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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

The Cyclic Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of Ferroanelastic Beta Prime Gold Cadmium

The fatigue behavior of beta prime Au1.05Cd0.95 alloy was investigated and found to be exceptional for certain orientations with lives of 10,000 to 1,000,000 cycles at total strain amplitudes above 0.05 not uncommon. Fatigue lives were influenced principally by the stress level which controlled the amount of plastic deformation, and stress fatigue resistance was low compared with most metals. Failure always exhibited brittle characteristics. An algorithm was devised to predict mechanical behavior from the twin system orientations and was found in good agreement with experiment for longitudinal strains above 0.04. The cyclic mechanical properties were examined, and a model for the behavior was proposed utilizing previous theories of the restoring force and the Peierls-Nabarro stress for twinning and new concepts. Gold-cadmium was found to have certain strain fatigue resistant applications, particularly in electronics where the alloy's high electrical conductivity is utilized.

Karz, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Fabrication and testing of negative-limited sealed nickel-cadmium cells

The design, construction, and testing of 100,20Ah and 100,3Ah negative-limited sealed cells are reported. The required physical dimensions of the hardware and components necessary to produce 20 and 3 Ah cells were established. The stainless steel cans and covers have been ordered. The covers contain two ceramic seals. The fabrication of electrodes was started. About 55% (879 electrodes) of the required cadmium electrodes has been prepared. About 44% of the porous nickel substrates (plaques) required for the preparation of the nickel oxide electrodes has been completed.

Luksha, E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Accelerated test plan for nickel cadmium spacecraft batteries

An accelerated test matrix is outlined that includes acceptance, baseline and post-cycling tests, chemical and physical analyses, and the data analysis procedures to be used in determining the feasibility of an accelerated test for sealed, nickel cadmium cells.

Hennigan, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Procedure for analysis of nickel-cadmium cell materials

Quality control procedures include analyses on electrolyte, active materials, and separators for nickel cadmium cell materials. Tests range from the visual/mechanical inspection of cells to gas sampling, electrolyte extract, electrochemical tests, and physical measurements.

Halpert, G.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A study of degradation of plates for nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells

The relative merits of coining and not coining of sintered nickel-oxide and cadmium plates was investigated. A survey of the industry including cell manufactures and users was made and results summarized. Sample plate materials from most commercial cell suppliers were obtained and characterized for properties that may correlate with the tendency toward physical disintegration during handling and over long periods of time in the cell. Special test methods were developed to obtain comparative data in a short time. A wide range of physical properties and coining thicknesses was observed, resulting in a range of responses. The stronger, less brittle materials resisted loss of sinter better than weaker materials whether or not coined. Coining improved handling and resistance to electrochemical cycling in all materials tested. An apparent exception was found to be due to improper coining of a tapered edge.

Scott, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Study of process variables associated with manufacturing hermetically-sealed nickel-cadmium cells

A two year study of the major process variables associated with the manufacturing process for sealed, nickel-cadmium, areospace cells is summarized. Effort was directed toward identifying the major process variables associated with a manufacturing process, experimentally assessing each variable's effect, and imposing the necessary changes (optimization) and controls for the critical process variables to improve results and uniformity. A critical process variable associated with the sintered nickel plaque manufacturing process was identified as the manual forming operation. Critical process variables identified with the positive electrode impregnation/polarization process were impregnation solution temperature, free acid content, vacuum impregnation, and sintered plaque strength. Positive and negative electrodes were identified as a major source of carbonate contamination in sealed cells.

Miller, L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Some aspects of optical feedback with cadmium sulfide and related photoconductors

A primary limitation of many solid state photoconductors used in electro-optical systems is their slow response in converting varying light intensities into electrical signals. An optical feedback technique is presented which can extend the frequency response of systems that use these detectors by orders of magnitude without adversely affecting overall signal-to-noise ratio performance. The technique is analyzed to predict the improvement possible and a system is implemented using cadmium sulfide to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique and the validity of the analysis.

Katzberg, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The 100 ampere-hour nickel cadmium battery development program, volume 1

A program to develop a long-life, reliable and safe 100 ampere-hour sealed nickel-cadmium cell and battery module with ancillary charge control and automated test equipment to fulfill the requirements of a large Manned Orbital Space Station which uses Solar Arrays as its prime source for 25 kW of electrical power was conducted. A sealed 100 ampere-hour cell with long life potential and a replaceable, space maintainable battery module has been developed for Manned Space Station applications. The 100 ampere-hour cell has been characterized for initial (early life) anticipated conditions.

Gaston, S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A study of degradation of plates for nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells

The relative merits of coining and not coining of sintered nickel oxide and cadmium plates was investigated. Sample plate materials from most commercial cell suppliers were obtained and characterized for properties that may correlate with the tendency toward physical disintegration during handling and over long periods of time in the cell. Special test methods were developed to obtain comparative data in a short time. A wide range of physical properties and coining thickness was observed, resulting in a range of responses. The stronger materials resisted loss of sinter better than weaker materials whether or not coined. Coining improved handling and resistance to electrochemical cycling of weaker materials. The mechanism of break-down of positive plate edges under cycling appears to be the same as that of thickening and blistering. Brittle, nonadherent sinter, resulting from certain impregnation processes, is the most vulnerable to degradation. It is concluded that the latter type of materials should be coined, but coining of strong materials is optional.

