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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Polyphenol-Sensitized Atomic Layer Deposition for Membrane Interface Hydrophilization

Improvements in energy-water systems will necessitate fabrication of high-performance separation membranes. To this end, interface engineering is a powerful tool for tailoring properties, and atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently emerged as a promising and versatile approach. However, most non-polar polymeric membranes are not amenable to ALD processing due to the absence of nucleation sites. Here, a sensitization strategy for ALD-coating is presented, illustrated by membrane interface hydrophilization. Facile dip-coating with polyphenols effectively sensitizes hydrophobic polymer membranes to TiO2 ALD coating. Tannic acid-sensitized ALD-coated membranes exhibit outstanding underwater crude oil repulsion and rigorous mechanical stability through bending and rinsing tests. As a result, these membranes demonstrate outstanding crude oil-in-water separation and reusability compared to untreated membranes or those treated with ALD without polyphenol pretreatment. A possible polyphenol-sensitized ALD mechanism is proposed involving initial island nucleation followed by film intergrowth. This polyphenol sensitization strategy enriches the functionalization toolbox in material science, interface engineering, and environmental science.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Time resolved x-ray diffraction in shock compressed systems

The availability of pulsed x rays on short timescales has opened up new avenues of research in the physics and chemistry of shocked materials. The continued installation of shock platforms such as gas guns and high power lasers placed at beamline x-ray facilities has advanced our knowledge of materials shocked to extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. In addition, theoretical advancements have made direct correspondence with high-pressure x-ray experiments more viable, increasing the predictive capability of these models. In this paper, we discuss both recent experimental results and the theory and modeling that has been developed to treat these complex situations. Finally, we discuss the impact that new platforms and increased beam time may have on the future direction of this field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Morphology, Deformations, and Photocatalytic Activity of Thermally Treated Brookite Titanium Dioxide Thin Films

Metastable states, in which the coupling between long-range lattice deformations and electronic properties can be controlled, provide a pathway to tailoring the behavior of photocatalytic materials by directing the flow of photoinduced charge carriers. Brookite is a metastable polymorph of earth-abundant TiO 2 that exhibits photocatalytic function and, due to its high energy relative to the anatase and rutile polymorphs, may serve as a precursor for the formation of transitional metastable structures. In this work, facile thermal annealing is employed to promote the formation of predominantly brookite-phase films, regulate the brookite lattice distortions, and determine the effect of these distortions on charge separation, ultimately directed at enhancing photocatalytic activity. Profile fitting of X-ray diffraction patterns and peak shifts in Raman spectra revealed structural distortions of the brookite lattice. Structural defects, including lattice gliding, dislocations, stacking faults, and twin boundaries, were observed using scanning transmission electron microscopy. First-principles simulations reveal how the lattice distortions associated with stacking faults induce band bending, thus increasing the photocatalytic activity of brookite. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the microstructural tuning of metastable phases to enhance their unique functionalities.

band bending↗
DOE OSTI2020

Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Post-closure Waste Site Maintenance and Surveillance - 20143

