A program for computer gridding of satellite photographs for mesoscale research
Computer program for gridding of satellite photographs using coordinate transformations of Fujita graphical method
COMPUTER PROGRAM↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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ERISTAR: Earth Resources Information Storage, Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval administrative report
The 1972 Systems Engineering program at Marshall Space Flight Center where 15 participants representing 15 U.S. universities, 1 NASA/MSFC employee, and another specially assigned faculty member, participated in an 11-week program is discussed. The Fellows became acquainted with the philosophy of systems engineering, and as a training exercise, used this approach to produce a conceptional design for an Earth Resources Information Storage, Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval System. The program was conducted in three phases; approximately 3 weeks were devoted to seminars, tours, and other presentations to subject the participants to technical and other aspects of the information management problem. The second phase, 5 weeks in length, consisted of evaluating alternative solutions to problems, effecting initial trade-offs and performing preliminary design studies and analyses. The last 3 weeks were occupied with final trade-off sessions, final design analyses and preparation of a final report and oral presentation.
Vachon, R. I.↗
Performance of a Natural Gas Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System With and Without Carbon Capture
The fuel cell program at the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is focused on the development of low-cost, highly efficient, and reliable fossil-fuel-based solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power systems that can generate environmentally-friendly electric power with at least 90 percent carbon capture. NETL’s SOFC technology development roadmap is aligned with near-term market opportunities in the distributed generation sector to validate and advance the technology while paving the way for utility-scale natural gas (NG)- and coal-derived synthesis gas-fueled applications via progressively larger system demonstrations. The present study represents a part of a series of system evaluations being carried out at NETL to aid in prioritizing technological advances along research pathways to the realization of utility-scale SOFC systems, a transformational goal of the fuel cell program. In particular, the system performance of utility-scale NG fuel cell (NGFC) systems with and without carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is presented. The NGFC system analyzed features an external auto-thermal reformer (ATR) feeding the fuel to the SOFC system consisting of planar anode-supported SOFC with separated anode and cathode off-gas streams. In systems with CO2 capture, an air separation unit (ASU) is used to provide the oxygen for the ATR and for the combustion of unutilized fuel in the SOFC anode exhaust along with a CO2 purification unit to provide a nearly pure CO2 stream suitable for transport for usage in enhanced oil recovery operations or for storage in underground saline formations. Remaining thermal energy in the exhaust gases is recovered in a bottoming steam Rankine cycle while supplying any process heat requirements. A reduced order model (ROM) developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is used to predict the SOFC performance. The ROM, while being computationally effective for system studies, provides other detailed information about the state of the stack, such as the internal temperature gradient, generally not available from simple performance models often used to represent the SOFC. Such additional information can be important in system optimization studies to preclude operation under off-design conditions that can adversely impact overall system reliability. The NGFC system performance was analyzed by varying salient system parameters, including the percent of internal (to the SOFC module) NG reformation—ranging from 0 to 100 percent—fuel utilization, and current density. The impact of advances in underlying SOFC technology on electrical performance was also explored.
solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), natural gas fuel cel↗
The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program's Implementation of Open Archives Initiation (OAI) for Data Interoperability and Data Exchange
Interoperability and data-exchange are critical for the survival of government information management programs. E-government initiatives are transforming the way the government interacts with the public. More information is to be made available through web-enabled technologies. Programs such as the NASA's Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office are tasked to find more effective ways to disseminate information to the public. The NASA STI Program is an agency-wide program charged with gathering, organizing, storing, and disseminating NASA-produced information for research and public use. The program is investigating the use of a new protocol called the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) as a means to improve data interoperability and data collection. OAI promotes the use of the OAI harvesting protocol as a simple way for data sharing among repositories. In two separate initiatives, the STI Program is implementing OAI In collaboration with the Air Force, Department of Energy, and Old Dominion University, the NASA STI Program has funded research on implementing the OAI to exchange data between the three organizations. The second initiative is the deployment of OAI for the NASA technical report server (TRS) environment. The NASA TRS environment is comprised of distributed technical report servers with a centralized search interface. This paper focuses on the implementation of OAI to promote interoperability among diverse data repositories.
