prolonged period of bed rest were evaluated in two subjects. The results confirm that the inflight EEG changes seen during Skylab are statistically significant, but the absolute values obtained for the various parameters do not exceed the maximal range expected in a normal population. Further, the EEG manifestations of extended bed rest do not appear similar to those of space flight.

Frost, J. D., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Experimental motion sickness - Efficacy of transdermal scopolamine plus ephedrine

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy of transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine administered alone and combined with ephedrine sulfate given orally in doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg. Eight normal male students were exposed to stressful accelerations in a slow-rotation room after receiving 10 apparently identical treatments comprising the four drugs and six placebos. Efficacy of the drug was defined in terms of the placebo range and categorized as beneficial, inconsequential, or detrimental. None of the effects was detrimental. Overall beneficial effects were 60% for transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine (plus placebo) and 57% for the three transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine plus ephedrine combinations.

Graybiel, A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Coping with space motion sickness in Spacelab missions

Lessons learned from Skylab are applied to methods of dealing with space sickness among crewmembers in their first orbital flight. Early experiences on Skylab 3 led to regularly scheduled scopalamine/dexedrine tablets ingestion. Subsequent experiences on the next Skylab mission established a 75% incidence of the sickness among first-time-in-orbit crewmembers, notably in periods of inactivity rather than work periods. Intramuscular injections are recommended to treat acute space sickness. Preflight transdermal scopalamine plus three or four doses of 5 mg amphetamine are chosen preventive measures, giving 12 hours of efficacy.

Graybiel, A.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A study in motion sickness - Saccular hair cells in the adult bullfrog

The bullfrog's saccule were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. No evidence of a striola was found. Type A hair cells were not only distributed peripherally, but also throughout the central macula, though far less frequently than the dominant type D. Two primary hair cell types were distinguished, which corresponded to the ciliary patterns: type A cilia are associated with short, conical hair cells, and type D cilia are associated with long, cylindrical hair cells. Each displays at least one subtype, which may represent developmental precursors. The otolithic membrane is crisscrossed with tunnels and topped with statoconia.

Cohen, G. M.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Photoelectronic Monitor of Motion Sickness

Instrument includes gallium arsenide light-emitting diode (LED) and silicon phototransistor with infrared filter, all cast in single plastic housing. Housing attached to subject's face with transparent doublesided adhesive tape. LED directs pulses of infrared light to skin, which reflects them to phototransistor. Phototransistor produces signal that is processed by external circuits to yield plot of infrared reflectance with time. External circuits temperature-compensated and respond only to pulsed component of detector output, rejecting those components caused by stray light. Circuits also extract blood-volume pulse amplitude and heart rate.

Oman, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Space motion sickness preflight adaptation training Preliminary studies with prototype trainers

Based on the otolith tilt-translation reinterpretation hypothesis (Parker et al., 1985), preflight adaptation procedures and several preflight adaptation trainers (PATs) have been developed. Two PAT prototypes, the Miami University Seesaw (MUS) and the Dynamic Environmental Simulator (DES), include a physical room that is moved relative to the restrained subject. Results from the MUS and DES PAT experiments indicate that exposure to the produced sensory rearrangement can change eye movement reflexes. The changes persisted for a period longer than the training exposure period, indicating similarity with the eye-movement reflexes observed immediately postflight in weightlessness-adapted astronauts. It is concluded that the apparatus and procedures to preadapt astronauts to the sensory rearrangement of weightless space flight can be developed on the basis of the reported PATs and procedures. The third PAT prototype tested, which employs a computer-generated scene, failed to produce changes similar to those recorded in the MUS and DES experiments.

Parker, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Possible role of brain stem respiratory neurons in mediating vomiting during space motion sickness

The object of this study was to determine if brain stem expiratory neurons control abdominal muscle activity during vomiting. The activity of 27 ventral respiratory group expiratory neurons, which are known to be of primary importance for control of abdominal muscle activity during respiration, was recorded. It is concluded that abdominal muscle activity during vomiting must be controlled not only by some brain stem expiratory neurons but also by other input(s).

Miller, A. D.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Orthostatic Intolerance and Motion Sickness After Parabolic Flight

Orthostatic intolerance is common in astronauts after prolonged space flight. However, the "push-pull effect" in military aviators suggests that brief exposures to transitions between hypo- and hypergravity are sufficient to induce untoward autonomic cardiovascular physiology in susceptible individuals. We therefore investigated orthostatic tolerance and autonomic cardiovascular function in 16 healthy test subjects before and after a seated 2-hr parabolic flight. At the same time, we also investigated relationships between parabolic flight-induced vomiting and changes in orthostatic and autonomic cardiovascular function. After parabolic flight, 8 of 16 subjects could not tolerate a 30-min upright tilt test, compared to 2 of 16 before flight. Whereas new intolerance in non-Vomiters resembled the clinical postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), new intolerance in Vomiters was characterized by comparatively isolated upright hypocapnia and cerebral vasoconstriction. As a group, Vomiters also had evidence for increased postflight fluctuations in efferent vagal-cardiac nerve traffic occurring independently of any superimposed change in respiration. Results suggest that syndromes of orthostatic intolerance resembling those occurring after space flight can occur after a brief (i.e., 2-hr) parabolic flight.

Schlegel, Todd T.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Adaptive Changes in Sensorimotor Coordination and Motion Sickness Following Repeated Exposures to Virtual Environments

Virtual environments offer unique training opportunities, particularly for training astronauts and preadapting them to the novel sensory conditions of microgravity. Two unresolved human factors issues in virtual reality (VR) systems are: 1) potential "cybersickness", and 2) maladaptive sensorimotor performance following exposure to VR systems. Interestingly, these aftereffects are often quite similar to adaptive sensorimotor responses observed in astronauts during and/or following space flight. Initial interpretation of novel sensory information may be inappropriate and result in perceptual errors. Active exploratory behavior in a new environment, with resulting feedback and the formation of new associations between sensory inputs and response outputs, promotes appropriate perception and motor control in the new environment. Thus, people adapt to consistent, sustained alterations of sensory input such as those produced by microgravity, unilateral labyrinthectomy and experimentally produced stimulus rearrangements. The purpose of this research was to compare disturbances in sensorimotor coordination produced by dome and head-mounted virtual environment displays and to examine the effects of exposure duration, and repeated exposures to VR systems. The first study examined disturbances in balance control, and the second study examined disturbances in eye-head-hand (EHH) and eye-head coordination.

Harm, D. L.↗