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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16

Nonlinear interaction of meta-atoms through optical coupling

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a multi-frequency nonlinear coupling mechanism between split-ring resonators. We engineer the coupling between two microwave resonators through optical interaction, whilst suppressing the direct electromagnetic coupling. This allows for a power-dependent interaction between the otherwise independent resonators, opening interesting opportunities to address applications in signal processing, filtering, directional coupling, and electromagnetic compatibility.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Coulomb bound states of strongly interacting photons

We show that two photons coupled to Rydberg states via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can interact via an effective Coulomb potential. The interaction then gives rise to a continuum of two-body bound states. Within the continuum, metastable bound states are distinguished in analogy with quasi-bound states tunneling through a potential barrier. We find multiple branches of metastable bound states whose energy spectrum is governed by the Coulomb problem, thus obtaining a photonic analogue of the hydrogen atom. These states propagate with a negative group velocity in the medium, which allows for a simple preparation and detection scheme, before they slowly decay to pairs of bound Rydberg atoms. As a result, we verify the metastability and backward propagation of these Coulomb bound states with exact numerical simulations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Electromagnetic structure of few-nucleon ground states

Experimental form factors of the hydrogen and helium isotopes, extracted from an up-to-date global analysis of cross sections and polarization observables measured in elastic electron scattering from these systems, are compared to predictions obtained in three different theoretical approaches: the first is based on realistic interactions and currents, including relativistic corrections (labeled as the conventional approach); the second relies on a chiral effective field theory description of the strong and electromagnetic interactions in nuclei (labeled ChiEFT); the third utilizes a fully relativistic treatment of nuclear dynamics as implemented in the covariant spectator theory (labeled CST). Furthermore, for momentum transfers below Q < 5 fm -1 there is satisfactory agreement between experimental data and theoretical results in all three approaches. Conversely, at Q > 5 fm -1 , particularly in the case of the deuteron, a relativistic treatment of the dynamics, as is done in the CST, is necessary. The experimental data on the deuteron A structure function extend to Q ~ 12 fm -1 , and the close agreement between these data and the CST results suggests that, even in this extreme kinematical regime, there is no evidence for new effects coming from quark and gluon degrees of freedom at short distances.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Breaking of dynamical adiabaticity in direct laser acceleration of electrons

Here, the interaction of an electron oscillating in an ion channel and irradiated by a plane electromagnetic wave is considered. It is shown that the interaction qualitatively changes with the increase of electron energy, as the oscillations across the channel become relativistic. The “square-wave-like” profile of the transverse velocity in the relativistic case enables breaking of the adiabaticity that precludes electron energy retention in the non-relativistic case. For an electron with a relativistic factor $\gamma$ 0 , the adiabaticity breaks if ω L /ω p0 $\ll$$\sqrt{\gamma0}$. Under these conditions, the kinetic energy acquired by the electron is retained once the interaction with the laser field ceases. This mechanism notably enables electron heating in regimes that do not require a resonant interaction between the initially oscillating electron and the laser electric field.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Electromagnetic Structure and Electron Acceleration in Shock–Shock Interaction

A shock–shock interaction is investigated by using a one-dimensional full particle-in-cell simulation. The simulation reproduces the collision of two symmetrical high Mach number quasi-perpendicular shocks. The basic structure of the shocks and ion dynamics is similar to that obtained by previous hybrid simulations. The new aspects obtained here are as follows. Electrons are already strongly accelerated before the two shocks collide through multiple reflection. The reflected electrons self-generate waves upstream between the two shocks before they collide. The waves far upstream are generated through the right-hand resonant instability with the anomalous Doppler effect. The waves generated near the shock are due to firehose instability and have much larger amplitudes than those due to the resonant instability. The high-energy electrons are efficiently scattered by the waves so that some of them gain large pitch angles. Those electrons can be easily reflected at the shock of the other side. The accelerated electrons form a power-law energy spectrum. Due to the accelerated electrons, the pressure of upstream electrons increases with time. This appears to cause the deceleration of the approaching shock speed. The accelerated electrons having sufficiently large Larmor radii are further accelerated through the similar mechanism working for ions when the two shocks are colliding.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Circuit model optimization of a nano split ring resonator dimer antenna operating in infrared spectral range

