High-field liquid-neon-cooled electromagnets.
High field liquid-neon-cooled superconducting electromagnet for cryogenic solid state research
CRYOGENIC MAGNET↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Measurement of Electromagnetic Properties of Lightning with 10 Nanosecond Resolution
Electromagnetic data recorded from lightning strikes are presented. The data analysis reveals general characteristics of fast electromagnetic fields measured at the ground including rise times, amplitudes, and time patterns. A look at the electromagnetic structure of lightning shows that the shortest rise times in the vicinity of 30 ns are associated with leader leader streamers. Lightning location is based on electromagnetic field characteristics and is compared to a nearby sky camera. The fields from both leaders and return strokes were measured and are discussed. The data were obtained during 1978 and 1979 from lightning strikes occuring within 5 kilometers of an underground metal instrumentation room located on South Baldy peak near Langmuir Laboratory, New Mexico. The computer controlled instrumentation consisted of sensors previously used for measuring the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and analog-digital recorders with 10 ns sampling, 256 levels of resolution, and 2 kilobytes of internal memory.
Baum, C. E.↗
Properties of Turbulence in the Reconnection Exhaust: Numerical Simulations Compared with Observations
The properties of the turbulence that develops in the outflows of magnetic reconnection have been investigated using self-consistent plasma simulations, in three dimensions. As commonly observed in space plasmas, magnetic reconnection is characterized by the presence of turbulence. In this study, we provide a direct comparison of our simulations with reported observations of reconnection events in the magnetotail, investigating the properties of the electromagnetic field and the energy conversion mechanisms. In particular, simulations show the development of a turbulent cascade consistent with spacecraft observations, statistics of the dissipation mechanisms in the turbulent outflows similar to the ones observed in reconnection jets in the magnetotail, and that the properties of turbulence vary as a function of the distance from the reconnecting X-line.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
The electric field changes and UHF radiations caused by the triggered lightning in Japan
In the rocket triggered lightning experiment of fiscal 1989, researchers observed electromagnetic field changes and UHF electromagnetic radiation accompanying rocket triggered lightning. It was found that no rapid changes corresponding to the return stroke of natural lightning were observed in the electric field changes accompanying rocket triggered lightning. However, continuous currents were present. In the case of rocket triggered lightning to the tower, electromagnetic field changes corresponding to the initiation of triggered lightning showed a bipolar pulse of a relatively large amplitude. In contrast, the rocket triggered lightning to the ground did not have such a bipolar pulse. The UHF radiation accompanying the rocket triggered lightning preceded the waveform portions corresponding to the first changes in electromagnetic fields. The number of isolated pulses in the UHF radiation showed a correlation with the time duration from rocket launching up to triggered lightning. The time interval between consecutive isolated pulses tended to get shorter with the passage of time, just like the stepped leaders of natural lightning.
Kawasaki, Zen-Ichiro↗
On the short-period variations of the electro- magnetic field occurring simultaneously over large territories
Variation of electromagnetic field from fluxmetric and earth current measurements - period, time, and amplitude
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD↗
Hohlraum fields with monoenergetic proton radiography at OMEGA
A more complete understanding of laser-driven hohlraum plasmas is critical for the continued development and improvement of ICF experiments. In these hohlraums, self-generated electric and magnetic fields can play an important role in modifying plasma properties such as heat transport; however, the strength and distribution of electromagnetic fields in such hohlraums remain largely uncertain. To explore this question, we conducted experiments at the OMEGA laser facility, using monoenergetic proton radiography to probe laser-driven vacuum hohlraums. We then utilized reconstructive methods to recover information about proton deflections. To interpret these reconstructions, a new technique for detangling the contributions of electric and magnetic fields to proton deflections was developed. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Laser Users’ Facility, and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.
