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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Mechanistic and predictive understanding of needle litter decay in semi-arid mountain ecosystems experiencing unprecedented vegetation mortality. Final report

This research compared needle litter decay rates and underlying mechanisms between litter released from insect-killed trees to that of naturally senesced litter from healthy trees across climate variables with elevation and snowmelt rates as variables. Our research was designed to address questions of whether there is a significant impact to C and N cycling at the terrestrial-atmospheric interface in association with pine needle decomposition and the role of changes in soil moisture and temperature as a function of these processes. Field activities were primarily conducted within the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory’s (RMBL) East River watershed across a spectrum of ecoregions that spanned approximately 700 vertical meters. Forested catchments at these elevations in southwestern Colorado are threatened by heat-induced drought, altered snowmelt patterns, and invasive insect infestation that have all been associated with climate change. Needle litter from two members of the Pinaceae family experiencing large-scale insect infestations (spruce and lodgepole pine) were collected, redeployed and then sampled over the course of three years. We experimentally tested three tractable parameters that are known to impact litter decay and biogeochemical cycling and are relevant to bark beetle-induced tree mortality: (1) moisture content, (2) temperature by using elevation as a surrogate, and (3) changes to litter compositional chemistry that result from beetle infestation. We examined decay processes and monitored the migration of soluble and gaseous nitrogen and carbon species as well as microbiological signatures of decay such as biodegradable fractions, metal availability and the temporal succession of associated microorganisms at the terrestrial interface.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Stone Content Influence on Land Surface Model Simulation of Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration at Reynolds Creek Watershed

Considerable advancement in spatiotemporal resolution of remote sensing and ground-based measurements has enabled refinement of parameters used in land surface models for simulating surface water fluxes. However, land surface modeling capabilities are still inadequate for accurate representation of subsurface properties and processes, which continue to limit the accuracy of land surface model simulation. Our objective in this study was to examine the performance of the variously parameterized Noah-Multiphysics (Noah-MP) land surface model and to improve simulations of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture dynamics in stony soils using verification from eddy covariance ET and in-situ soil moisture data. Meteorological and eddy covariance data from the Lower Sheep sub-catchment within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in Southwestern Idaho were employed to drive Noah-MP and to assess simulation results. We evaluated the performance of Noah-MP considering four different scenarios: (1) A one-layer soil profile with Noah-MP default soil hydraulic parameters, followed by five-layer soil profiles using -(2) Noah-MP default soil hydraulic parameters -(3) soil hydraulic parameters derived from a pedotransfer function using field observations, and -(4) hydraulic parameters from (3) which also accounted for stone content in each layer. Each modeling experiment was forced with the same set of initial conditions, atmospheric input and vegetation parameters. Our results indicated that enhanced representation of soil profile properties and stone content information noticeably improve the Noah-MP land surface model simulation of soil moisture content and evapotranspiration.

Land surface models, Soil hydrology, Noah-MP, Evap↗
DOE OSTI2022

Degradation Reduces Microbial Richness and Alters Microbial Functions in an Australian Peatland

Abstract Peatland ecosystems cover only 3% of the world’s land area; however, they store one-third of the global soil carbon (C). Microbial communities are the main drivers of C decomposition in peatlands, yet we have limited knowledge of their structure and function. While the microbial communities in the Northern Hemisphere peatlands are well documented, we have limited understanding of microbial community composition and function in the Southern Hemisphere peatlands, especially in Australia. We investigated the vertical stratification of prokaryote and fungal communities from Wellington Plains peatland in the Australian Alps. Within the peatland complex, bog peat was sampled from the intact peatland and dried peat from the degraded peatland along a vertical soil depth gradient (i.e., acrotelm, mesotelm, and catotelm). We analyzed the prokaryote and fungal community structure, predicted functional profiles of prokaryotes using PICRUSt, and assigned soil fungal guilds using FUNGuild. We found that the structure and function of prokaryotes were vertically stratified in the intact bog. Soil carbon, manganese, nitrogen, lead, and sodium content best explained the prokaryote composition. Prokaryote richness was significantly higher in the intact bog acrotelm compared to degraded bog acrotelm. Fungal composition remained similar across the soil depth gradient; however, there was a considerable increase in saprotroph abundance and decrease in endophyte abundance along the vertical soil depth gradient. The abundance of saprotrophs and plant pathogens was two-fold higher in the degraded bog acrotelm. Soil manganese and nitrogen content, electrical conductivity, and water table level (cm) best explained the fungal composition. Our results demonstrate that both fungal and prokaryote communities are shaped by soil abiotic factors and that peatland degradation reduces microbial richness and alters microbial functions. Thus, current and future changes to the environmental conditions in these peatlands may lead to altered microbial community structures and associated functions which may have implications for broader ecosystem function changes in peatlands.

