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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Persistence of collectivity in the low-lying states of 30,31 Na inside the 𝑁 = 20 island of inversion

Near the 𝛽-stability line, nuclei with magic numbers are expected to exhibit spherical ground states. However, mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclei near the 𝑁 = 20 island of inversion have indicated an excess in the binding energies. These results, together with subsequent spectroscopic studies and theoretical works, point to the structural evolution from normal configurations to intruder-deformed configurations characterized by particle-hole excitations across the shell gap. Despite evidence of intruder-dominant ground states for the 30,31 Na isotopes in the vicinity of 𝑁 = 20, a question remains as to whether the deformation persists into the ground-state bands beyond the first excited states. Here, in this work, we report on a heavy-ion inelastic scattering measurement performed with GRETINA, the TRIPLEX device, and the S800 spectrograph to study the low-lying excitations in neutron-rich 30,31 Na . The observed gamma rays for the (4 + ) → (3 + ), (3 + ) → 2$^+_{g.s.}$, and (4 + ) → 2$^+_{g.s.}$ decays in 30 Na and for the (7/2 + ) → (5/2 + ) and (5/2 + )→3/2$^+_{g.s.}$ decays in 31 Na were used to extract the reduced transition probabilities 𝐵⁡(𝐸⁢2↑). We report the first measurement of the 𝐵⁡(𝐸⁢2↑) between the 3/2$^+_{g.s.}$ and the (7/2 + ) states in 31 Na . The results from this study are compared to shell-model calculations, confirming the persistence of large collectivity in the low-lying excited states consistent with the formation of the well-deformed ground-state bands in 30,31 Na .

collective models↗
DOE OSTI2019

Koopman Operators for Generalized Persistence of Excitation Conditions for Nonlinear Systems

It is hard to identify nonlinear biological models strictly from data, with results that are often sensitive to experimental conditions. Automated experimental workflows and liquid handling enables unprecedented throughput, as well as the capacity to generate extremely large datasets. We seek to develop generalized identifiability conditions for informing the design of automated experiments to discover predictive nonlinear biological models. For linear systems, identifiability is characterized by persistence of excitation conditions. For nonlinear systems, no such persistence of excitation conditions exist. We use the input-Koopman operator method to model nonlinear systems and derive identifiability conditions for openloop systems initialized from a single initial condition. We show that nonlinear identifiability is intrinsically tied to the rank of a given dataset’s power spectral density, transformed through the lifted Koopman observable space. We illustrate these identifiability conditions with a simulated synthetic gene circuit model, the repressilator. We illustrate how rank degeneracy in datasets results in overfitted nonlinear models of the repressilator, resulting in poor predictive accuracy. Our findings provide novel experimental design criteria for discovery of globally predictive nonlinear models of biological phenomena.

Boddupalli, Nibodh↗
DOE OSTI2024

On the Stability of Power Transmission Systems Under Persistent Inverter Attacks: A Bi-Linear Matrix Approach

We investigate the stability and robustness properties of a power transmission system under persistent deceiving attacks on inverter-interfaced energy resources. The attacks can corrupt the damping coefficients in the inverters' controllers and measurements of the frequency at the points of coupling. Leveraging tools from hybrid dynamical systems theory, we characterize a broad family of persistent (and not necessarily periodic) attacks acting on the inverters, under which the stability properties of the transmission system can be shown to not be compromised. To address potentially conservative conditions identified through conventional bounding techniques, sufficient conditions on the average activation time of the attacks are identified via Lyapunov theory, as well as the formulation and solution of a class of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMI). The results are obtained for constant and slowly time-varying loads via input-to-state stability (ISS) tools. Numerical simulations on the IEEE 39-bus test system are also presented.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Intranasal Nanoparticle Vaccination Elicits a Persistent, Polyfunctional CD4 T Cell Response in the Murine Lung Specific for a Highly Conserved Influenza Virus Antigen That Is Sufficient To Mediate Protection from Influenza Virus Challenge

