Color and color-IR films for soil identification
Color and color IR films for soil identification, performing optical density measurements on film transparencies with densitometer
Gausman, H. W.↗
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An adsorption pumped He 3 cooled IR detector
Adsorption cryopumped He 3 cooled IR detector without encumbrance of external diffusion or mechanical pump
Martin, T. Z.↗
Measurements of speed of response of high-speed visible and IR optical detectors
A technique for measuring speed of response of high speed visible and IR optical detectors to mode-locked Nd:YAG laser pulses is described. Results of measurements of response times of four detectors are presented. Three detectors that can be used as receivers in a 500-MHz optical communication system are tested.
Rowe, H. E.↗
The IR emission spectrum of N2 excited under auroral conditions.
Recently determined experimental and theoretical cross sections for electron impact excitation of six triplet states of N2 (A, B, W, C, E, D) have been utilized to predict the absolute IR volume emission rates from N2 under nighttime auroral conditions. Secondary electron fluxes appropriate to an IBC II normal aurora were used in the calculations. The cascade contributions coupling the various electronic states were included as well as the most important quenching processes. The results indicate that the B yields reversibly A and W yields reversibly B cascade processes, which are important in the population of the A, B, and W states, produce appreciable radiation in the 1- to 5-micron wavelength region.
Cartwright, D. C.↗
Geographical correlation of TV and IR images obtained from weather satellites
The requirements on the accuracy of geographical correlation of TV and IR cloud cover images are determined by the objective of the analysis of the weather information contained in these images. In the operational analysis case, the correlation accuracy need not be high. Errors of several tens of kilometers in determining the location of the cloud formation contours are considered acceptable in this case. Such correlation must be provided in real image reception time. Scientific studies require accurate correlation of the cloud formation contours. The errors in determining their position should be commensurate with the imaging system resolution. The geometric aspects of developing methods and equipment for geographical correlation of television and infrared images of cloud cover taken from Meteor satellites are discussed.
Ziman, Y. L.↗
Preignition reactions of AP-HTPB propellants studied by IR spectrometry
IR absorption spectrometry was used to follow the disappearance of NH and CH bonds during the pyrolysis of a polymer film containing 30 weight percent ammonium perchlorate (AP). The remaining 70 weight percent consisted of a mixture of 92.5 weight percent hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and 7.5 weight percent isophrone diisocyanate (IPDI). The results indicate that polymer decomposition is induced by products of AP decomposition, and that about 2.5 CH bonds disappear for each NH bond that disappears. The diffusion process occurring in the later stages of the reaction is analyzed in an attempt to account for the unexpectedly low activation energy.
Law, R. J.↗
Instrument measures many optical properties in visible and IR
Electro-optical system measures reflectance, reflectance ratio, transmission, absorption, refractive index, and absorption coefficient in both visible and infrared (IR) spectral regions. System effectively combining capabilities of ellisometer, reflectometer, and spectrophotometer is expected to find application in environmental and material composition testing fields.
Batten, C. E.↗
The far-infrared spectrum of S140 IR
The spectrum of S140 IR from 65 to 345 kaysers (155-29 microns) has been measured with 9.4-kayser resolution. The emission in this spectral range is consistent with a 9-arcsec-diameter blackbody radiating at a temperature of 70 K. Attempts at finding a self-consistent radiative-transfer model of the source suggest that the near- and far-infrared observations cannot result from a spherically symmetric nebula with a continuous density distribution and a central exciting source. A number of compact near-infrared sources may be embedded in the cloud.
Tokunaga, A. T.↗
Processing of multispectral thermal IR data for geologic applications
Multispectral thermal IR data were acquired with a 24-channel scanner flown in an aircraft over the E. Tintic Utah mining district. These digital image data required extensive computer processing in order to put the information into a format useful for a geologic photointerpreter. Simple enhancement procedures were not sufficient to reveal the total information content because the data were highly correlated in all channels. The data were shown to be dominated by temperature variations across the scene, while the much more subtle spectral variations between the different rock types were of interest. The image processing techniques employed to analyze these data are described.
Kahle, A. B.↗
Complementarity of UV and IR differential absorption lidar for global measurements of atmospheric species
An analysis of the potential capabilities of a spectrally diversified DIAL technique for monitoring atmospheric species is presented assuming operation from an earth-orbiting platform. Emphasis is given to the measurement accuracies and spatial and temporal resolutions required to meet present atmospheric science objectives. The discussion points out advantages of spectral diversity to perform comprehensive studies of the atmosphere; in general it is shown that IR systems have an advantage in lower atmospheric measurements, while UV systems are superior for middle and upper atmospheric measurements.
Megie, G.↗
Far-infrared spectra of W51-IRS 2 and W49 NW
Measurements of the far-infrared spectra of the powerful H II regions W51-IRS 2 and W49 NW from 65 to 345 per cm with about 9 per cm resolution were obtained by using an airborne Michelson interferometer. The most remarkable feature of the far-infrared spectra of the two regions is the smoothness of the continuum; no evidence is found in the spectra for features of H2O ice at 45 and 62 microns. The spectrum of W51 is well fitted by a 70 K blackbody with a diameter of 14 arc sec, but the spectrum of W49 NW is narrower than a blackbody. The implications of the apparently high peak optical depths of these sources are discussed.
