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At least 289 records · Page 16

Concept Design for a 5 MW Partially Superconducting Generator

This paper presents a concept design for the 5 MW generators on NASA’s SUSAN hybrid electric flight concept. The performance targets for this machine are 25 kW/kg and 99% efficiency. The concept design is a partially superconducting machine that builds on NASA’s past work on its High Efficiency Megawatt Motor (HEMM). A partially superconducting machine design tool is used to create a preliminary concept design capable of achieving the target specifications for the SUSAN generator. Higher fidelity design and analysis is applied to the preliminary design. After high fidelity analysis the machine is predicted to achieve 22.3 kW/kg and 99.1% efficiency. Lessons learned from this concept design will be incorporated in the next iteration of the machine.

Thomas Tallerico↗

Concept Design of a 5 MW Partially Superconducting Generator

This paper presents a concept design for the 5 MW generators on NASA’s SUSAN electric flight demonstrator concept vehicle. The performance targets for this machine are 25 kW/kg and 99% efficiency. The concept design is a partially superconducting machine that builds on NASA’s past work on its High Efficiency Megawatt Motor(HEMM). A partially superconducting machine design tool is used to create a preliminary concept design capable of achieving the target specifications for the SUSAN generator. Higher fidelity design and analysis is applied to the preliminary design. After high fidelity analysis the machine is predicted to achieve 22.3 kW/kg and 99.1% efficiency. Lessons learned from this concept design will be incorporated in the next iteration of the machine.

Thomas Tallerico↗

Sandtank-ML: An Educational Tool at the Interface of Hydrology and Machine Learning

Hydrologists and water managers increasingly face challenges associated with extreme climatic events. At the same time, historic datasets for modeling contemporary and future hydrologic conditions are increasingly inadequate. Machine learning is one promising technological tool for navigating the challenges of understanding and managing contemporary hydrological systems. However, in addition to the technical challenges associated with effectively leveraging ML for understanding subsurface hydrological processes, practitioner skepticism and hesitancy surrounding ML presents a significant barrier to adoption of ML technologies among practitioners. In this paper, we discuss an educational application we have developed—Sandtank-ML—to be used as a training and educational tool aimed at building user confidence and supporting adoption of ML technologies among water managers. We argue that supporting the adoption of ML methods and technologies for subsurface hydrological investigations and management requires not only the development of robust technologic tools and approaches, but educational strategies and tools capable of building confidence among diverse users.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Ground Stop Adjuster: A Machine Learning Approach to Improve Air Traffic Management Initiatives

Traffic Management Initiatives (TMIs) play a crucial role in balancing demand and capacity within the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS). In current practice, traffic management coordinators (TMCs) determine and issue TMIs and recent research has explored the use of machine learning tools to aid the TMCs. However, most studies have primarily focused on a particular type of TMI, i.e., Ground Delay Programs (GDPs) due to their higher rate of occurrence and longer duration. This study investigates a machine learning approach for monitoring and adjusting a different type of TMI, i.e., Ground Stop (GS), aiming to assist human decision-makers with accurate, consistent, and timely recommendations. Using data from three major airports in the New York metroplex, we evaluated models that predict GS parameters, such as duration and scope. Our results demonstrate that using data from all airports in the NY metroplex and increasing feature granularity improve the prediction accuracy of the ML models.

Farzan Masrour Shalmani↗

A machine learning based approach to online electron reconstruction at CLAS12

Online reconstruction is key for monitoring purposes and real time analysis in High Energy and Nuclear Physics experiments. A necessary component of reconstruction algorithms is particle identification that combines information left by a particle passing through several detector components to identify the particle’s type. Of particular interest to electro-production Nuclear Physics experiments such as CLAS12 is electron identification which is used to trigger data recording. A machine learning approach was developed for CLAS12 to reconstruct and identify electrons by combining raw signals at the data acquisition level from several detector components. Here, this approach achieves an electron identification purity above 75% whilst retaining an efficiency close to 100%. The machine learning tools are capable of running at high rates exceeding the data acquisition rates and will allow electron reconstruction in real-time. This work enhances online analyses and monitoring and can contribute to improved triggering at CLAS12. This machine learning driven approach will also be crucial for experiments aiming to transition to streaming readout operations where online reconstruction will be a key component of the data taking paradigm.