We report lung-localized CD4 T cells play a critical role in the control of influenza virus infection and can provide broadly protective immunity. However, current influenza vaccination strategies primarily target influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and are administered peripherally to induce neutralizing antibodies. We have used an intranasal vaccination strategy targeting the highly conserved influenza nucleoprotein (NP) to elicit broadly protective lung-localized CD4 T cell responses. The vaccine platform consists of a self-assembling nanolipoprotein particle (NLP) linked to NP with an adjuvant. We have evaluated the functionality, in vivo localization, and persistence of the T cells elicited. Our study revealed that intranasal vaccination elicits a polyfunctional subset of lung-localized CD4 T cells that persist long term. A subset of these lung CD4 T cells localize to the airway, where they can act as early responders following encounter with cognate antigen. Polyfunctional CD4 T cells isolated from airway and lung tissue produce significantly more effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, as well as cytotoxic functionality. When adoptively transferred to naive recipients, CD4 T cells from NLP:NP-immunized lung were sufficient to mediate 100% survival from lethal challenge with H1N1 influenza virus.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Contact Challenge of Cattle with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Validates the Role of the Nasopharyngeal Epithelium as the Site of Primary and Persistent Infection

The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle was investigated through early and late stages of infection by use of an optimized experimental model for controlled contact exposure. Time-limited exposure of cattle to FMDV-infected pigs led to primary FMDV infection of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. In nonvaccinated cattle, the infection generalized rapidly to cause clinical disease, without apparent virus amplification in the lungs prior to establishment of viremia. Vaccinated cattle were protected against clinical disease and viremia; however, all vaccinated cattle were subclinically infected, and persistent infection occurred at similarly high prevalences in both animal cohorts. Infection dynamics in cattle were consistent and synchronous and comparable to those of simulated natural and needle inoculation systems. However, the current experimental model utilizes a natural route of virus exposure and is therefore superior for investigations of disease pathogenesis and host response. Deep sequencing of viruses obtained during early infection of pigs and cattle indicated that virus populations sampled from sites of primary infection were markedly more diverse than viruses from vesicular lesions of cattle, suggesting the occurrence of substantial bottlenecks associated with vesicle formation. These data expand previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and provide novel insights for validation of inoculation models of bovine FMD studies. IMPORTANCE: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important livestock pathogen that is often described as the greatest constraint to global trade in animal products. The present study utilized a standardized pig-to-cow contact exposure model to demonstrate that FMDV infection of cattle initiates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa following natural virus exposure. Furthermore, this work confirmed the role of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa as the site of persistent FMDV infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. The critical output of this study validates previous studies that have used simulated natural inoculation models to characterize FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and emphasizes the importance of continued research of the unique virus-host interactions that occur within the bovine nasopharynx. Specifically, vaccines and biotherapeutic countermeasures designed to prevent nasopharyngeal infection of vaccinated animals could contribute to substantially improved control of FMDV.

cattle↗
DOE OSTI2015

Geometry Helps to Compare Persistence Diagrams

Exploiting geometric structure to improve the asymptotic complexity of discrete assignment problems is a well-studied subject. In contrast, the practical advantages of using geometry for such problems have not been explored. We implement geometric variants of the Hopcroft--Karp algorithm for bottleneck matching (based on previous work by Efrat el al.), and of the auction algorithm by Bertsekas for Wasserstein distance computation. Both implementations use k-d trees to replace a linear scan with a geometric proximity query. Our interest in this problem stems from the desire to compute distances between persistence diagrams, a problem that comes up frequently in topological data analysis. We show that our geometric matching algorithms lead to a substantial performance gain, both in running time and in memory consumption, over their purely combinatorial counterparts. Moreover, our implementation significantly outperforms the only other implementation available for comparing persistence diagrams.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Persistent Microvascular Obstruction After Myocardial Infarction Culminates in the Confluence of Ferric Iron Oxide Crystals, Proinflammatory Burden, and Adverse RemodelingCLINICAL PERSPECTIVE

Emerging evidence now supports the notion that persistent microvascular obstruction (PMO) may be more predictive of major adverse cardiovascular events than MI size itself. But, how PMO, a phenomenon limited to the acute/sub-acute period of MI, imparts adverse remodeling throughout the post MI period, particularly after its resolution, is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that PMOs resolve into chronic iron crystals within MI territories and actively impart a proinflammatory burden and adverse remodeling of infarction and LV in the chronic phase of MI. Canine models reperfused (n=20) and non-reperfused (n=20) with and without PMO were studied with serial cardiac MRI to characterize the spatiotemporal relationships between PMO, iron deposition, and infarct and LV remodeling indices between acute (day 7, post MI) and chronic (week 8, post MI). Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the iron deposition, microscopically map and quantify the relationship between iron-rich chronic MI regions against pro-inflammatory macrophages, proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase. Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the crystallinity of iron and assess the physical effects of iron on lysosomes within macrophages, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to identify the chemical composition of the iron composite. Results showed that PMOs lead to iron deposition within chronic MI and that the extent of chronic iron deposition is strongly related to PMO Volume (r>0.6, p<0.001). TEM and EDS analysis showed that iron within chronic MI is found within macrophages as aggregates of nanocrystals of ~2.5 nm diameter in ferric state. Correlative histological studies showed that iron content, proinflammatory burden and collagen degrading enzyme were highly correlated (r >0.7, p<0.001). Iron within chronic MI was significantly associated with infarct resorption (r>0.5, p<0.001) and adverse structural (r>0.5, p<0.001) remodeling. Territories of PMO in the acute phase of MI resolve into iron oxide nanocrystals in ferric state in the chronic phase of MI. The amount of iron deposition is determined by the extent of persistent microvascular obstruction and is directly related to the extent of pro-inflammatory burden, infarct thinning and adverse LV remodeling. Resolution of PMO into iron deposition could be a potential contributing source to the adverse remodeling of the heart in the chronic phase of MI.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effects of collection geometry variations on linear and circular polarization persistence in both isotropic-scattering and forward-scattering environments