Metamaterials are comprised of metallic structures with a strong response to incident electromagnetic radiation, like, for example, split ring resonators. The interaction of resonator ensembles with electromagnetic waves can be simulated with finite difference or finite elements algorithms, however, above a certain ensemble size simulations become inadmissibly time or memory consuming. Alternatively a circuit description of metamaterials, a well developed modelling tool at radio and microwave frequencies, allows to significantly increase the simulated ensemble size. This approach can be extended to the IR spectral range with an appropriate set of circuit element parameters accounting for physical effects such as electron inertia and finite conductivity. The model is verified by comparing the coupling coefficients with the ones obtained from the full wave numerical simulations, and used to optimize the nano-antenna design with improved radiation characteristics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Quantum Rings Dressed by a High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field

We demonstrate theoretically that the interaction of quantum rings with a high-frequency off-resonant electromagnetic field (dressing field) substantially renormalizes their electronic properties. Particularly, it is shown that a linearly polarized dressing field decreases the spin splitting arisen from the Rashba spin-orbit interaction, whereas a circularly polarized field splits electron states corresponding to mutually opposite directions of angular momentum. As a consequence, the dressing field can serve as an effective tool to control spin and transport characteristics of the quantum rings and be potentially exploited in optoelectronic applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Spin Polarization Dynamics of Nonequilibrium Conduction Electrons in Magnetic Junctions

The dynamics of the motion of the magnetic moment averaged over an ensemble of nonequilibrium spin-injected electrons in a ferromagnetic junction is considered with allowance for the exchange interaction, as well as the interaction with an external electromagnetic field and a thermostat. The solution of this problem is important for the experimental development of compact terahertz-band radiation sources. The rate of quantum transitions of electrons with opposite spins, which determine the spin relaxation under the interaction with a thermostat, is calculated within the density matrix formalism. It is shown that two spin-relaxation modes can be implemented that correspond to low- and high-Q precession of spin-nonequilibrium injected electrons. The effect of the characteristic features of spin-flip transitions under the relaxation of the magnetic moment on the emission and absorption of photons with-energy corresponding to the energy of effective exchange splitting of spin subbands is discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Can the Solar Atmosphere Generate Very-High-Energy Cosmic Rays?

The origin and acceleration of high-energy particles, constituting cosmic rays, is likely to remain an important topic in modern astrophysics. Among the two categories galactic and solar cosmic rays, the latter are much less investigated. The primary source of solar cosmic ray particles are impulsive explosions of the magnetized plasma, known as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. These particles, however, are characterized by relatively low energies compared to their galactic counterparts. In this work, we explore the resonance wave–wave (RWW) interaction between the polarized electromagnetic radiation emitted by the solar active regions and the quantum waves associated with high-energy, relativistic electrons generated during solar flares. Mathematically, the RWW interaction problem boils down to analyzing a Klein–Gordon Equation (spinless electrons) embedded in the electromagnetic field. We find that RWW could accelerate the relativistic electrons to enormous energies even comparable to energies in the galactic cosmic rays.

acceleration of particles↗

Studying electroweak few-body observables in chiral effective field theory

The use of nuclei to study electroweak probes is becoming increasingly relevant experimentally. The success of dark matter and neutrino experiments strongly depends on the ability to control nuclear effects in order to extract the fundamental parameters associated with external probes. Therefore, reliable theoretical calculations of nuclear structure and reactions, with well-controlled errors, are crucial for the success of experimental efforts. Currently, chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT) coupled with {\it ab-initio} methods represents one of the best approaches that fulfills these requirements. To use this approach as a tool for studying fundamental physics, it is essential to validate it against experimental data for which the calculations are well under control, such as the elastic scattering of electrons on nuclei. In this proceeding, I will present recent developments in the fitting of electromagnetic currents derived using $\chi$EFT and the calculation of electromagnetic form factors of light nuclei. The results of these calculations demonstrate the strength of the theory in describing the interaction of nuclei with electromagnetic probes over a broad range of momentum transfers and highlight the robustness of $\chi$EFT for analyzing future experimental data aimed at extracting fundamental parameters.