Artificial intelligence↗

Forensic Analysis of SOHO Router Binaries

Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) routers are used by millions of consumers across the United States, and are commensurately vulnerable. Forensic analysis of SOHO router firmware helps to understand and mitigate those vulnerabilities. This poster focused particularly on analysis of BusyBox executables, a software suite that provides several Unix utilities in a single file. Three main tools were used to analyze the binaries. BinWalk was used to extract the files, but also to build entropy graphs, extract Linux kernel images, and identify CPU architectures; WiiBin processed the binaries to find endianness, architecture, the percent compressed/encrypted, and compiler data; and @DisCo, a machine learning tool used to determine function similarity in disassembled binaries, analyzed similarities and determined versions of extracted BusyBox files from each router. These tools found that venders from all five routers utilized the same version of the BusyBox software across different firmware updates, demonstrating the importance of constant firmware scrutiny to protect against security vulnerabilities.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Knowledge Discovery Process: Case Study of RNAV Adherence of Radar Track Data

This talk is an introduction to the knowledge discovery process, beginning with: identifying the problem, choosing data sources, matching the appropriate machine learning tools, and reviewing the results. The overview will be given in the context of an ongoing study that is assessing RNAV adherence of commercial aircraft in the national airspace.

Machine Learning↗

iRF v2.0

A predictive, stable, and interpretable machine learning tool: the iterative random forest algorithm (iRF). iRF discovers high-order interactions among variables with the same order of computational cost as random forests (RF). We have demonstrated the utility of iRF in several applications in the biological and environmental sciences. It is a general purpose machine learning framework for building "explainable" predictive engines.

Brown, JamesB.↗

Automated Machine Learning to Evaluate the Information Content of Tropospheric Trace Gas Columns for Fine Particle Estimates Over India: A Modeling Testbed

India is largely devoid of high-quality and reliable on-the-ground measurements of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). Ground-level PM 2.5 concentrations are estimated from publicly available satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) products combined with other information. Prior research has largely overlooked the possibility of gaining additional accuracy and insights into the sources of PM using satellite retrievals of tropospheric trace gas columns. We evaluate the information content of tropospheric trace gas columns for PM 2.5 estimates over India within a modeling testbed using an Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) approach, which selects from a menu of different machine learning tools based on the data set. We then quantify the relative information content of tropospheric trace gas columns, AOD, meteorological fields, and emissions for estimating PM 2.5 over four Indian sub-regions on daily and monthly time scales. Our findings suggest that, regardless of the specific machine learning model assumptions, incorporating trace gas modeled columns improves PM 2.5 estimates. We use the ranking scores produced from the AutoML algorithm and Spearman’s rank correlation to infer or link the possible relative importance of primary versus secondary sources of PM 2.5 as a first step toward estimating particle composition. Our comparison of AutoML-derived models to selected baseline machine learning models demonstrates that AutoML is at least as good as user-chosen models. The idealized pseudo-observations (chemical-transport model simulations) used in this work lay the groundwork for applying satellite retrievals of tropospheric trace gases to estimate fine particle concentrations in India and serve to illustrate the promise of AutoML applications in atmospheric and environmental research.

Machine learning↗

Integrated Design of Ultradurable, Low CO 2 Alternative Binder Systems via Machine Learning

This ARPA-E project developed a machine learning tool to use in formulation design of cementitious binders for concrete having 50% less embodied CO 2 and possessing twice the durability compared to concrete based on ordinary portland cement (OPC) binders. The technical focus was on limestone/calcined clay cement (LC3), the leading replacement for OPC. Here, hierarchical machine learning (HML) was used to model the flowability, set time, strength, and durability of LC3 concrete. This methodology identifies latent variables derived from domain knowledge and empirical models that develop an accurate model for a response surface from small datasets. For the flowability metric, particle packing was a dominant factor, while strength and durability were both strongly determined by the fraction of metakaolin and the water:solids ratio. Under constraints of water:binder ratio, material performance metrics, embodied CO 2 , and cost per tonne of OPC, multi-objective optimization was used to design binders parameterized by the mineral composition replacing OPC, particle size distributions, and water:solids ratio. The trained algorithm was able to predict multiple mixes met these performance criteria, and experimental testing validated the predictions. The model demonstrated here is relevant for North America, where pure kaolin deposits are found broadly. The approach is being taken forward into commercial application by Ansatz AI, a materials informatics company founded by PI Washburn and co-PI Poczos. Through collaborations with the cement and concrete industry, and funding from SBIR programs, a commercial software will be developed in future research.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Identification of carbohydrate gene clusters obtained from in vitro fermentations as predictive biomarkers of prebiotic responses