Environmental Sciences & Ecology↗
DOE OSTI2024

Phylogenetic distribution and experimental characterization of corrinoid production and dependence in soil bacterial isolates

Abstract Soil microbial communities impact carbon sequestration and release, biogeochemical cycling, and agricultural yields. These global effects rely on metabolic interactions that modulate community composition and function. However, the physicochemical and taxonomic complexity of soil and the scarcity of available isolates for phenotypic testing are significant barriers to studying soil microbial interactions. Corrinoids—the vitamin B12 family of cofactors—are critical for microbial metabolism, yet they are synthesized by only a subset of microbiome members. Here, we evaluated corrinoid production and dependence in soil bacteria as a model to investigate the ecological roles of microorganisms involved in metabolic interactions. We isolated and characterized a taxonomically diverse collection of 161 soil bacteria from a single study site. Most corrinoid-dependent bacteria in the collection prefer B12 over other corrinoids, while all tested producers synthesize B12, indicating metabolic compatibility between producers and dependents in the collection. Furthermore, a subset of producers release B12 at levels sufficient to support dependent isolates in laboratory culture at estimated ratios of up to 1000 dependents per producer. Within our isolate collection, we did not find strong phylogenetic patterns in corrinoid production or dependence. Upon investigating trends in the phylogenetic dispersion of corrinoid metabolism categories across sequenced bacteria from various environments, we found that these traits are conserved in 47 out of 85 genera. Together, these phenotypic and genomic results provide evidence for corrinoid-based metabolic interactions among bacteria and provide a framework for the study of nutrient-sharing ecological interactions in microbial communities.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Bacterial community dynamics explain carbon mineralization and assimilation in soils of different land-use history

Soil dwelling microorganisms are key players in the terrestrial carbon cycle, driving both the degradation and stabilization of soil organic matter. Bacterial community structure and function vary with respect to land use; yet the ecological drivers of this variation remain poorly described and difficult to predict. For this work, we conducted a multi-substrate DNA-stable isotope probing experiment across cropland, old-field, and forest habitats to link carbon mineralization dynamics with the dynamics of bacterial growth and carbon assimilation. We tracked the movement of 13 C derived from five distinct carbon sources as it was assimilated into bacterial DNA over time. We show that carbon mineralization, community composition, and carbon assimilation dynamics all differed with respect to land use. We also show that microbial community dynamics affect carbon assimilation dynamics and are associated with soil DNA content. Soil DNA yield is easy to measure and may be useful in predicting microbial community dynamics linked to soil carbon cycling. Soil dwelling microorganisms are key players in the terrestrial carbon cycle, driving both the degradation and stabilization of soil organic matter. Microbial communities vary with respect to land use, but we still have an incomplete understanding of how variation in community structure links to variation in community function. DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) is a high-resolution method that can identify specific microbial taxa that assimilate carbon in situ. We conducted a large-scale multi-substrate DNA-SIP experiment to explore differences in bacterial activity across land-use regimes. We show that microbial community dynamics vary with land use, that these dynamics are linked to soil carbon cycling, and that they are associated with easily measured soil properties.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Machine-Learning Functional Zonation Approach for Characterizing Terrestrial–Aquatic Interfaces: Application to Lake Erie