Gnech, Alex [Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (Unit↗

Steerable terahertz beams using surface waves on an active metasurface

The development of dynamic components for controlling wave fronts in the sub-terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum has emerged as a frontier research topic for many applications in sensing and communications. One approach which has attracted much attention involves the use of active metasurfaces, tiled arrays of sub-wavelength elements with properties that can be reconfigured via external actuation. In nearly all cases, these metasurfaces are employed as either transmissive or reflective elements, taking advantage of their strong and tunable interaction with free-space electromagnetic waves. These interactions can be significantly enhanced through the use of surface waves propagating parallel to the metasurface array, although very few studies have exploited this option. Here, we integrate a metasurface into the interior of a parallel-plate waveguide in a configuration explicitly designed to exploit this surface-wave geometry. We show that varying the electrical properties of the active metasurface changes the wave vector of the guided mode, and thereby alters the emission angle of radiation out-coupled through a leaky-wave slot aperture. These results, which are consistent with numerical simulations, represent a new approach to broadband beam steering suitable for the sub-terahertz spectral range.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Peter Higgs (1929–2024)

Peter Ware Higgs, a particle physics icon, died on 8 April at the age of 94. Higgs illuminated the path to understanding how exact symmetries obeyed by the laws of nature might be masked by an asymmetric ground state that is an outcome of symmetrical laws. In 1964, he posited that a field filling all of space could be the agent that hides the underlying symmetries of the fundamental interactions. Additionally, when excited, the field reveals itself as a massive unstable particle. In the context of a joint theory of electromagnetism and the weak interaction, that particle—popularly called the Higgs boson—emerged as the keystone of the standard model of particle physics. The decades-long search for the boson engaged the passion of thousands of scientists and engineers and stirred the curiosity of the public the world over.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Investigation of the Inductive-Resonant Interaction of Water Clusters in Fluorapatite Minerals Using Polarization IR and Raman Spectroscopy

Polarization studies of the vibrational spectra of clusters (H{sub 2}O){sub n} in samples of single-crystal fluorapatite of different deposits were carried out by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The IR and Raman spectra were measured for two orthogonal directions of the external excitation field: parallel and perpendicular to the c-channels in fluorapatite single crystals. Interpretation of the interaction of the external electromagnetic field with clusters of water situated in microvoids and microcracks of the crystal with the structural groups of F…HO of apatite is given in the framework of the dipole–dipole approximation. This interaction has an induction–resonance character (IR spectroscopy) caused by the transfer of vibrational excitation from the F…HO groups to (H{sub 2}O){sub n} clusters. In the case of Raman spectroscopy, the induction character of the excitation of (H{sub 2}O){sub n} clusters takes place due to the transfer of electron excitation from the F…HO groups.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Two-temperature-electron Zakharov equations for the dynamics of modulated collapse

Under the framework of the two-timescale method, we derived the two-temperature-electron Zakharov equations which can describe the wave-wave interaction among Langmuir wave, electromagnetic wave, and electron acoustic waves. Numerical results reveal that the modulation instability will lead the wave field collapse into a turbulent state. The spectrum obtained from the Fourier analysis shows a cascade of energy from large to small scales. In the collapse processes, the hot electrons are expelled by the ponderomotive force induced by the high frequency waves, and then density cavitons are formed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Dynamics of Spatially Inhomogeneous Spin Polarization of Nonequilibrium Conduction Electrons in Magnetic Transitions