Prebiotic fibers are non-digestible substrates that modulate the gut microbiome by promoting expansion of microbes having the genetic and physiological potential to utilize those molecules. Although several prebiotic substrates have been consistently shown to provide health benefits in human clinical trials, responder and non-responder phenotypes are often reported. These observations had led to interest in identifying, a priori, prebiotic responders and non-responders as a basis for personalized nutrition. In this study, we conducted in vitro fecal enrichments and applied shotgun metagenomics and machine learning tools to identify microbial gene signatures from adult subjects that could be used to predict prebiotic responders and non-responders. Using short chain fatty acids as a targeted response, we identified genetic features, consisting of carbohydrate active enzymes, transcription factors and sugar transporters, from metagenomic sequencing of in vitro fermentations for three prebiotic substrates: xylooligosacharides, fructooligosacharides, and inulin. A machine learning approach was then used to select substrate-specific gene signatures as predictive features. These features were found to be predictive for XOS responders with respect to SCFA production in an in vivo trial. Our results confirm the bifidogenic effect of commonly used prebiotic substrates along with inter-individual microbial responses towards these substrates. We successfully trained classifiers for the prediction of prebiotic responders towards XOS and inulin with robust accuracy (≥ AUC 0.9) and demonstrated its utility in a human feeding trial. Overall, the findings from this study highlight the practical implementation of pre-intervention targeted profiling of individual microbiomes to stratify responders and non-responders.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Parameters, Properties, and Process: Conditional Neural Generation of Realistic SEM Imagery Toward ML-Assisted Advanced Manufacturing

Abstract The research and development cycle of advanced manufacturing processes traditionally requires a large investment of time and resources. Experiments can be expensive and are hence conducted on relatively small scales. This poses problems for typically data-hungry machine learning tools which could otherwise expedite the development cycle. We build upon prior work by applying conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs) to scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery from an emerging advanced manufacturing process, shear-assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE). We generate realistic images conditioned on temper and either experimental parameters or material properties. In doing so, we are able to integrate machine learning into the development cycle, by allowing a user to immediately visualize the microstructure that would arise from particular process parameters or properties. This work forms a technical backbone for a fundamentally new approach for understanding manufacturing processes in the absence of first-principle models. By characterizing microstructure from a topological perspective, we are able to evaluate our models’ ability to capture the breadth and diversity of experimental scanning electron microscope (SEM) samples. Our method is successful in capturing the visual and general microstructural features arising from the considered process, with analysis highlighting directions to further improve the topological realism of our synthetic imagery.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

On-the-fly closed-loop materials discovery via Bayesian active learning

Active learning—the field of machine learning (ML) dedicated to optimal experiment design—has played a part in science as far back as the 18th century when Laplace used it to guide his discovery of celestial mechanics. In this work, we focus a closed-loop, active learning-driven autonomous system on another major challenge, the discovery of advanced materials against the exceedingly complex synthesis-processes-structure-property landscape. We demonstrate an autonomous materials discovery methodology for functional inorganic compounds which allow scientists to fail smarter, learn faster, and spend less resources in their studies, while simultaneously improving trust in scientific results and machine learning tools. This robot science enables science-over-the-network, reducing the economic impact of scientists being physically separated from their labs. The real-time closed-loop, autonomous system for materials exploration and optimization (CAMEO) is implemented at the synchrotron beamline to accelerate the interconnected tasks of phase mapping and property optimization, with each cycle taking seconds to minutes. We also demonstrate an embodiment of human-machine interaction, where human-in-the-loop is called to play a contributing role within each cycle. This work has resulted in the discovery of a novel epitaxial nanocomposite phase-change memory material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Autodifferentiable Ensemble Kalman Filters

Data assimilation is concerned with sequentially estimating a temporally evolving state. This task, which arises in a wide range of scientific and engineering applications, is particularly challenging when the state is high-dimensional and the state-space dynamics are unknown. This paper introduces a machine learning framework for learning dynamical systems in data assimilation. Here, our auto-differentiable ensemble Kalman filters (AD-EnKFs) blend ensemble Kalman filters for state recovery with machine learning tools for learning the dynamics. In doing so, AD-EnKFs leverage the ability of ensemble Kalman filters to scale to high-dimensional states and the power of automatic differentiation to train high-dimensional surrogate models for the dynamics. Numerical results using the Lorenz-96 model show that AD-EnKFs outperform existing methods that use expectation-maximization or particle filters to merge data assimilation and machine learning. In addition, AD-EnKFs are easy to implement and require minimal tuning.