Pearcy, Jacob A. (ORCID:0000000155817219)↗
Are media reports able to cause somatic symptoms attributed to WiFi radiation? An experimental test of the negative expectation hypothesis
People suffering from idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) experience numerous non-specific symptoms that they attribute to EMF. The cause of this condition remains vague and evidence shows that psychological rather than bioelectromagnetic mechanisms are at work. We hypothesized a role of media reports in the etiology of IEI-EMF and investigated how somatosensory perception is affected. 65 healthy participants were instructed that EMF exposure can lead to enhanced somatosensory perception. Participants were randomly assigned to watch either a television report on adverse health effects of EMF or a neutral report. During the following experiment, participants rated stimulus intensities of tactile (electric) stimuli while being exposed to a sham WiFi signal in 50% of the trials. Sham WiFi exposure led to increased intensity ratings of tactile stimuli in the WiFi film group, especially in participants with higher levels of somatosensory amplification. Participants of the WiFi group reported more anxiety concerning WiFi exposure than the Control group and tended to perceive themselves as being more sensitive to EMF after the experiment compared to before. Sensational media reports can facilitate enhanced perception of tactile stimuli in healthy participants. People tending to perceive bodily symptoms as intense, disturbing, and noxious seem most vulnerable. Receiving sensational media reports might sensitize people to develop a nocebo effect and thereby contribute to the development of IEI-EMF. By promoting catastrophizing thoughts and increasing symptom-focused attention, perception might more readily be enhanced and misattributed to EMF. - Highlights: • The etiology of idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) is unknown. • Expectations induced by sensational TV reports could be important in this context. • Watching a sensational movie on EM radiation enhances tactile sensitivity. • Especially vulnerable are persons with high levels of somatosensory amplification. • IEI-EMF might be caused by a nocebo effect.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Measurement of the Generalized Spin Polarizabilities of the Neutron in the Low-Q{sup 2} Region
Understanding the nucleon spin structure in the regime where the strong interaction becomes truly strong poses a challenge to both experiment and theory. At energy scales below the nucleon mass of about 1 GeV, the intense interaction among the quarks and gluons inside the nucleon makes them highly correlated. Their coherent behaviour causes the emergence of effective degrees of freedom, requiring the application of non-perturbative techniques such as chiral effective field theory1. Here we present measurements of the neutron’s generalized spin polarizabilities that quantify the neutron’s spin precession under electromagnetic fields at very low energy-momentum transfer squared down to 0.035 GeV2. In this regime, chiral effective field theory calculations2–4 are expected to be applicable. Our data, however, show a strong discrepancy with these predictions, presenting a challenge to the current description of the neutron’s spin properties.
Sulkosky, Vincent↗
Rapid Variability Generated at Relativistic Shocks Simulated by Particle-in- Cell Code
Plasma instabilities excited in collisionless shocks are responsible for particle acceleration. We have investigated the particle acceleration and shock structure associated with an unmagnetized relativistic electronpositron jet propagating into an unmagnetized electron-positron plasma. Cold jet electrons are thermalized and slowed while the ambient electrons are swept up to create a partially developed hydrodynamic-like shock structure. In the leading shock, electron density increases by a factor of about 3.5 in the simulation frame. Strong electromagnetic fields are generated in the trailing shock and provide an emission site. These magnetic fields contribute to the electrons transverse deflection behind the shock. We calculate the radiation from deflected electrons in the turbulent magnetic fields. Radiation from electrons near the trailing shock will be variable due to fluctuations of density and electromagnetic fields. The properties of this radiation may be important for rapid variability in relativistic jets such as AGN jets and blazars.