Rocker, JoAnne↗
Runtime Verification of C Programs
We present in this paper a framework, RMOR, for monitoring the execution of C programs against state machines, expressed in a textual (nongraphical) format in files separate from the program. The state machine language has been inspired by a graphical state machine language RCAT recently developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, as an alternative to using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) for requirements capture. Transitions between states are labeled with abstract event names and Boolean expressions over such. The abstract events are connected to code fragments using an aspect-oriented pointcut language similar to ASPECTJ's or ASPECTC's pointcut language. The system is implemented in the C analysis and transformation package CIL, and is programmed in OCAML, the implementation language of CIL. The work is closely related to the notion of stateful aspects within aspect-oriented programming, where pointcut languages are extended with temporal assertions over the execution trace.
RMOR↗
Machine Learning Airport Surface Model
Future needs of the National Airspace System require decision support tools to adopt a service-oriented architecture in alignment with the FAA’s vision for an Info-Centric NAS. To achieve this, many existing systems will need to undergo a digital transformation from a monolithic decision support tool to a service-oriented architecture where individual services are exposed through well defined Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). To enable this transformation, NASA has developed the Digital Information Platform as a cloud based foundation for development of aviation services with a special focus towards Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (ML) services. This paper describes the work required for the transformation of NASA’s legacy surface management system to a real-time ML based decision support system deployed in the cloud. Details of the Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) infrastructure and best practices are described which enabled the end-toend lifecycle management of ML within an integrated software system. Validation results are provided from an operational field evaluation where performance was benchmarked against the legacy approach.
Jeremy Coupe↗
Effect of radiance-to-reflectance transformation and atmosphere removal on maximum likelihood classification accuracy of high-dimensional remote sensing data
Many analysis algorithms for high-dimensional remote sensing data require that the remotely sensed radiance spectra be transformed to approximate reflectance to allow comparison with a library of laboratory reflectance spectra. In maximum likelihood classification, however, the remotely sensed spectra are compared to training samples, thus a transformation to reflectance may or may not be helpful. The effect of several radiance-to-reflectance transformations on maximum likelihood classification accuracy is investigated in this paper. We show that the empirical line approach, LOWTRAN7, flat-field correction, single spectrum method, and internal average reflectance are all non-singular affine transformations, and that non-singular affine transformations have no effect on discriminant analysis feature extraction and maximum likelihood classification accuracy. (An affine transformation is a linear transformation with an optional offset.) Since the Atmosphere Removal Program (ATREM) and the log residue method are not affine transformations, experiments with Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data were conducted to determine the effect of these transformations on maximum likelihood classification accuracy. The average classification accuracy of the data transformed by ATREM and the log residue method was slightly less than the accuracy of the original radiance data. Since the radiance-to-reflectance transformations allow direct comparison of remotely sensed spectra with laboratory reflectance spectra, they can be quite useful in labeling the training samples required by maximum likelihood classification, but these transformations have only a slight effect or no effect at all on discriminant analysis and maximum likelihood classification accuracy.
Hoffbeck, Joseph P.↗
Axially-deformed solution of the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations using the transformed harmonic oscillator basis (IV) HFBTHO (v4.0): A new version of the program
We describe the new version 4.0 of the code HFBTHO that solves the nuclear Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov problem by using the deformed harmonic oscillator basis in cylindrical coordinates. In the new version, we have implemented the restoration of rotational, particle number, and reflection symmetry for even-even nuclei. The restoration of rotational symmetry does not require using bases closed under rotation. Furthermore, we added the SeaLL1 functional and improved the calculation of the Coulomb potential. Finally, we refactored the code to facilitate maintenance and future developments.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
A computer program for estimating the power-density spectrum of advanced continuous simulation language generated time histories
A computer program for performing frequency analysis of time history data is presented. The program uses circular convolution and the fast Fourier transform to calculate power density spectrum (PDS) of time history data. The program interfaces with the advanced continuous simulation language (ACSL) so that a frequency analysis may be performed on ACSL generated simulation variables. An example of the calculation of the PDS of a Van de Pol oscillator is presented.
