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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1964

Progress in superalloys

Strength and workability of high temperature nickel-base, cobalt-base, and cobalt-refractory metal superalloys

SUPERALLOY↗
NASA NTRS1998

High Temperature - Thin Film Strain Gages Based on Alloys of Indium Tin Oxide

A stable, high temperature strain gage based on reactively sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) was demonstrated at temperatures up to 1050 C. These strain sensors exhibited relatively large, negative gage factors at room temperature and their piezoresistive response was both linear and reproducible when strained up to 700 micro-in/in. When cycled between compression and tension, these sensors also showed very little hysteresis, indicating excellent mechanical stability. Thin film strain gages based on selected ITO alloys withstood more than 50,000 strain cycles of +/- 500 micro-in/in during 180 hours of testing in air at 1000 C, with minimal drift at temperature. Drift rates as low as 0.0009%/hr at 1000 C were observed for ITO films that were annealed in nitrogen at 700 C prior to strain testing. These results compare favorably with state of the art 10 micro-m thick PdCr films deposited by NASA, where drift rates of 0.047%/hr at 1050 C were observed. Nitrogen annealing not only produced the lowest drift rates to date, but also produce the largest dynamic gage factors (G = 23.5). These wide bandgap, semiconductor strain sensors also exhibited moderately low temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) at temperatures up to 1100 C, when tested in a nitrogen ambient. A TCR of +230 ppm/C over the temperature range 200 C < T < 500 C and a TCR of -469 ppm/C over the temperature range 600 C < T < 1100 C was observed for the films tested in nitrogen. However, the resistivity behavior changed considerably when the same films were tested in oxygen ambients. A TCR of -1560 ppm/C was obtained over the temperature range of 200 C < T < 1100 C. When similar films were protected with an overcoat or when ITO films were prepared with higher oxygen contents in the plasma, two distinct TCR's were observed. At T < 800 C, a linear TCR of -210 ppm/C was observed and at T > 800 C, a linear TCR of -2170 DDm/C was observed. The combination of a moderately low TCR and a relatively large gage factor make these semiconducting oxide films promising candidates for the active strain elements in high temperature thin film strain gages, particularly in applications where static strain measurement is desired.

Gregory, Otto J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Advanced Rankine and Brayton cycle power systems: Materials needs and opportunities

Conceptual advanced potassium Rankine and closed Brayton power conversion cycles offer the potential for improved efficiency over steam systems through higher operating temperatures. However, for utility service of at least 100,000 hours, materials technology advances will be needed for such high temperature systems. Improved alloys and surface protection must be developed and demonstrated to resist coal combustion gases as well as potassium corrosion or helium surface degradation at high temperatures. Extensions in fabrication technology are necessary to produce large components of high temperature alloys. Long time property data must be obtained under environments of interest to assure high component reliability.

Grisaffe, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Advanced Rankine and Brayton cycle power systems - Materials needs and opportunities

Conceptual advanced potassium Rankine and closed Brayton power conversion cycles offer the potential for improved efficiency over steam systems through higher operating temperatures. However, for utility service of at least 100,000 hours, materials technology advances will be needed for such high temperature systems. Improved alloys and surface protection must be developed and demonstrated to resist coal combustion gases as well as potassium corrosion or helium surface degradation at high temperatures. Extensions in fabrication technology are necessary to produce large components of high temperature alloys. Long-time property data must be obtained under environments of interest to assure high component reliability.

Grisaffe, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Development of Oxidation Protection Coatings for Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys

Metallic material systems play a key role in meeting the stringent weight and durability requirements for reusable launch vehicle (RLV) airframe hot structures. Gamma titanium aluminides (gamma-TiAl) have been identified as high-payoff materials for high-temperature applications. The low density and good elevated temperature mechanical properties of gamma-TiAl alloys make them attractive candidates for durable lightweight hot structure and thermal protection systems at temperatures as high as 871 C. However, oxidation significantly degrades gamma-TiAl alloys under the high-temperature service conditions associated with the RLV operating environment. This paper discusses ongoing efforts at NASA Langley Research Center to develop durable ultrathin coatings for protecting gamma-TiAl alloys from high-temperature oxidation environments. In addition to offering oxidation protection, these multifunctional coatings are being engineered to provide thermal control features to help minimize heat input into the hot structures. This paper describes the coating development effort and discusses the effects of long-term high-temperature exposures on the microstructure of coated and uncoated gamma-TiAl alloys. The alloy of primary consideration was the Plansee alloy gamma-Met, but limited studies of the newer alloy gamma-Met-PX were also included. The oxidation behavior of the uncoated materials was evaluated over the temperature range of 704 C to 871 C. Sol-gel-based coatings were applied to the gamma-TiAl samples by dipping and spraying, and the performance evaluated at 871 C. Results showed that the coatings improve the oxidation resistance, but that further development is necessary.

Wallace, T. A.↗
NASA NTRS1943

The Effect of Artificial Aging on the Tensile Properties of Alclad 24S-T and 24S-T Aluminum Alloy

An experimental study was made to determine the effect of artificial aging on the tensile properties of alclad 24S-T and 24S-T aluminum-alloy sheet material. The results of the tests show that certain combinations of aging time and temperature cause a marked increase in the yield strength and a small increase in the ultimate strength; these increases are accompanied by a very large decrease in elongation. A curve is presented that shows the maximum yield strengths that can be obtained by aging this material at various combinations of time and temperature. The higher values of yield stress are obtained in material aged at relatively longer times and lower temperatures.

ALUMINUM ALLOYS-TEMPERATURES, HIGH↗
NASA NTRS1995

Creep Testing of High-Temperature Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb Alloy Completed

A Cu-8 at.% Cr-4 at.% Nb (Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb) alloy is under development for high-temperature, high heatflux applications, such as actively cooled, hypersonic vehicle heat exchangers and rocket engine combustion chambers. Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb offers a superior combination of strength and conductivity. It has also shown exceptional low-cycle fatigue properties. Following preliminary testing to determine the best processing route, a more detailed testing program was initiated to determine the creep lives and creep rates of Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb alloy specimens produced by extrusion. Testing was conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center with constant-load vacuum creep units. Considering expected operating temperatures and mission lives, we developed a test matrix to accurately determine the creep properties of Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb between 500 and 800 C. Six bars of Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb were extruded. From these bars, 54 creep samples were machined and tested. The figure on the left shows the steady-state, or second-stage, creep rates for the samples. Comparison data for NARloy-Z (Cu-3 wt % Ag-0.5 wt % Zr), the alloy currently used in combustion chamber liners, were not unavailable. Therefore the steady-state creep rates for Cu at similar temperatures are presented. As expected, in comparison to pure Cu, the creep rates for Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb are much lower. The lives of the samples are presented in the figure on the right. As shown, Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb at 800 C is comparable to NARloy-Z at 648 C. At equivalent temperatures, Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb enjoys a 20 to 50 percent advantage in stress for a given life and 1 to 3 orders of magnitude greater life at a given stress. The improved properties allow for design tradeoffs and improvements in new and existing heat exchangers such as the next generation of combustion chamber liners. Average creep rates for Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb and pure Cu are shown. Average creep lives for Cu-8 Cr- 4 Nb and NARloy-Z are also shown. Currently, two companies are interested in the commercial usage of the Cu-8 Cr-4 Nb alloy. The Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International is conducting independent testing to analyze the properties for their projected needs in advanced rocket engine applications. Metallamics, a company based in Traverse City, Michigan, is entering into a Space Act Agreement to evaluate and test Cu-Cr-Nb alloys as materials for welding electrodes that are used in robotic welding operations. Creep rate is one of the alloy properties that determines the degree to which a welding electrode will mushroom or expand at the tip. A material with a low creep rate will resist mushrooming and give the electrode a longer life, minimizing downtime. This application holds the potential for large-scale usage of the alloy in the automotive and other industries. Success here would dramatically decrease the cost of the alloy and increase availability for aerospace applications.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1990