Nishikawal, Ken-Ichi↗
Final Scientific/Technical Report: Correlations and Fluctuations in Weakly Collisional Plasma
Plasma is a state of matter that exhibits a very rich range of phenomena. To begin with, plasma is both electrical and mechanical - bringing together theories of particle motion and the electromagnetic field. Furthermore, and especially important for this project, a weakly-collisional plasma, such as is found in high-temperature (fusion energy) experiments on earth and the majority of contexts in space and astrophysics, has many moving parts. For example, sitting in earth’s atmosphere we are immersed in a mechanical wave field (sound), a possibly turbulent fluid motion (wind), and an electromagnetic vector wave field with two polarizations (light). This is already enough to produce a rich range of possibilities. In plasma, the electromagnetic field is coupled to the mechanical motion of the medium because it is ionized. Furthermore, a weakly-collisional plasma supports an infinite number of mechanically independent fluids. Thus, plasmas support an infinite number of independent electromechanical waves. Much has been done to describe plasmas with "reduced models" of various kinds. The goal of this project was to both explore the validity of reduced plasma models that are in use, and to propose and validate new models of plasma motion. The primary means to his end was laboratory experiments employing both electrical probes and laser spectroscopy. Laser spectroscopy enables many techniques which can separate the spectrum of independent fluid motions in the ion phase-space. The choice was to focus on low frequency electrostatic waves because the electron motion is relatively simple, the experiments can be on a spatial scale of a few meters, and all the relevant parameters can be measured with a few lasers systems. No study of this kind had previously been undertaken for the study of plasmas. The validation of theories required that the experimental descriptions be compared with theory and simulation in detail. It was found that even multi-fluid theories leave out a large part of the complexity of plasma motion. Reduced descriptions were found to fail under most circumstances. A new technique was developed that enabled a measurement of the phase-space resolved ion correlation function for the first time. The wide range of plasma dynamics possible became clear through this technique. It was found that collisionless (Vlasov) theory has a large field of application even when the plasma is weakly-collisional. A new approach, the kinetic wave expansion, was proposed, tested and found to be very useful for describing electrostatic ion waves. This project demonstrated a new way of looking at the "degrees-of-freedom" of plasmas and provided significant validation tests of fluid and kinetic plasma descriptions.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
High-field liquid-neon-cooled electromagnets.
High field liquid neon cooled electromagnet design, operating characteristics and tests
LIQUID NEON↗
Multidisciplinary aspects of magnetogasdynamics.
Velocity field of conducting fluid interaction with electromagnetic fields, noting applications to electric propulsion, MGD power generation and reentry
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION↗
Electromagnetic Scattering from Arbitrarily Shaped Aperture Backed by Rectangular Cavity Recessed in Infinite Ground Plane
The electromagnetic scattering from an arbitrarily shaped aperture backed by a rectangular cavity recessed in an infinite ground plane is analyzed by the integral equation approach. In this approach, the problem is split into two parts: exterior and interior. The electromagnetic fields in the exterior part are obtained from an equivalent magnetic surface current density assumed to be flowing over the aperture and backed by an infinite ground plane. The electromagnetic fields in the interior part are obtained in terms of rectangular cavity modal expansion functions. The modal amplitudes of cavity modes are determined by enforcing the continuity of the electric field across the aperture. The integral equation with the aperture magnetic current density as an unknown is obtained by enforcing the continuity of magnetic fields across the aperture. The integral equation is then solved for the magnetic current density by the method of moments. The electromagnetic scattering properties of an aperture backed by a rectangular cavity are determined from the magnetic current density. Numerical results on the backscatter radar cross-section (RCS) patterns of rectangular apertures backed by rectangular cavities are compared with earlier published results. Also numerical results on the backscatter RCS patterns of a circular aperture backed by a rectangular cavity are presented.
Cockrell, C. R.↗
Antenna for near Field Sensing and Far Field Transceiving
An antenna includes a first electrical conductor that is shaped to form a spiral between its first and second ends that remain electrically unconnected such that the first electrical conductor so-shaped is maintained as an unconnected single-component open-circuit having inductance and capacitance. In the presence of a time-varying electromagnetic field, the first electrical conductor so-shaped resonates to generate a harmonic electromagnetic field response having a frequency, amplitude and bandwidth. A second electrical conductor includes a loop portion overlapping at least a portion of the spiral. The second electrical conductor is electrically isolated from the first electrical conductor. A radio frequency transceiver capable of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic energy is electrically coupled to the second electrical conductor.