Scott, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Design and test of a 100 ampere-hour nickel cadmium battery module

A feasibility study was conducted on the design and construction of a flight-worthy replaceable battery module consisting of four 100 A.H. nickel-cadmium rechargeable cells for large manned space vehicles. The module is planned to weigh less than 43 pounds and be fully maintainable in a zero-g environment by one man without use of special tools. An active environmental control system was designed for the temperature control of the module.

Gaston, S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells: Initial evaluation tests of Eagle-Picher Industries, Incorporated 6.0 ampere-hour, nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells for separator material evaluation

Several groups of nickel cadmium cells were tested for the durability of their separator materials. The cells were rated at 6.0 ampere-hours, and contained double ceramic seals. Two cells in each group were fitted with pressure gauge assemblies. Results are presented for various brands of separator materials.

Harkness, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Nickel-cadmium cells

A high energy density nickel cadmium cell of aerospace quality was designed. The approach used was to utilize manufacturing techniques which produce highly uniform and controlled starting materials in addition to improvements in the overall design. Parameters controlling the production of plaque and both positive and negative plate were studied. Quantities of these materials were produced and prototype cells were assembled to test the proposed design.

Rubin, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

General Electric 20-ampere hour nickel-cadmium battery

The interaction, effect, and controllability of the performance parameters of the General Electric 20-ampere-hour, 24-cell nickel cadmium battery are investigated. The battery was cycled under simulated orbit conditions. The acquired data was analyzed and evaluated in terms of battery parameters and performance characteristics. Conclusions and tests results are presented along with recommendations for further study.

Kirsch, W. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A study of short test and charge retention test methods for nickel-cadmium spacecraft cells

Methods for testing nickel-cadmium cells for internal shorts and charge retention were studied. Included were (a) open circuit voltage decay after a brief charge, (b) open circuit voltage recovery after shorting, and (c) open circuit voltage decay and capacity loss after a full charge. The investigation included consideration of the effects of prior history, of conditioning cells prior to testing, and of various test method variables on the results of the tests. Sensitivity of the tests was calibrated in terms of equivalent external resistance. The results were correlated. It was shown that a large number of variables may affect the results of these tests. It is concluded that the voltage decay after a brief charge and the voltage recovery methods are more sensitive than the charged stand method, and can detect an internal short equivalent to a resistance of about (10,000/C)ohms where "C' is the numerical value of the capacity of the cell in ampere hours.

Scott, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

An evaluation of potentially useful separator materials for nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd] satellite batteries

An evaluation intended to determine the potential suitability and probable efficacy of a group of separator materials for use in nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) satellite batteries was carried out. These results were obtained using test procedures established in an earlier evaluation of other separator materials, some of which were used in experimental battery cells subjected to simulated use conditions. The properties that appear to be most important are: high electrolyte absorptivity, good electrolyte retention, low specific resistivity, rapid wettability and low resistance to air permeation. Wicking characteristics and wet-out time seem to be more important with respect to the initial filling of the battery with the electrolyte.

Baker, H. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Electrolyte concentration changes during operation of the nickel cadmium cell

The concentration and distribution of aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte in a sealed nickel cadmium cell is considered. The reactions at both electrodes during charge and discharge involve the production or utilization of hydroxyl ion (OH) or water (H2O) which directly affects concentration. Changes in electrolyte concentration relative to the individual electrode reactions is discussed. Quantitative values are provided for the changes in concentration for 6, 12, and 20 ah cells with accepted quantities of precharge and accepted initial quantity of 31% aqueous KOH. Consideration is given to a more correct equation which includes net changes in hydroxyl concentration in addition to water. Also, expected concentrations of electrolyte in cells in the fully charged, 75% charged, 50% charged, 25% charged and discharged condition are calculated. The expected concentration changes for cells in the accelerated tests are also tabulated and compared with measured values. All calculations are made on the assumption that there are no side reactions. Various properties which depend on KOH concentration are listed. The variables include O2, H2, and Cd(OH)2 solubilities in addition to viscosity and conductivity.

Halpert, G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A novel negative-limited sealed nickel-cadmium cell

The use of negative-limited nickel-cadmium cells with adequate charge control is shown to provide an effective means for controlling internal pressure. Cycle test data show that negative-limited cells have somewhat higher ampere-hour degradation rates at higher operating temperatures. The most important advantages of these cells are: (1) lesser heat generation during operation; (2) longer separator life, as a result of operation at lower temperatures; (3) decreased stresses on cell seals due to lower operating pressures; and (4) significant weight savings.

Juvinall, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Accelerated test program for sealed nickel-cadmium spacecraft batteries/cells

The feasibility was examined of inducing an accelerated test on sealed Nickel-Cadmium batteries or cells as a tool for spacecraft projects and battery users to determine: (1) the prediction of life capability; (2) a method of evaluating the effect of design and component changes in cells; and (3) a means of reducing time and cost of cell testing.

Goodman, L. A.↗