Forebody vortex management for yaw control at high angles of attack
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Rao, Dhanvada M.↗
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Slender delta wing at high angles of attack - A flow visualization study
The flow past a delta wing of aspect ratio one is examined at angles of attack ranging from 25 deg to 90 deg. On the basis of detailed observations of the flow in a water channel, using laser-induced fluorescence, four angle of attack flow regimes are identified, in addition to the well known regime of a stable pair of leading edge vortices. These are: a regime where the two leading edge vortices break down independently, primarily into the spiral form; a regime where spiral and bubble breakdowns alternate periodically on the two sides of the wing, accompanied by an antisymmetric motion in the chordwise direction of the two points of breakdown; a regime where a single streamwise vortex springing from the wing apex alternates in sign at irregular intervals; and finally, a regime dominated by a wake bubble and the relatively small scale vortices arising from the instability of its boundary.
Ayoub, A.↗
High angle of attack hypersonic aerodynamics
A new aerodynamics force model is presented which is based on modified Newtonian theory and empirical correlations. The algebraic model was developed for complete vehicles from take off to orbital speeds and for large angles of attack. Predictions are compared to results for a wind tunnel model at a Mach number of 20, and the full scale Shuttle Orbiter for Mach numbers from 0.25 to 20 for angles of attack from 0 to 50 deg. The maximum shuttle orbiter lift/drag at Mach 10 and 20 is 1.85 at 20-deg angle-of-attack. Aerodynamic force predictions are made for a transatmospheric vehicle, which is a derivative of the Shuttle Orbiter, for Mach numbers from 4 to 27 at angles of attack from 5 to 40 deg. Predicted aerodynamic force data indicate that lift/drag ratios of 5.2 at Mach number 10 and 3.6 at Mach number 26 are obtainable. Changes in force coefficients with changes in: nose angle, sweep angle, and (volume exp 2/3)/planform area are quantified for Mach numbers of 10 and 26. Lift/drag ratios increase with decreasing nose angle and (volume exp 2/3)/planform area and increasing wing sweep angle. Lift/drag ratios are independent of these variables for angles of attack in excess of 20 deg at Mach 10 and 30 deg at Mach 26.
Harloff, Gary J.↗
Partitioning of flight data for aerodynamic modeling of aircraft at high angles of attack
It is sometimes necessary to determine aerodynamic model structure and estimate associated stability and control derivatives for airplanes from flight data that cover a large range of angle of attack or sideslip. One method of dealing with that problem is through data partitioning. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an explanation of a data partitioning procedure and its application and to discuss both the power and limitations of that procedure for the analysis of large maneuvers of aircraft. The partitioning methodology is shown to provide estimates for coefficients of those regressors that are well excited in the aircraft motion. In particular, primary lateral stability and damping derivatives are identified throughout the maneuver ranges.
Batterson, James G.↗
Yaw Control At High Angles Of Attack
Hinged, conformal forebody strakes provide control when rudders become ineffective. Device consists of symmetric pair of longitudinally hinged strakes designed to fold completely into forebody contour. Strakes rotate individually out into external flow. Asymmetric flow produced by deployed strake generates sideward force causing aircraft to yaw.
Murri, Daniel G.↗
Nonlinear lift control at high speed and high angle of attack using vortex flow technology
Nonlinear lift control at subsonic, transonic and low supersonic speeds owes its origin to the separated but organized vortical flows interacting with the wing upper surface. Since most of this flow originates near the wing or control-surface leading edge, a variety of devices has been studied experimentally which interact with and/or control this flow in order to gain a beneficial effect. The benefits (effects) originally studied were associated only with lift enhancement. Whereas, now the studied benefits encompass performance increase, attention to changes in trimmed conditions and longitudinal stability, improvements in lateral stability, and the attendant variation with changing Mach number. For those devices that can be theoretically modeled, state-of-the-art computer codes have been used for device design and/or analysis. Comparisons at design and off-design conditions are presented for validation purposes.
Lamar, John E.↗
Computations of vortical supersonic flows over a blunt-nose-cylinder at high angles of attack
Three-dimensional, viscous, and separated flows over a blunt-nose-cylinder at 20, 32, and 44-deg attack angles were computed. The approaching freestream was at a Mach number of 1.6 and a unit Reynolds number of 2 x 10 to the 6th/ft with a total temperature of 585 R. The cylinder used for the computations had a length-to-diameter ratio of 6.67 with a base diameter of 3 in. The flowfield was dominated by large-scale and multiple vortices generated by crossflow separation. The effect of turbulence on the flow structure of one case was modeled algebraically with modifications to correct the length and velocity scales in the regions of separation. The mass averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved by an approximately factored, upwind-biased, implicit, finite volume scheme. The initialization of the flows was enhanced by a mesh sequencing strategy applied to the diagonalized form of the discretized equations. The convergence to steady-state was accelerated by a multigrid algorithm and using the block inversions for the discretized equations. Calculations were compared with experimental results.