The equation of the dynamics of the magnetic moment motion that has been averaged over the ensemble of nonequilibrium spin-injected electrons in a ferromagnetic transition in the presence of exchange interaction, interaction with an external electromagnetic field, and a thermostat has been obtained taking into account the spatial inhomogeneity of the charge carrier distribution. It has been shown that taking into account the spatial inhomogeneity of the charge carrier distribution in the equation of the dynamics of the magnetic moment motion allows for describing the various processes of electron transfer in the magnetic transition. The probability of quantum transitions of electrons with opposite spin directions, which determine spin relaxation in interaction with a thermostat, has been estimated. It has been shown that the anisotropy of the radiation medium is determined not only by the anisotropy of the sd-exchange tensor, but also by the additional anisotropy that is caused by the electron impulse derivatives of this tensor. The considered phenomena have a great potential for the detection of new effects and development of new devices based on them, including compact tunable radiation sources in the terahertz frequency range, which is obviously difficult to generate.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

MicroBooNE and its Cross Section Measurement

MicroBooNE (the Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment) is a short-baseline neutrino experiment based on the technology of a liquid-argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), and has recently completed its first year of data-taking in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam. It aims to address the anomalous excess of events with an electromagnetic final state in MiniBooNE, to measure neutrino-argon interaction cross sections, and to provide relevant R\&D for the future LArTPC experiments, such as DUNE. In these proceedings, we present the first reconstructed energy spectrum of Michel electrons from cosmic muon decays, the first kinematic distributions of the candidate muon tracks from $\nu_{\mu}$-argon charged-current interactions, and a demonstration of an electromagnetic shower reconstruction from $\pi^0$s produced by $\nu_{\mu}$-argon charged-current interactions. The results demonstrate the first fully automated reconstruction and selection algorithms in a large LArTPC and serve as foundations for future measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Development of self-sensing materials for extreme environments based on metamaterial concept and additive manufacturing

Structural health monitoring of an engineered component in a harsh environment is critical for multiple DOE missions including nuclear fuel cycle, subsurface energy production/storage, and energy conversion. Supported by a seeding Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) project, we have explored a new concept for structural health monitoring by introducing a self-sensing capability into structural components. The concept is based on two recent technological advances: metamaterials and additive manufacturing. A self-sensing capability can be engineered by embedding a metastructure, for example, a sheet of electromagnetic resonators, either metallic or dielectric, into a material component. This embedment can now be realized using 3-D printing. The precise geometry of the embedded metastructure determines how the material interacts with an incident electromagnetic wave. Any change in the structure of the material (e.g., straining, degradation, etc.) would inevitably perturbate the embedded metastructures or metasurface array and therefore alter the electromagnetic response of the material, thus resulting in a frequency shift of a reflection spectrum that can be detected passively and remotely. This new sensing approach eliminates complicated environmental shielding, in-situ power supply, and wire routing that are generally required by the existing active-circuit-based sensors. The work documented in this report has preliminarily demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed concept. The work has established the needed simulation tools and experimental capabilities for future studies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Dark Matter Search in a Beam-Dump eXperiment (BDX) at Jefferson Lab

MeV-GeV dark matter (DM) is theoretically well motivated but remarkably unexplored. This proposal presents the MeV-GeV DM discovery potential for a $\sim$1 m$^3$ segmented CsI(Tl) scintillator detector placed downstream of the Hall A beam-dump at Jefferson Lab, receiving up to 10$^{22}$ electrons-on-target (EOT) in 285 days. This experiment (Beam-Dump eXperiment or BDX) would be sensitive to elastic DM-electron and to inelastic DM scattering at the level of 10 counts per year, reaching the limit of the neutrino irreducible background. The distinct signature of a DM interaction will be an electromagnetic shower of few hundreds of MeV, together with a reduced activity in the surrounding active veto counters. A detailed description of the DM particle $\chi$ production in the dump and subsequent interaction in the detector has been performed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Different approaches have been used to evaluate the expected backgrounds: the cosmogenic background has been extrapolated from the results obtained with a prototype detector running at INFN-LNS (Italy), while the beam-related background has been evaluated by GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed experiment will be sensitive to large regions of DM parameter space, exceeding the discovery potential of existing and planned experiments in the MeV-GeV DM mass range by up to two orders of magnitude.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