Ecosystems at coastal terrestrial–aquatic interfaces play a significant role in global biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we aimed to characterize coastal wetlands with particular focus on the co-variability between plant dynamics, topography, soil, and other environmental factors. We proposed a functional zonation approach based on machine learning clustering to identify the spatial regions, i.e., zones that capture these co-varied properties. This approach was applied to publicly available datasets along Lake Erie, in the Great Lakes Region. We investigated the heterogeneity of coastal ecosystem structures as a function of along-shore distance and transverse distance, based on the spatial data layers, including topography, wetland vegetation cover, and the time series of Landsat’s enhanced vegetation index (EVI) between 1990 and 2020. Results showed that the topographic metrics (elevation and slope), soil texture, and plant productivity influence the spatial distribution of wetland land-covers (emergent and phragmites). These results highlight a natural organization along the transverse axis, where the elevation and the EVI increase further away from the coastline. In addition, the clustering analysis allowed us to identify regions with distinct environmental characteristics, as well as the ones that are more sensitive to interannual lake-level variations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Groundwater Depth Overrides Tree-Species Effects on the Structure of Soil Microbial Communities Involved in Nitrogen Cycling in Plantation Forests

Microbial communities found in soil ecosystems play important roles in decomposing organic materials and recycling nutrients. A clear understanding on how biotic and abiotic factors influence the microbial community and its functional role in ecosystems is fundamental to terrestrial biogeochemistry and plant production. The purpose of this study was to investigate microbial communities and functional genes involved in nitrogen cycling as a function of groundwater depth (deep and shallow), tree species (pine and eucalypt), and season (spring and fall). Soil fungal, bacterial, and archaeal communities were determined by length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR). Soil ammonia oxidation archaeal (AOA) amoA gene, ammonia oxidation bacterial (AOB) amoA gene, nitrite oxidoreductase nrxA gene, and denitrifying bacterial narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes were further studied using PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Soil fungal and bacterial communities remained similar between tree species and groundwater depths, respectively, regardless of season. Soil archaeal communities remained similar between tree species but differed between groundwater depths in the spring only. Archaeal amoA for nitrification and bacterial nirK and nosZ genes for denitrification were detected in DGGE, whereas bacterial amoA and nrxA for nitrification and bacterial narG and nirS genes for denitrification were undetectable. The detected nitrification and denitrification communities varied significantly with groundwater depth. There was no significant difference of nitrifying archaeal amoA or denitrifying nirK communities between different tree species regardless of season. The seasonal difference in microbial communities and functional genes involved in nitrogen cycling suggests microorganisms exhibit seasonal dynamics that likely impact relative rates of nitrification and denitrification.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Rapid Decision Support Tool for Estimating Impacts of a Vadose Zone Volatile Organic Compound Source on Groundwater and Soil Gas

Diminishing rates of subsurface volatile contaminant removal by soil vapor extraction (SVE) oftentimes warrants an in‐depth performance assessment to guide remedy decision‐making processes. Such a performance assessment must include quantitative approaches to better understand the impact of remaining vadose zone contamination on soil gas and groundwater concentrations. The spreadsheet‐based Soil Vapor Extraction Endstate Tool (SVEET) software functionality has recently been expanded to facilitate quantitative performance assessments. The updated version, referred to as SVEET2, includes expansion of the input parameter ranges for describing a site (site geometry, source characteristics, etc.), an expanded list of contaminants, and incorporation of elements of the Vapor Intrusion Estimation Tool for Unsaturated‐zone Sources software to provide soil gas concentration estimates for use in vapor intrusion evaluation. As part of the update, SVEET2 was used to estimate the impact of a tetrachloroethene (PCE) vadose zone source on groundwater concentrations, comparing SVEET2 results to field‐observed values at an undisclosed site where SVE was recently terminated. PCE concentrations from three separate monitoring wells were estimated by SVEET2 to be within the range of 6.0–6.7 μg/L, as compared to actual field concentrations that ranged from 3 to 11 μg/L PCE. These data demonstrate that SVEET2 can rapidly provide representative quantitative estimates of impacts from a vadose zone contaminant source at field sites. Finally, in the context of the SVE performance assessment, such quantitative estimates provide a basis to support remedial and/or regulatory decisions regarding the continued need for vadose zone volatile organic compound remediation or technical justification for SVE termination, which can significantly reduce the cost to complete for a site.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Manganese effects on plant residue decomposition and carbon distribution in soil fractions depend on soil nitrogen availability

Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of manganese (Mn) in plant litter decomposition and soil organic carbon (C) cycling in forest ecosystems. Long term nitrogen (N) deposition and N fertilization can increase soil acidity and mobilize bioavailable Mn (Mn 2+ ) in soil. However, no studies have examined the interactive effect of N and Mn fertilization on litter decomposition and carbon distribution in agricultural soils, despite agroecosystems being subject to both N and Mn management. We hypothesized that increased soil N and Mn availability would accelerate plant residue decomposition and transfer of its C to mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), and that the combined effect of Mn and N enrichment would be greater than the individual effect. Here, we conducted a laboratory incubation experiment by adding 13 C-labeled residue of perennial grass Glyceria striata (Lam.) to agricultural soils that had received 225 kg N ha –1 yr –1 for 27 years (N 1 ) and comparable soils that received no N (N 0 ). Before the experiment, these soils also received three levels of dissolved Mn 2+ , designated M 0 (no additional Mn), M 1 (50 mg kg –1 ), or M 2 (250 mg kg –1 ). We measured total CO 2 production as well as distribution of 13 C from the residue into CO 2 , particulate organic matter (POM), MAOM, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over a 1-year period. Manganese amendments significantly increased CO 2 production from residue decomposition in the N 1 soil, but no such effect was observed in the N 0 soil. Manganese also accelerated the loss of residue-derived C from POM and DOC, but increased its recovery in MAOM. However, the positive effect of added Mn in decomposition and recovery in MAOM in the presence of N fertilization occurred only during the initial 30-day decomposition period, where M 2 showed a 12% increase in cumulative CO 2 production from residue, 8% increase in POM loss, and 43% increase in recovery of residue C in MAOM compared to M 0 . For M 1 , only CO 2 emission from residue was significantly higher than Mo during this period. At 365 days M 2 showed 8% increase in CO 2 production, 1% increase in POM loss, and 16% increase in recovery of residue C in MAOM compared to M 0 , but none of these were statistically significant (p < 0.05). This study adds to the growing evidence that increasing Mn availability enhances plant litter decomposition. However, the occurrence and magnitude of Mn-induced stimulation of decomposition is context specific. Further investigation with greater temporal resolution, involving a multitude of litter and soil types and including microbial compositional and functional characterization, is recommended to fully elucidate the interactive role of Mn and N on C cycling.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Alternating salt and freshwater floods of coastal soils impact soil structure, hydraulic properties, and oxygen dynamics

Coastal soils are increasingly impacted by hydrologic intensification in the form of rising sea level and flooding from storm surges and precipitation. Alternating saltwater (SW) and freshwater (FW) exposure has the potential to disperse colloids, which can lead to disintegration of soil structure, clogging of pore spaces, and reduction in ecologically and biogeochemically important functions like infiltration or gas exchange. To investigate how hydrologic intensification affects soil structure and oxygen dynamics, we conducted a series of laboratory-based flood simulations. Intact soil cores of the A and B horizons (22 total) from the toe slope of an upland coastal forest along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay. We subjected the cores to 24 h of saturation with either FW or alternating brackish SW and FW, with a 24-h draining event in between flood events. Oxygen diffusion into soil during draining was reduced by up to 30% for soils flooded alternating SW-FW compared to soils flooded only with FW. We attributed the reduced oxygen diffusion to clogging of smaller pores by colloids, with colloid redistribution observed as an increase in specific surface area down the core profile of up to 59%. After three SW-FW floods (six floods total), there were significant changes in pore size distribution, significant redistribution of colloids, and the A horizon became sodic. We concluded that a small number of SW flooding events can induce a measurable change in soil physical properties that directly impacts the biogeochemical dynamics.