Baysal, O.↗
Use of Dynamically Scaled Models for Studies of the High-Angle-of-Attack Behavior of Airplanes
Dynamically scaled, free-flying models are used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to study the stalling and spinning characteristics of civil and military airplane configurations. Such tests have been conducted for many different designs, and it has been possible to correlate the results predicted by the model tests with flight test results obtained in the investigations. The present paper describes four of the dynamic model testing techniques used at the NASA Langley Research Center, including the scaling laws used in the construction of models and in the interpretation of results. Predictions of stall/spin behavior based on model results have generally been very accurate, and the model tests are regarded as an invaluable precursor to full-scale flight tests. However, aerodynamic scale effects between some models and full-scale airplanes due to differences in test values of Reynolds number have resulted in erroneous predictions for a few configurations. A discussion of these effects is provided, together with the approach used to modify the model so that its behavior more closely matches that of the airplane. Finally, two typical applications of the techniques to the X-29A research airplane and several general aviation research airplanes are presented to illustrate the type of information provided by the tests.
Joseph R Chambers↗
Vortical flow over an elliptical-body missile at high angles of attack
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Newsome, Richard W.↗
Use of dynamically scaled models for studies of the high-angle-of-attack behavior of airplanes
Dynamically scaled, free-flying models are used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to study the stalling and spinning characteristics of civil and military airplane configurations. Such tests have been conducted for many different designs, and it has been possible to correlate the results predicted by the model tests with flight test results obtained in the investigations. The present paper describes four of the dynamic model testing techniques used at the NASA Langley Research Center, including the scaling laws used in the construction of models and in the interpretation of results. Predictions of stall/spin behavior based on model results have generally been very accurate, and the model tests are regarded as an invaluable precursor to full-scale flight tests. However, aerodynamic scale effects between some models and full-scale airplanes due to differences in test values of Reynolds number have resulted in erroneous predictions for a few configurations. A discussion of these effects is provided, together with the approach used to modify the model so that its behavior more closely matches that of the airplane. Finally, two typical applications of the techniques to the X-29A research airplane and several general aviation research airplanes are presented to illustrate the type of information provided by the tests.
Joseph R Chambers↗
Similarity for high-angle-of-attack subsonic/transonic slender-body aerodynamics
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Hemsch, M. J.↗
Low speed wind tunnel investigation of the flow about delta wing, oscillating in pitch to very high angle of attack
Six-component airload histories were obtained for models of aspect ratio 1, 1.5, and 2. Examples are given from data obtained over a range of 'reduced frequency' parameters from 0.01 to 0.08. They include the unsteady response of the leading-edge vortices, as evidenced both by the time-dependent airloads and motion pictures of smoke released from the leading edge and illuminated by a thin sheet of laser light.
Jarrah, Mohammad-Ameen M.↗
LDV surveys over a fighter model at moderate to high angles of attack
The vortex flowfield over an advanced twin-tailed fighter configuration has been studied in a low-speed wind tunnel at two angles of attack using LDV, along with laser light sheet and surface flow visualizations. At 15 deg angles of attack, the vortices generated by the wing leading edge extension (LEX) were found to be unburst over the model and to pass outboard of the vertical tail. At 25 deg angle of attack, the vortices were shown to burst in the vicinity of the wing-LEX intersection and to impact directly on the vertical tails.
Sellers, William L., III↗
Partitioning of flight data for aerodynamic modeling of aircraft at high angles of attack
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Batterson, James G.↗
Computations of supersonic flows over a body at high angles of attack
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Baysal, O.↗
Application of dynamical systems theory to the high angle of attack dynamics of the F-14
Dynamical systems theory has been used to study the nonlinear dynamics of the F-14. An eight degree of freedom model that does not include the control system present in operational F-14s has been analyzed. The aerodynamic model, supplied by NASA, includes nonlinearities as functions of the angles of attack and sideslip, the rotation rate, and the elevator deflection. A continuation method has been used to calculate the steady states of the F-14 as continuous functions of the control surface deflections. Bifurcations of these steady states have been used to predict the onset of wing rock, spiral divergence, and jump phenomena which cause the aircraft to enter a spin. A simple feedback control system was designed to eliminate the wing rock and spiral divergence instabilities. The predictions were verified with numerical simulations.
Jahnke, Craig C.↗
Numerical simulation of the viscous flow around a simplified F/A-18 at high angles of attack
A numerical method developed for solving the viscous flow around three-dimensional complex configurations is presently used to simulate the flow around a simplified F/A-18 configuration encompassing forebody, wing, leading-edge extension, faired-over inlet, and deflected wing leading-edge flaps, at Mach 0.243 and 30.3 deg angle of attack. The computational results show the details of the flowfield structure, including primary, secondary, and tertiary separation lines, the development of forebody and leading-edge extension vortex, and the burst of this vortex. A grid-refinement study is conducted to assess the effect of grid characteristics on solution accuracy. Substantial agreement is obtained between these results and flight data.
Rizk, Yehia M.↗
Visualization of the flow about a delta wing maneuvering in pitch to very high angle of attack
An experimental program of unsteady aerodynamic measurements has been carried out in one of the 7 ft by 10 ft low-speed wind tunnels at NASA Ames Research Center. Flow-visualization measurements on a delta wing model of AR = 1.0 with sharp leading edges were carried out by means of a thin planar sheet of laser light fixed in the test section at a convenient angle to the flow direction. Smoke images of the fluid motion and vortex structure above the model were recorded photographically and later analyzed to determine such information as the positions of the cores and occurrence of bursting. Large amplitude transient motion involving post stall angle of attack excursions produced significant hysteresis in the vortex burst location and was reflected in the measured aerodynamic loads.
Jarrah, M. A. M.↗