We present simulation and experimental results showing circular polarization is more tolerant of optical collection geometry (field of view and collection area) variations than linear polarization for forward-scattering environments. Circular polarization also persists superiorly in the forward-scattering environment compared to linear polarization by maintaining its degree of polarization better through increasing optical thicknesses. In contrast, both linear and circular polarizations are susceptible to collection geometry variations for isotropic-scattering (Rayleigh regime) environments, and linear polarization maintains a small advantage in polarization persistence. Simulations and measurements are presented for laboratory-based environments of polystyrene microspheres in water. As a result, particle diameters were 0.0824 μm (for isotropic-scattering) and 1.925 μm (for forward-scattering) with an illumination wavelength of 543.5 nm.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

DNA Persistence in a Sink Drain Environment

Biofilms are organized structures composed mainly of cells and extracellular polymeric substances produced by the constituent microorganisms. Ubiquitous in nature, biofilms have an innate ability to capture and retain passing material and may therefore act as natural collectors of contaminants or signatures of upstream activities. To determine the persistence and detectability of DNA passing through a sink drain environment, Bacillus anthracis strain Ames35 was cultured (6.35 x 10 7 CFU/mL), sterilized, and disposed of by addition to a sink drain apparatus with an established biofilm. The sink drain apparatus was sampled before and for several days after the addition of the sterilized B. anthracis culture to detect the presence of B. anthracis DNA. Multiple PCR primer pairs were used to screen for chromosomal and plasmid DNA with primers targeting shorter sequences showing greater amplification efficiency and success. PCR amplification and detection of target sequences indicate persistence of chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA in the biofilm for 5 or more and 14 or more days, respectively.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Genetic and antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in India

The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) persistently infected ruminants in initiating new outbreaks remains controversial, and the perceived threat posed by such animals hinders international trade in FMD-endemic countries. In this study we report longitudinal analyses of genetic and antigenic variations of FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage during naturally occurring, persistent infection in cattle and buffalo at an organised dairy farm in India. The proportion of animals from which FMDV RNA was recovered was not significantly different between convalescent (post-clinical) and sub-clinically infected animals or between cattle and buffalo across the sampling period. However, infectious virus was isolated from a higher proportion of buffalo samples and for a longer duration compared to cattle. Analysis of the P1 sequences from recovered viruses indicated fixation of mutations at the rate of 1.816 x 10 -2 substitution/site/year (s/s/y) (95% CI 1.362–2.31 x 10 -2 s/s/y). However, the majority of point mutations were transitional substitutions. Within individual animals, the mean dN/dS (ω) value for the P1 region varied from 0.076 to 0.357, suggesting the selection pressure acting on viral genomes differed substantially across individual animals. Statistical parsimony analysis indicated that all of the virus isolates from carrier animals originated from the outbreak virus. The antigenic relationship value as determined by 2D-VNT assay revealed fluctuation of antigenic variants within and between carrier animals during the carrier state which suggested that some carrier viruses had diverged substantially from the protection provided by the vaccine strain. This study contributes to understanding the extent of within-host and within-herd evolution that occurs during the carrier state of FMDV.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

The Toxoplasma gondii cyst wall protein CST1 is critical for cyst wall integrity and promotes bradyzoite persistence