autodifferentiation↗

A representation-independent electronic charge density database for crystalline materials

Abstract In addition to being the core quantity in density-functional theory, the charge density can be used in many tertiary analyses in materials sciences from bonding to assigning charge to specific atoms. The charge density is data-rich since it contains information about all the electrons in the system. With the increasing prevalence of machine-learning tools in materials sciences, a data-rich object like the charge density can be utilized in a wide range of applications. The database presented here provides a modern and user-friendly interface for a large and continuously updated collection of charge densities as part of the Materials Project. In addition to the charge density data, we provide the theory and code for changing the representation of the charge density which should enable more advanced machine-learning studies for the broader community.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A representation-independent electronic charge density database for crystalline materials

In addition to being the core quantity in density functional theory, the charge density can be used in many tertiary analyses in materials sciences from bonding to assigning charge to specific atoms. The charge density is data-rich since it contains information about all the electrons in the system. With increasing utilization of machine-learning tools in materials sciences, a data-rich object like the charge density can be utilized in a wide range of applications. The database presented here provides a modern and user-friendly interface for a large and continuously updated collection of charge densities as part of the Materials Project. In addition to the charge density data, we provide the theory and code for changing the representation of the charge density which should enable more advanced machine-learning studies for the broader community.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Predicting Fiber Failure of Plain Weave Fabric with Recursive Multiscale Micromechanics

Recent advances in the development of machine learning (ML) algorithms have enabled the creation of predictive models that can improve decision making, decrease computational cost, and improve efficiency in a variety of fields. As an organization begins to develop and implement such models, the data used in the training, validation, and testing of machine learning models, the model parameters, and the use cases or limitations of the models must be properly stored to ensure models are both fully traceable and used correctly. In the context of predicting material behavior, advances in computationally intense, physics-based, modeling of material behavior at various length scales, and the emergence of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) have driven the need for developing data-driven surrogate models of the physics-based simulation tools using machine learning (ML) techniques. Surrogate model development allows for accurate material behavior prediction at a fraction of the cost of its physics-based counterpart, allowing for multiscale simulations of real-world applications, further enabling the ability to design fit-for-purpose materials for a reasonable computational investment. However, training such models requires extensive data, and thus effective data management is necessary to reach the full potential that ML can offer to material design and ICME. This paper proposes a generalized, robust schema that allows organizations to store both real (experimental) and virtual (simulation) data used to train machine learning models and the defining model parameters and architectures. The developed schema allows for various types of data inputs and outputs, including single point values, time-series data, and images that can be used in for various types of machine learning models while following outlined best practices for effective data management. An effective schema for machine learning data and models can help prevent the recreation of virtual/real training data and surrogate models, can help reduce the time to create new models similar to existing ones by offering a starting point in the hyperparameter determination stages, minimize resources devoted to verification and validation (V&V) and certification of models, and ensure that data and surrogate models are not misused due to full traceability of both the data and ML model. It also allows organizations access to models that have already been developed, such that they can be used in the design of new materials, enabling the overall goals of ICME.

Failure↗

Detecting Satellite Laser Ranging Station Data and Operational Anomalies with Machine Learning Isolation Forests at NASA's CDDIS

The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) is currently composed of 45 active satellite laser ranging (SLR) stations with several more set to join the network over the next several years. Station changes and histories are logged to files, but not always in real time. Sometimes these details are not added until long after changes have been made to the station –on occasion, years later. This in addition to unexpected hardware errors and other system issues that are not immediately detected impact the products generated by analysts. The ILRS Central Bureau (CB) and NASA’s Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) have worked to provide tools for station engineers to use. This includes the creation of station plots which contain temperature and pressure information along with LAser GEOdynamic Satellite (LAGEOS) and LAser RElativity Satellite (LARES) tracking information that enable the monitoring of station performance and todetermine whether the station has undergone any changes. As next steps, the CDDIS is working to enhance these station performance monitoring tools through machine learning. Isolation forest is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm commonly applied to anomaly detection. In this poster, the CDDIS details the steps taken to track anomalies within SLR station performance using isolation forest with LAGEOS and LARES satellite data.

Benjamin P Michael↗