The P- and R-Area Reactor buildings, located at SRS near Aiken, SC, were in-situ decommissioned by grouting below-grade portions of the buildings and demolishing some above-grade structures to grade level. Other reactor building structures were left above-grade and sealed to prevent human or animal access. Because the above grade-structures are expected to continue in their present state for hundreds of years, the condition of the building roofs is critical to mitigate rainwater intrusion. For this reason, building roof areas were strengthened with high strength concrete to ensure the long-term integrity of the roof structure. Periodic inspections of the roof structures are required to ensure that the roofs are functioning properly and to identify damage areas. The traditional method of inspecting closed reactor buildings requires the use of a helicopter and photographer to generate photographs and videos for review. This method proved sufficient but lacked the resolution and clarity that is required for a thorough inspection of the building structure. Fortunately, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has established a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) program using commercially available and custom-built remote-controlled aircraft. EC and ACP contacted the SRNL program to evaluate whether the sUAS technology could be employed for periodic reactor building inspections. The sUAS can fly within a few meters of the reactor buildings and hover, allowing for a more thorough aerial inspection. The initial sUAS inspection of the P-Area Reactor building was completed in February 2018 and at the R-Area Reactor building in August 2018 and were successful in providing higher resolution photos and videos. The sUAS inspections also revealed that vegetation had begun to grow on the roofs that could potentially damage the structure integrity. SRNL partnered with Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University to build a custom heavy lift sUAS that could be equipped with herbicides to remotely treat the vegetative growth. Herbicides were successfully applied to the R-Area Reactor building roof using the custom sUAS in September 2018. The use of unmanned aircraft systems at SRS to perform aerial inspections and herbicide treatment in otherwise inaccessible areas has proven to be an efficient and cost-effective technology that provides high value, increases knowledge of facility conditions, and provides for early detection of damage. Periodic inspections of the reactor building roofs using sUAS technology are performed safely, efficiently, and at a significant cost and schedule savings while reducing emissions, noise, and fossil fuel use. The use of sUAS equipment for building inspections and herbicide application at SRS is unique within the DOE complex. The goal of SRS is to apply this remote technology to other waste unit operations and maintenance activities in the future. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

Assessment of Molybdate Based Corrosion Inhibitor for use at the Savannah River Tank Farm Cooling Water System

The Savannah River Site (SRS) has relied on 51 underground storage tanks, many dating back to the 1950s, to store radioactive liquid waste generated from nuclear processing and radionuclide production. These tanks use carbon steel cooling coils, cooled by soft, acidic water, to dissipate the decayed heat produced by radioactive waste. For decades, following historical industry practices, chromate has been added to the cooling water (~450 ppm at pH 9-11) to effectively inhibit corrosion, ensuring cooling coil longevity. Inspections of failed coils reveal that chromate-treated surfaces are generally well-preserved.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Integrating risk assessment methods for carbon storage: A case study for the quest carbon capture and storage facility

This paper documents how tools developed by the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) complement the Bowtie risk assessment approach through the demonstration of a risk-based Area of Review (AoR) determination for the Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) facility near Edmonton, Alberta with the NRAP Open-Source Integrated Assessment Model (NRAP Open-IAM). The Bowtie risk assessment for the Quest CCS site was developed by Shell Canada Ltd., who operates the asset on behalf of the Athabasca Oil Sand Project — a joint venture, owned by Canadian Natural Resources Ltd, Chevron Canada and Shell Canada Ltd. The Quest Bowtie treats site risk comprehensively – considering a large set of technical and project risks (e.g., operational risks, above ground infrastructure, public perception, etc.). NRAP tools, methods, and analyses are focused on quantitative assessment of subsurface technical risks. NRAP-Open-IAM was used to evaluate potential groundwater impacts at the Quest site, i.e., a sufficient change above background groundwater quality levels to be measurable, should CO 2 and/or brine leak from the reservoir via a faulty and/or compromised wellbore. Our results show there is a low potential for groundwater impact and support a further reduction (from ~460 to 100 km 2 ) to the established AoR for the Quest site. Integrating both approaches early in the site characterization period could significantly benefit commercial-scale projects by drastically reducing the region over which leakage risks (e.g., legacy wells) need to be evaluated, i.e., the AoR. This is especially true for brownfield sites, which could contain hundreds to thousands of legacy wells. Further, basing monitoring network design on those regions where impacts are most likely to occur has the potential to facilitate more efficient deployment of monitoring technologies and improve the likelihood of detecting a leak should one occur.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Piezo-electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol with UV-ozone treated wurtzite zinc oxide nanostructures