Dudley, Kenneth L.↗
In-Vehicle Assessment of Human Exposure to EMFs from 25-kW WPT System Based on Near-Field Analysis
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has the potential to be a convenient and reliable charging method for the light and heavy duty electric vehicles. However, the loosely coupling between the two sides results in strong near-electromagnetic fields (EMFs) around the system, which may have the possibility to impact human safety if the standard limits are exceeded. Therefore, comprehensive tests are necessary to ensure the electromagnetic fields are with in safe limits. Consequently, this paper presents a test methodology for the near-field from a 25 kW WPT system from Momentum Dynamics, which is installed in a heavy duty electric shuttle at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The paper describes in detail the measuring device, test setup and conditions. The misalignments between the two systems' sides are considered during the measurements. Test results for the regions of concern around and inside the bus are presented and compared with the reference levels defined by the international standards, including ICNIRP 2010 and IEEE C95.1. In addition, a finite-element model is developed for the wireless coupler and analyzed at the same conditions as the tests. Comparative analysis is presented between the simulated and experimental results. The measurements at the test points show adherence to the standard limits for the general public and occupational exposure.
33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
Signatures of vacuum birefringence in low-power flying focus pulses
Vacuum birefringence produces a differential phase between orthogonally polarized components of a weak electromagnetic probe in the presence of a strong electromagnetic field. Despite representing a hallmark prediction of quantum electrodynamics, vacuum birefringence remains untested in pure light configurations due to the extremely large electromagnetic fields required for a detectable phase difference. Here, we exploit the programmable focal velocity and extended focal range of a flying focus laser pulse to substantially lower the laser power required for detection of vacuum birefringence. In the proposed scheme, a linearly polarized x-ray probe pulse counterpropagates with respect to a flying focus pulse, whose focus moves at the speed of light in the same direction as the x-ray probe. The peak intensity of the flying focus pulse overlaps the probe over millimeter-scale distances and induces a polarization ellipticity on the order of 10 − 10 , which lies within the detection sensitivity of existing x-ray polarimeters. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
High-energy particle acceleration by explosive electromagnetic interaction in an accretion disk
By examining electromagnetic field evolution occurring in an accretion disk around a compact object, we arrive at an explosive mechanism of particle acceleration. Flux-freezing in the differentially rotating disk causes the seed and/or generated magnetic field to wrap up tightly, becoming highly sheared and locally predominantly azimuthal in orientation. We show how asymptotically nonlinear solutions for the electromagnetic fields may arise in isolated plasma blobs as a result of the driving of the fluid equations by the accretion flow. These fields are capable of rapidly accelerating charged particles from the disk. Acceleration through the present mechanism from AGN can give rise to energies beyond 10 exp 20 eV. Such a mechanism may present an explanation for the extragalactic origin of the most energetic observed cosmic rays.
Haswell, C. A.↗
In-Vehicle Assessment of Human Exposure to EMFs from 25-kW WPT System Based on Near-Field Analysis: Preprint
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has the potential to be a convenient and reliable charging method for the light and heavy duty electric vehicles. However, the loosely coupling between the two sides results in strong near-electromagnetic fields (EMFs) around the system, which may have the possibility to impact human safety if the standard limits are exceeded. Therefore, comprehensive tests are necessary to ensure the electromagnetic fields are with in safe limits. Consequently, this paper presents a test methodology for the near-field from a 25 kW WPT system from Momentum Dynamics, which is installed in a heavy duty electric shuttle at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The paper describes in detail the measuring device, test setup and conditions. The misalignments between the two systems' sides are considered during the measurements. Test results for the regions of concern around and inside the bus are presented and compared with the reference levels defined by the international standards, including ICNIRP 2010 and IEEE C95.1. In addition, a finite-element model is developed for the wireless coupler and analyzed at the same conditions as the tests. Comparative analysis is presented between the simulated and experimental results. The measurements at the test points show adherence to the standard limits for the general public and occupational exposure.
33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