Fracture-tough, corrosion-resistant bearing steels

The fundamental principles allowing design of stainless bearing steels with enhanced toughness and stress corrosion resistance has involved both investigation of basic phenomena in model alloys and evaluation of a prototype bearing steel based on a conceptual design exercise. Progress in model studies has included a scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) study of the kinetics of interfacial segregation of embrittling impurities which compete with the kinetics of alloy carbide precipitation in secondary hardening steels. These results can define minimum allowable carbide precipitation rates and/or maximum allowable free impurity contents in these ultrahigh strength steels. Characterization of the prototype bearing steel designed to combine precipitated austenite transformation toughening with secondary hardening shows good agreement between predicted and observed solution treatment response including the nature of the high temperature carbides. An approximate equilibrium constraint applied in the preliminary design calculations to maintain a high martensitic temperature proved inadequate, and the solution treated alloy remained fully austenitic down to liquid nitrogen temperature rather than transforming above 200 C. The alloy can be martensitically transformed by cryogenic deformation, and material so processed will be studied further to test predicted carbide and austenite precipitation behavior. A mechanistically-based martensitic kinetic model was developed and parameters are being evaluated from available kinetic data to allow precise control of martensitic temperatures of high alloy steels in future designs. Preliminary calculations incorporating the prototype stability results suggest that the transformation-toughened secondary-hardening martensitic-stainless design concept is still viable, but may require lowering Cr content to 9 wt. pct. and adding 0.5 to 1.0 wt. pct. Al. An alternative design approach based on strain-induced martensitic transformation during cryogenic forming, thus removing the high martensitic constraint, may permit alloy compositions offering higher fracture roughness.

Olson, Gregory B.↗
NASA NTRS1948

Metallurgical Research Relating to the Development of Metals and Alloys for Use in the High-Temperature Components of Jet-Engines, Gas Turbines and Other Aircraft Propulsion Systems

Studies are in progress to establish the fundamental processes by which treatment and composition control properties of commercial alloys at high temperatures. Low-Carbon N155 and Inconel-X alloys are being used as indicative of two types of alloys of major interest. Progress has been reported three time previously. The work has been separated into two sections: studies of structures resulting from solu tion treatment and aging and studies of structures resulting from rolling at various temperatures. Brief descriptions of experimental techniques used, results, and interpretation of the data obtained to date are summarized below. Since the work outlined is to a large extent still in progress, the discussion given is to be considered tentative and subject to further modification as additional data becomes available.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1965

Development of high temperature nickel-base alloys for jet engine turbine bucket applications

A program has been initiated to develop a material with superior properties at elevated temperatures for utilization in turbine blade applications. A nickel-base superalloy can provide the necessary high temperature strength by using the maximum capability of the three available strengthening mechanisms - intermetallic gamma prime precipitation (Ni3Al), solid solution strengthening with refractory and precious metals, and stable carbide formations through the addition of strong carbide forming elements. A stress rupture test at 2000 deg F and 15,000 psi was formulated to approximate the desired properties. By adding varying amounts of refractory metals (Mo, W and Ta) it was possible to statistically analyze the effects of each in a basic superalloy composition containing fixed amounts of Co, Cr, C, B, Sr, and Ni at three separate levels of AL and Ta. Metallographic analysis correlated with the mechanical properties of the alloys; those with few strengthening phases were weak and ductile and those with excessive amounts of intermetallic phases present in undesirable morphologies were brittle.

SUPERALLOY↗
NASA NTRS1994

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in High Temperature Oxidation of Metals and Alloys

An experimental technique is described that allows for the joint study of the kinetics and of the oxide structure during the high temperature oxidation of metal surfaces. Oxygen is supplied at the metal through an electrochemical oxygen pump and the oxygen pressure, at the metal surface, is measured during oxidation by a YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) oxygen sensor. XAS (x-ray absorption spectroscopy) is performed in fluorescence mode at the cation K edge and after each oxidation step. An appropriate analysis of the XAS spectra could provide information on both the oxidation kinetics and oxide structure. Experimental data on the high temperature oxidation of nickel, cobalt, and Fe(64%)Ni(36%) alloy, at low oxygen pressure, are reported and analyzed according to the proposed data reduction. These results indicate the presented technique to be particularly suitable for studying the hot corrosion of oxide film too thick for common surface spectroscopy (AUGER, ESCA) and too thin for conventional thermogravimetric technique.

Daniele Gozzi↗