Dunn, H. J.↗
Integration of Advanced Structures and Materials Technologies for a Robust Lunar Habitat
NASA’s Artemis program plans to have a sustainable lunar base deployed on the Moon by 2028. The base calls for a foundation surface habitat that can support a crew of four members for a minimum mission duration of 28-days. The lack of a magnetic field and significant lunar atmosphere extends the lifetime of secondary radiation emitted from metallic structures, which is a health hazard for exposed astronauts. Integration of non-metallic structural materials into surface habitat design may alleviate some of these concerns. Additionally, it is favorable for the structure to be collapsible for transportation to optimize payload volume, mass efficiency, and monetary constraints. As a result, inflatable structures are being investigated due to their improved packing efficiency at launch, optimal mass-to-volume ratio, and large surface area that can efficiently disperse structural loads and heat. Currently, only two inflatable airlocks have been deployed in space. Thus, there is a significant need to advance technologies associated with inflatable structures to provide greater options for future missions, i.e., Artemis and beyond. This study focused on the inflatable lunar habitat applications of emerging NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) technologies and their required development steps to become space qualified. The Bowling Habitat architecture was generated from 13 of these NASA LaRC technologies, five of which were deemed critical, five determined as enhancing technologies, and three were classified as transformational technologies for the Artemis program. To address the payload constraints, the study also considered a tentative timeline that aligned with the current Artemis schedule for transporting the Bowling Habitat to the Moon. Ultimately, the Bowling Habitat mainly addressed the structural needs of an inflatable lunar habitat, meaning that major areas pertaining to the life-style aspects of the habitat must be improved. Areas include, but are not limited to, hard connection points, the monitoring of human health, and extra radiation protection for solar proton events.
Inflatable Habitat↗
Application of remote sensing to state and regional programs
The problem includes data acquisition and transformation to products acceptable to the users. Optimized institutionalization of data management, product transfer, and education of the user community are also of major concern. With respect to the lattice, various structures were suggested and the fields of application are presented.
Miller, W. F.↗
Impact of Structural Defects and Hydronium Ion Concentration on the Stability of Zeolite BEA in Aqueous Phase
The presence of fluoride anions in the synthesis gel leads to zeolite BEA with high hydrothermal stability. This longer lifetime is caused by a lower concentration of internal silanol defects that are sites of the initial framework hydrolysis eventually destroying the lattice structure. The lifetime of these zeolites was the higher the lower the concentration of framework bridging hydroxyl groups that form hydronium ions was. While lattice hydrolysis was initiated at defect sites in all cases, the role of defects became less important as the concentration of hydronium ions increased. At higher concentration of hydrated hydronium ions, the presence of water associated with the hydrated hydronium ions limits the useful lifetime of zeolite catalysts in water. For such materials, the selective hydrophobization of the external surface extends the lifetime. Acknowledgments: S.P. and M.A.D. acknowledge support by the Materials Synthesis and Simulation Across Scales (MS3 Initiative) conducted under Laboratory Directed Research & Development Program at PNNL. H.S. and H.W. were supported by the Chemical Transformation Initiative (CTI) conducted under Laboratory Directed Research & Development Program at PNNL. J.A.L. was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
Prodinger, Sebastian↗
GeneLab for High Schools – Bioinformatic Training For Students And Educators
Modern biological sciences are increasingly based on high-throughput molecular techniques, including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. NASA’s GeneLab program has collected extensive data from ‘omics’ studies, curated them into an accessible platform and provided data analysis/visualization tools to facilitate the generation of new hypotheses and research directions. GeneLab for High Schools (GL4HS), launched in 2017, has endeavored to utilize this database and provide tools for students to understand and analyze omics datasets whilst also learning about spaceflight research. The GL4HS program ran in person at Ames from 2017-2019 and has run virtually since 2020. Each year fifteen high school students are trained to analyze and interpret GeneLab transcriptomic data. Additionally, in the last several years we have expanded our “teacher training program” to include 10 teachers total in an effort to enable this program to be utilized in classrooms across the USA. Teachers also join the NASA GeneLab Education Working Group (EWG) enabling support as they implement custom GL4HS modules into their classrooms. The GL4HS program consists of three main components – (1) core learning modules, (2) networking and teamwork, and (3) an independent learning project. Students are also taught critical networking and science communication skills facilitating their ability to ‘sell their science’ in innovative and creative ways. This program has enabled students to learn about biology in space and to have a glimpse into the world of research for the first time. Many of the students in this program shared that the course was transformative to their perception about biological sciences and how it linked to other areas of STEM. The ultimate and long-term goal of GL4HS is to expand the program to multiple locations thereby facilitating the reach of NASA Space Biology beyond NASA-centric regions.