Toxoplasma gondii infects up to one third of the world’s population. A key to the success of T.gondii is its ability to persist for the life of its host as bradyzoites within tissue cysts. The glycosylated cyst wall is the key structural feature that facilitates persistence and oral transmission of this parasite. We have identified CST1 (TGME49_064660) as a 250 kDa SRS (SAG1 related sequence) domain protein with a large mucin-like domain. CST1 is responsible for the Dolichos biflorus Agglutinin (DBA) lectin binding characteristic of T. gondii cysts. Deletion of CST1 results in a fragile brain cyst phenotype revealed by a thinning and disruption of the underlying region of the cyst wall. These defects are reversed by complementation of CST1. Additional complementation experiments demonstrate that the CST1-mucin domain is necessary for the formation of a normal cyst wall structure, the ability of the cyst to resist mechanical stress and binding of DBA to the cyst wall. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis demonstrated dysregulation of bradyzoite genes within the various cst1 mutants. These results indicate that CST1 functions as a key structural component that reinforces the cyst wall structure and confers essential sturdiness to the T. gondii tissue cyst.

bradyzoite↗
DOE OSTI2016

Persistent photoconductivity in two-dimensional Mo 1-x W x Se 2 –MoSe 2 van der Waals heterojunctions

Van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions consisting of vertically-stacked individual or multiple layers of two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors, especially the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are fascinating new artificial solids just nanometers-thin that promise novel optoelectronic functionalities due to the sensitivity of their electronic and optical properties to strong quantum confinement and interfacial interactions. Here, monolayers of n-type MoSe 2 and p-type Mo 1-x W x Se 2 –MoSe 2 are grown by vapor transport methods, then transferred and stamped to form artificial vdW heterostructures with different interlayer orientations. Atomic-resolution Z-contrast electron microscopy and electron diffraction are used to characterize both the individual monolayers and the atomic registry between layers in the bilayer vdW heterostructures. These measurements are compared with photoluminescence and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, which indicates strong interlayer coupling in heterostructures. Remarkably, the heterojunctions exhibit an unprecedented photoconductivity effect that persists at room temperature for several days. This persistent photoconductivity is shown to be tunable by applying a gate bias that equilibrates the charge distribution. Furthermore, these measurements indicate that such ultrathin vdW heterojunctions can function as rewritable optoelectronic switches or memory elements under time-dependent photo-illumination, an effect which appears promising for new monolayer TMDs-based optoelectronic devices applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Persistence of systematic errors in the Asian-Australian monsoon precipitation basic states in climate models: a way forward

The annual cycle of the Asian-Australian monsoon (AAM) system can be regarded as the seasonal displacement of the large-scale Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is anchored by the north-south migration of the Indo-Pacific warm pool. In the respective hemispheres, intense solar heating over land during spring and early summer provide the necessary thermodynamic conditions for the occurrence of deep convection off the equator. The rainfall and diabatic heating associated with the AAM is perhaps the most vigorous of all the regional monsoon components in the globe. Yet, skill in monsoon prediction (days to seasons) by dynamical models remains low, partly due to our lack of understanding of the entirety of the monsoon system and our inability to model the interactive processes that govern it. Simulating the monsoon precipitation climatology remains a grand challenge. The multi-model mean (MMM) errors for summertime precipitation relative to GPCP observations have shown little improvement in CMIP5 as compared to CMIP3. For the Asian Summer Monsoon, the MMM monsoon rainfall is weaker over South Asia, the western equatorial Indian Ocean and tropical West Pacific. For the Australian summer monsoon, it is excessive over most of the Maritime Continent, and deficient over northern Australia. Throughout the year, excessive rainfall is simulated over South China Sea – Maritime Continent regions, and CMIP5 models do not capture the annual cycle of the AAM. One implication is that uncertainties in future projections (e.g., IPCC 2013) of AAM mean rainfall may not have reduced from CMIP3 to CMIP5. Solutions from an intermediate model show that diabatic heating (Q) associated with the AAM influences the global circulation. Compared to the reanalysis, many models tend to have maxima at the mid-troposphere but their simulated amplitude is overestimated in the lower troposphere (900-700 hPa) and underestimated from 600-300 hPa, a feature readily apparent in the MMM composite (dashed black line). The lower troposphere peak may be attributed to misrepresentations in shallow convection. Some outliers, such as CSIROMk3- 6-0 and ACCESS1-3, do not show any appreciable vertical structure, and the simulated monsoon over South Asia is virtually absent in these models. TRMM observations indicate that over the monsoon region the contribution from stratiform rainfall is about 40% to the Q intensity. In contrast, most of the CMIP3 models produce too much convective rainfall (95% of the total) and too little stratiform precipitation. Given the persistence of errors, we speculate that errors in the partitioning of total rainfall into convective-stratiform still persist in CMIP5, and may be one of the reasons for underestimation (overestimation) of Q in the layer 600-300 (900-700) hPa. In summary, the rather slow progress in modeling in the last decade or so led us to wonder: Has the scientific community reached a “plateau” in modeling mean monsoon precipitation?