Leveraging mechanically-induced piezoelectric polarization, piezocatalysis emerges as a viable mechanism for enhancing the efficiency of catalytic processes. Nanostructured, catalytically active, rationally designed piezoelectric semiconductors can achieve high-performance catalysts for various applications using cost-effective electrocatalytic pathways, such as mechanical stimuli. We design and demonstrate for the first time a cost-effective, high-performance piezo-electrocatalyst for anodic methanol oxidation, which is crucial for the practical application and deployment of direct methanol fuel cells in a variety of emerging clean energy technologies. We synthesized wurtzite ZnO nanorods and nanosheets treated with UV-O 3 to characterize and compare their efficacy for piezo-electrocatalytic methanol oxidation. The generation of piezoelectric polarization charges in nanostructured semiconducting ZnO catalysts significantly increased their electrocatalytic performance. By elucidating the charge transfer between mechanically-deformed ZnO nanostructures and methanol molecules, we identified the underlying mechanism for the piezo-electrocatalytic process for methanol oxidation. The facile synthesis of high-quality ZnO nanostructures enables low-cost, scalable manufacture and direct integration into electrocatalysts whose performance could be enhanced by harvesting mechanical energy that would otherwise be wasted in the working environment.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic resonance insights into the heterogeneous, fractal-like kinetics of chemically recyclable polymers

Moving toward a circular plastics economy is a vital aspect of global resource management. Chemical recycling of plastics ensures that high-value monomers can be recovered from depolymerized plastic waste, thus enabling circular manufacturing. However, to increase chemical recycling throughput in materials recovery facilities, the present understanding of polymer transport, diffusion, swelling, and heterogeneous deconstruction kinetics must be systematized to allow industrial-scale process design, spanning molecular to macroscopic regimes. To develop a framework for designing depolymerization processes, we examined acidolysis of circular polydiketoenamine elastomers. We used magnetic resonance to monitor spatially resolved observables in situ and then evaluated these data with a fractal method that treats nonlinear depolymerization kinetics. This approach delineated the roles played by network architecture and reaction medium on depolymerization outcomes, yielding parameters that facilitate comparisons between bulk processes. These streamlined methods to investigate polymer hydrolysis kinetics portend a general strategy for implementing chemical recycling on an industrial scale.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hydrologic Evaluation of the Ringold Upper Mud Aquifer in the 100-H Area of the Hanford Site

Aquifer tests were recently performed in the Hanford Site 100-H Area to provide a hydrologic evaluation of the Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island – upper mud unit (RUM) aquifer to reduce uncertainty regarding its lateral continuity and characterize aquifer properties within the high-concentration portion of the RUM Cr(VI) plume. A constant-rate pumping test was performed in well 199-H3-22 in October 2019. Additionally, the hydraulic responses from pump and treat (P&T) shutdown events occurring in June, July, and October 2019 were analyzed for aquifer hydraulic properties.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Analysis of DWPF Sludge Batch 6 (Macrobatch 7): Pour Stream Glass Samples

The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) began processing Sludge Batch 6 (SB6), also referred to as Macrobatch 7 (MB7), in June 2010. SB6 is a blend of the heel of Tank 40 from Sludge Batch 5 (SB5), H-Canyon Np transfers and SB6 that was transferred to Tank 40 from Tank 51.1 SB6 was processed using Frit 418. Sludge is received into the DWPF Chemical Processing Cell (CPC) and is processed through the Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT) and Slurry Mix Evaporator Tank (SME). The treated sludge slurry is then transferred to the Melter Feed Tank (MFT) and fed to the melter. During processing of each sludge batch, the DWPF is required to take at least one glass sample to meet the objectives of the Glass Product Control Program (GPCP) and to complete the necessary Production Records so that the final glass product may be disposed of at a Federal Repository. The DWPF requested various analyses of radioactive glass samples obtained from the melter pour stream during processing of SB6 as well as reduction/oxidation (REDOX) analysis of MFT samples to determine the impact of Argon bubbling. Sample analysis followed the Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP) and an Analytical Study Plan (ASP). Four Pour Stream (PS) glass samples and two MFT slurry samples were delivered to the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) from the DWPF. Table 1-1 lists the sample information for each pour stream glass sample. SB6 PS3 (S03472) was selected as the official pour stream sample for SB6 and full analysis was requested. This report details the visual observations of the as-received SB6 PS No.3 glass sample as well as results for the chemical composition, Product Consistency Test (PCT), radionuclide content, noble metals, and glass density. REDOX results will be provided for all four pour stream samples and vitrified samples of MFT-558 and MFT-568A. Where appropriate, data from other pour stream samples will be provided.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Radioactive waste immobilization of Hanford sludge in magnesium potassium phosphate ceramic forms