GeneLab↗
Elucidation of the Roles of Water on the Reactivity of Surface Intermediates in Carboxylic Acid Ketonization on TiO 2
The effects of water on the carboxylic acid ketonization reaction over solid Lewis-acid catalysts were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and kinetic measurements. Acetic acid and propanoic acid were used as model compounds, and P25 TiO 2 was used as a model catalyst to represent the anatase TiO 2 since the rutile phase only contributes to <2.5% of the overall ketonization activity of P25 TiO 2 . The kinetic measurement showed that introducing H 2 O vapor in gaseous feed decreases the ketonization reaction rate by increasing the intrinsic activation barrier of gas-phase acetic acid on anatase TiO 2 . Quantitative TPD of acetic acid indicated that H 2 O does not compete with acetic acid for Lewis sites. Instead, as indicated by combined approaches of NMR and DRIFTS, H 2 O associates with the adsorbed acetate or acetic acid intermediates on the catalyst surface and alters their reactivities for the ketonization reaction. There are multiple species present on the anatase TiO 2 surface upon carboxylic acid adsorption, including molecular carboxylic acid, monodentate carboxylate, and chelating/bridging bidentate carboxylates. The presence of H 2 O vapor increases the coverage of the less reactive bridging bidentate carboxylate associated with adsorbed H 2 O, leading to lower ketonization activity on hydrated anatase TiO 2 . In conclusion, surface hydroxyl groups, which are consumed by interaction with carboxylic acid upon the formation of surface acetate species, do not impact the ketonization reaction.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Adsorption of CO on gold: effect of coverage and surface deformations
Recent insights into the nature of catalysts under reactive conditions have motivated investigating heterogeneously catalyzed reactions with non-rigid surfaces. As an example system to revisit, CO interactions with gold have been a longstanding system of interest due to its structure sensitivity. In this work, we investigate coverage-dependent CO adsorption trends on terraces, steps, and kinks. Calculating differential binding energy and mean absolute displacement of the atomic structures as a function of CO coverage, we propose a deformation quenching mechanism that partially determines CO saturation coverage. Extending this analysis to consider CO partial pressure, we show a phase change in CO step occupation, which we highlight as a possible explanation for previously reported temperature-programmed desorption and Fourier-transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy measurements. Furthermore, this work shows how adopting a non-rigid surface model can lead to additional insights which may be applied to other heterogeneously catalyzed systems.
Kavalsky, Lance [University of Wisconsin-Madison, ↗
Real-Time Procurement Strategies of a Proactive Distribution Company With Aggregator-Based Demand Response
In this paper, we present a real-time trading framework for distribution networks where a rational aggregator is identified as a broker by contracting with individual demands and dealing with the distribution company. Demand response capability is characterized by the coexistence of elastic and inelastic demand components. A one-leader multi-follower bi-level model is proposed to derive the procurement strategies, i.e., the upperlevel problem intends to maximize the profit of the proactive distribution company, while the lower-level expresses the profit maximization per rational aggregator. The proposed model is then transformed into a solvable mathematical program with equilibrium constraints through a primal-dual approach. A modified 33-bus distribution network is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
demand response (DR)↗
Reduction of Iron (III) Oxide in Microwaves Toward Gasification Studies
The purpose of this study is to reduce hematite (Fe2O3) using hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) gases using microwave irradiation. Conventional temperature programmed reduction of iron phase transformation under H2, CO, and CH4 agree with the literature. Furthermore, the activation energy for the iron phase transformation in a conventional reactor was in the order of H2>CO>CH4, suggesting that CH4 was the best reductant to initiate the reduction at a much lower temperature than CO, and CO was significantly better than H2 atmosphere. Due to the uneven temperature distribution, the apparent activation energy of microwave reduction under H2 was approximately 1/4th when compared to the conventional reduction in H2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a mixed oxide phase in microwave reduction as opposed to the clear phase transformation in conventional studies. To combat the temperature measurement issues in microwave studies, fiber optic sensors and Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) sensors were used to acquire the actual temperature distribution in the catalyst bed. Therefore, a reasonably accurate activation energy estimation was achieved in the catalyst bed. Combining these with the characterization and quantification of the different iron phases in microwave reduction will provide a blueprint for future microwave-assisted gasification studies.
Aireddy, Divakar Reddy↗