Rod, Kenton A. [Pacific Northwest National Laborat↗
DOE OSTI2023

Removal of primary nutrient degraders reduces growth of soil microbial communities with genomic redundancy

Understanding how microorganisms within a soil community interact to support collective respiration and growth remains challenging. Here, we used a model substrate, chitin, and a synthetic Model Soil Consortium (MSC-2) to investigate how individual members of a microbial community contribute to decomposition and community growth. While MSC-2 can grow using chitin as the sole carbon source, we do not yet know how the growth kinetics or final biomass yields of MSC-2 vary when certain chitin degraders, or other important members, are absent. To characterize specific roles within this synthetic community, we carried out experiments leaving out members of MSC-2 and measuring biomass yields and CO 2 production. We chose two members to iteratively leave out (referred to by genus name): Streptomyces, as it is predicted via gene expression analysis to be a major chitin degrader in the community, and Rhodococcus as it is predicted via species co-abundance analysis to interact with several other members. Our results showed that when MSC-2 lacked Streptomyces, growth and respiration of the community was severely reduced. Removal of either Streptomyces or Rhodococcus led to major changes in abundance for several other species, pointing to a comprehensive shifting of the microbial community when important members are removed, as well as alterations in the metabolic profile, especially when Streptomyces was lacking. These results show that when keystone, chitin degrading members are removed, other members, even those with the potential to degrade chitin, do not fill the same metabolic niche to promote community growth. In addition, highly connected members may be removed with similar or even increased levels of growth and respiration. Our findings are critical to a better understanding of soil microbiology, specifically in how communities maintain activity when biotic or abiotic factors lead to changes in biodiversity in soil systems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Drivers of stability and transience in composition-functioning links during serial propagation of litter-decomposing microbial communities

ABSTRACT Biotic factors that influence the temporal stability of microbial community functioning are an emerging research focus for the control of natural and engineered systems. The discovery of common features within community ensembles that differ in functional stability over time is a starting point to explore biotic factors. We serially propagated a suite of soil microbial communities through five generations of 28-day microcosm incubations to examine microbial community compositional and functional stability during plant litter decomposition. Using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) abundance as a target function, we hypothesized that microbial diversity, compositional stability, and associated changes in interactions would explain the relative stability of the ecosystem function between generations. Communities with initially high DOC abundance tended to converge towards a “low DOC” phenotype within two generations, but across all microcosms, functional stability between generations was highly variable. By splitting communities into two cohorts based on their relative DOC functional stability, we found that compositional shifts, diversity, and interaction network complexity were associated with the stability of DOC abundance between generations. Further, our results showed that legacy effects were important in determining compositional and functional outcomes, and we identified taxa associated with high DOC abundance. In the context of litter decomposition, achieving functionally stable communities is required to utilize soil microbiomes to increase DOC abundance and long-term terrestrial DOC sequestration as one solution to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Identifying factors that stabilize function for a community of interest may improve the success of microbiome engineering applications. IMPORTANCE Microbial community functioning can be highly dynamic over time. Identifying and understanding biotic factors that control functional stability is of significant interest for natural and engineered communities alike. Using plant litter–decomposing communities as a model system, this study examined the stability of ecosystem function over time following repeated community transfers. By identifying microbial community features that are associated with stable ecosystem functions, microbial communities can be manipulated in ways that promote the consistency and reliability of the desired function, improving outcomes and increasing the utility of microorganisms.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

cabbi-bio/ESM-R-script

This script is intended to provide a starting point for users to implement the equivalent soil mass (ESM) approach for calculating soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and SOC mass percentages (commonly called “SOC concentration”). The user should read this readme file and understand how the script works before using it. The script contains some basic error checking algorithms, but it cannot catch all data entry mistakes. It is possible to misuse the script and produce invalid results. The script was designed to work on individual soil cores that have been divided into three or more contiguous segments, as the cubic spline function contains four coefficients. The script has not been tested on soil cores containing fewer than three contiguous segments. If only one segment is present, interpolation will necessarily be linear rather than cubic, which is expected to result in higher predictive error (Wendt & Hauser, 2013). Considering the wide range of potential applications, the script should not be expected to function correctly in all situations. The user is encouraged to modify or rewrite the script to meet their specific needs.