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Energy Savings Lifetimes and Persistence

This technical brief explains the concepts of energy savings lifetimes and savings persistence and discusses how program administrators use these factors to calculate savings for efficiency measures, programs and portfolios. Savings lifetime is the length of time that one or more energy efficiency measures or activities save energy, and savings persistence is the change in savings throughout the functional life of a given efficiency measure or activity. Savings lifetimes are essential for assessing the lifecycle benefits and cost effectiveness of efficiency activities and for forecasting loads in resource planning. The brief also provides estimates of savings lifetimes derived from a national collection of costs and savings for electric efficiency programs and portfolios.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2018

Experimental study of the persistent current in RHIC superconducting dipole

The first goal [1] of this study is to reduce the high order magnetic component (mostly sextupole component) generated by persistent current in RHIC superconducting dipoles [2]. For Beam Energy Scan Phase II (BES-II) [3,4], reduction of lattice non-linearity is desirable for better beam control and beam lifetime. The sextupole component from RHIC dipole persistent current was too strong to be compensated at low operating current. The store length demonstrated in 2010 low energy operation at 3.85 GeV [5] was 10 minutes partially due to the lattice non -linearity. The measurement and compensation of lattice non-linearity were very difficult with such a short lifetime.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Persistence Meter for Nimble Alarming Using Ambient Synchrophasor Data

Persistent oscillations in the power grid are often indicative of fragility, and may be harbingers of systemic or cascading failures. Modernization of the grid, including increased penetration of intermittent renewables and integration of new power electronics, is making the oscillatory swing dynamics of the network both more complex and variable. In this project researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Bernard Lesieutre, lead), Washington State University (Sandip Roy, lead), and the Electric Power Group (Neeraj Nayak, lead) have developed technologies that monitor persistent oscillations in the grid and provide operators with alarms and analytics when concerning oscillations are detected. Some of the algorithms have already been implemented in EPG’s PGDA software and integrated into their RTDMS system for use in control rooms.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mini-cell: Compact all optical gas monitoring sensor for persistent surveillance of complex system

Persistent surveillance of complex systems by embedded sensing is the new paradigm of aging awareness and monitoring. In any complex system with a long-term lifespan plan, the persistent surveillance of critical parameters warrants the reliability and safety/security of the system by the continuous monitoring of the state of health and aging conditions. Therefore, embedded sensors of physical, chemical, and structural features/traits are critical for uncovering occurrences of undesired/unexpected events. Gas sensing can provide early detection of a broad range of problems such as decomposing components, corrosion, failures, and leaks. For the application of interest, the sensors must be: 1/highly selective and sensitive for a broad range of gas molecules, 2/compact, 3/minimally invasive, 4/rugged for vibration and thermal excursions, and 5/ environmentally inert.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Long-Term Persistence of Three Microbial Wildfire Biomarkers in Forest Soils

Long-term monitoring of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of post-fire forests is currently one of the key knowledge gaps. Knowing the time scale of the effects is indispensable to aiding post-fire recovery in vulnerable woodlands, including holm oak forests, that are subjected to a Mediterranean climate, as is the case with forests that are found in protected areas such as the Sierra Nevada National and Natural Park in southeastern Spain. We took rhizosphere soil samples from burned and unburned holm oak trees approximately 3, 6, and 9 years after the 2005 fire that devastated almost 3500 ha in southeastern Spain. We observed that the prokaryotic communities are recovering but have not yet reached the conditions observed in the unburned forest. A common denominator between this fire and other fires is the long-term persistence of three ecosystem recovery biomarkers—specifically, higher proportions of the genera Arthrobacter, Blastococcus, and Massilia in soil microbial communities after a forest fire. These pyrophilous microbes possess remarkable resilience against adverse conditions, exhibiting traits such as xerotolerance, nitrogen mineralization, degradation of aromatic compounds, and copiotrophy in favorable conditions. Furthermore, these biomarkers thrive in alkaline environments, which persist over the long term following forest fires. The relative abundance of these biomarkers showed a decreasing trend over time, but they were still far from the values of the control condition. In conclusion, a decade does not seem to be enough for the complete recovery of the prokaryotic communities in this Mediterranean ecosystem.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