Erickson, E. F.↗
IR observations of the double quasar 0957 + 561 A, B and the intervening galaxy
Infrared observations of the double quasar 0957 + 561 A, B and the intervening galaxy believed to be responsible for its double appearance by gravitational light deflection are reported. Observations were obtained of each quasar at 1.6 and 2.2 microns and of the 12.5 arcsec region centered between the two quasars at 1.2, 1.6 and 2.2 microns. Extended IR emission is observed in the vicinity of both quasars and is attributed to emission from the intervening galaxy. The two quasars are found to have a constant flux ratio in all observed wavelength ranges, consistent with the achromatic imaging predicted by the gravitational lens model, and to exhibit an unusual continuum distribution in the region 0.35-2.2 microns. The infrared observations are also consistent with a giant elliptical lens galaxy at a redshift of approximately 0.40.
Soifer, B. T.↗
Stratospheric trace constituent profile retrievals using laser heterodyne radiometer IR limb sensing spectra
A retrieval technique for high resolution IR solar occultation limb sensing data is described for profiling stratospheric trace constituents. Remote measurement of ClO during sunset in the 24-45-km region with a 2-km height resolution is chosen as an example. Two types of instruments are considered: a laser heterodyne radiometer with line resolving spectral resolution and an interferometer spectrometer with a fixed slit width of 0.02/cm. It is pointed out that a multichannel approach is necessary with the heterodyne instrument for improved retrieval accuracy. The error analysis indicates the relative sizes of instrument noise and other sources of error in the retrieval of altitude profiles with high (2-km) vertical resolution.
Majumdar, A. K.↗
Determination of sea surface temperatures from microwave and IR data
Microwave measurements from the Nimbus 7 SMMR were used to derive the atmospheric precipitable water, which was then used to obtain the atmospheric correction for use with AVHRR thermal IR measurements to obtain sea surface temperature (SST). The resulting SST's were compared with the NOAA operational sea surface temperature measurements, and the two sets of measurements were found to be in reasonable agreement. The average residuals between the two sets of measurements was 0.15 K with the NOAA operational SST's being slightly greater.
Rangaswamy, S.↗
Organic and inorganic interpretations of the Martian UV-IR reflectance spectrum
Viking Lander biology experiment gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis has detected no organic molecules above a concentration of parts per billion. The questions considered here include the reason for the lack of organic molecules at the landing sites, whether the sterility of the two sites is representative of the whole of Mars, and whether there may be locations more conducive to organic compound formation and preservation. After simulating the destruction of organic compounds in Mars-like laboratory conditions and examining whether the destructive mechanism might obtain throughout the planet, UV and IR reflectance spectra are re-examined for any evidence of organic molecules and an upper limit is determined for organic carbon content of average Martian soil. It is found that the average Martian soil is poor in inorganics, presents a poor habitat for carbon chemistry-based life forms, and is not likely to preferentially preserve such organisms anywhere on the planet.
Pang, K. D.↗
The double structure of W3-IRS 5 as determined from high-resolution spatial scans
Slit scans over the infrared source W3-IRS 5, from 4.8 to 12.7 microns are interpreted in terms of two sources of luminosity separated by 0.9 arcsec in declination. The data, as a function of wavelength, show that the two sources must have remarkably similar properties.
Neugebauer, G.↗
Parameterization of IR cooling in a middle atmosphere dynamics model. I - Effects on the zonally averaged circulation
A computationally efficient two-stream parameterization of IR cooling is developed for a middle atmosphere dynamics model. The parameterization combines the monochromatic feature of an emissivity formulation with the computational simplicity of a single spatial integral to evaluate the monochromatic transfer equation. Calculations show strong radiative control of the mesopause region and the need for substantial deceleration of the mean zonal winds. Calculated temperatures show good agreement in the summer hemisphere where planetary wave activity is negligible, but in the polar night of the winter hemisphere they are about 30 K too cold, which suggests planetary wave heating must make up the deficit. With observed ozone densities, globally averaged radiative equilibrium temperatures in the 65-75 km region are too cold and an additional heat source about 1 K/day is required.
Apruzese, J. P.↗
A combined visible and IR technique for the estimation of rainfall amounts from GOES data
The use of visible and infrared techniques for estimating precipitation for flash flood, hydrological, and agricultural applications is discussed. Satellite derived rainfall estimates supplement other data or are the only data available. The Scofield/Oliver convective rainfall technique is used for analyzing a half hour period of heavy rainfall during a Chicago flash flood event. The results of a real time hydrological application of the Scofield/Oliver technique for the Hurricane Allen event are also presented. Visible and IR techniques for agricultural applications are also discussed.
Austin, G. L.↗