Magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere interactions
In the present review, the general nature of the earth's space environment is discussed with particular reference to the physical processes which link the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, and the upper atmosphere. Recent theoretical and experimental research has revealed the existence of subtle couplings which closely link the electrical and mass properties of these regions. Some of these couplings have been known for many years. Recent discoveries include such couplings as the formation of the plasmasphere through the mutual action of convective electric fields and ionospheric plasma flows. However, there is still insufficient information to define accurately the basic processes associated with space plasma dynamics when cool thermal plasma of ionospheric origin interacts with the neutral atmosphere, the energetic plasma of the ionosphere, and the solar wind. The primary objective of the discussion is to provide a general introduction to the more challenging processes as they are presently known.