von Haden, Adam↗
DOE OSTI2020

Metagenomes from Experimental Hydrologic Manipulation of Restored Coastal Plain Wetland Soils (Tyrell County, North Carolina)

ABSTRACT Hydrologic changes modify microbial community structure and ecosystem functions, especially in wetland systems. Here, we present 24 metagenomes from a coastal freshwater wetland experiment in which we manipulated hydrologic conditions and plant presence. These wetland soil metagenomes will deepen our understanding of how hydrology and vegetation influence microbial functional diversity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Data used in “Enguehard et al. 2022, Machine-Learning Functional Zonation Approach for Characterizing Terrestrial–Aquatic Interfaces: Application to Lake Erie”

The package contains the data layers used in “Enguehard et al. 2022, Machine-Learning Functional Zonation Approach for Characterizing Terrestrial–Aquatic Interfaces: Application to Lake Erie”. Spatial data layers include: topography, wetland vegetation cover, time series of Landsat’s enhanced vegetation index (EVI) between 1990 and 2020. The study aims to characterize coastal wetlands with particular focus on the co-variability between plant dynamics, topography, soil, and other environmental factors. We proposed a functional zonation approach based on machine learning clustering to identify the spatial regions, i.e., zones that capture these co-varied properties. This approach was applied to publicly available datasets along Lake Erie, in the Great Lakes Region

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

PhenoSelection Manuscript 16S amplicons

Multi-omic analyses can provide a great deal of information on the potential for activity within a microbial community but often lack specificity to link functions to cell and primarily offer potential for function, not true expression of function. Functional assays are necessary for understanding in situ microbial activity to better describe and improve microbiome biology. Targeting enzyme activity through activity-based protein profiling enhances the accuracy of functional studies. Here, we introduce PhenoSelection, a pipeline of coupling activity-based probing with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and downstream activity assays to isolate and examine viable populations of cells expressing a function of interest. We applied PhenoSelection to a soil microbiome to enrich for communities with elevated activity for lignocellulose-degradation phenotypes. PhenoSelection was able to separate and identify taxonomic members with activity for glycosyl hydrolases, and expanding to various probes for other function, this process can be applied to unique phenotypes of interest.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bioenergy Cropping Reduces the Spatiotemporal Scaling of Soil Bacterial Biodiversity

Widespread bioenergy cropping can transform landscapes, strongly affecting biodiversity. However, the impact of bioenergy cropping on the spatiotemporal scaling of soil biodiversity remains virtually unknown, despite its profound implications for the functioning of the ecological community. Here, we investigated how bioenergy cropping influenced the spatiotemporal scaling of soil bacterial biodiversity in marginal soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils) in Oklahoma, USA. We detected strong, significant species-time-area relationships (STARs) and phylogenetic-time-area relationships (PTARs) in bacterial communities and their lineages, suggesting that STARs and PTARs exist in microbial ecology within the studied system. Also, spatiotemporal scaling rates (the slopes of STAR and PTAR models) varied substantially among bacterial lineages and were positively correlated with their 16S rRNA gene copy numbers, a genomic trait indicative of microbial growth potentials. Strikingly, bioenergy cropping significantly reduced spatiotemporal scaling rates by 6.8%-14.1%, with a more pronounced reduction observed in sandy loam soils, where those rates were significantly lower than in clay loam soils. The heterogeneity of soil phosphorus and carbon resulted in variations in bacterial spatiotemporal scaling rates. Collectively, our findings suggest that bioenergy cropping may alleviate rapid shifts in soil biodiversity across space and time, thereby stabilizing soil biodiversity and supporting its role as part of sustainable land management and climate mitigation strategies.

bacterial diversity↗