Here, this paper evaluates immobilization of Hanford K-Basin tank sludge in magnesium potassium phosphate ceramic forms. The waste forms were produced using two simulated non-radioactive sludge streams, each with distinct characteristics and composition. Ceramicrete with wollastonite as filler was used as the matrix for this purpose. The resulting waste forms were tested for their mechanical properties, radiation stability, and leaching resistance. In another series of tests, the samples were vitrified in borosilicate glass and glass waste forms were produced. The Product Consistency Test, the American Nuclear Society's ANS 16.1 test, and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, which are used to develop waste acceptance criteria in the United States for permanent storage of treated waste, were used for evaluation of the leaching resistance of all waste forms.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pathways to a net-zero-carbon water sector through energy-extracting wastewater technologies

The energy-consuming and carbon-intensive wastewater treatment plants could become significant energy producers and recycled organic and metallic material generators, thereby contributing to broad sustainable development goals, the circular economy, and the water-energy-sanitation-food-carbon nexus. This review provides an overview of the waste(water)-based energy-extracting technologies, their engineering performance, techno-economic feasibility, and environmental benefits. Here, we propose four crucial strategies to achieve net-zero carbon along with energy sufficiency in the water sector, including (1) improvement in process energy efficiency; (2) maximizing on-site renewable capacities and biogas upgrading; (3) harvesting energy from treated effluent; (4) a new paradigm for decentralized water-energy supply units.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bonding Environments and Radiation Stabilities of Phosphate Glasses

This report is a summary of some key take-aways presented during the Phosphate Round Table Workshop held in 2020, which was led by PNNL and ANL and funded by DOE-NE. Phosphate glasses have a wide range of commercial and industrial uses due to their unique optical, chemical, and physical properties. They are a candidate material for use as an advanced waste form matrix for immobilizing radioactive waste due to their unique ability to immobilize high fractions of alkali- and sulfur-rich streams in chemically durable glasses. This literature review provides an overview of the structure of phosphate glasses, waste-form related properties of interest (e.g., chemical durability and radiation stability), a summary of how specific composition ratios affect chemical durability (e.g., [Fe]/[P] ratio, [O]/[P] ratio, Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratio), as well different ways that phosphate glasses can be affected by radiation. All of these are of interest to the waste form community as phosphate glasses, primarily Fe-P-O glasses, are investigated for usage in immobilizing various types of nuclear waste including U.S. legacy wastes as well as a method for treating salt-based high-level wastes from molten salt reactors and pyroprocessing of used nuclear fuels.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Simulating Magnetized Electron Cooling for EIC with JSPEC

We present a possible electron cooling configuration for the proposed Electron Ion Collider (EIC) facility, developed using a Nelder-Mead Simplex optimization procedure built into JSPEC, an electron cooling code developed at Jefferson Lab. We show the time evolution of the emittance of the ion beam in the presence of this cooler evaluated assuming the ion distribution remains Gaussian. We also show that bi-gaussian distributions emerge in simulations of ion macro-particles. We show how intra-beam scattering can be treated with a core-tail model in simulations of ion macro-particles. The Sirepo/JSPEC* and Sirepo/Jupyter** apps will be presented, with instructions enabling the community to reproduce our simulations.

Coleman, S. J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Study of an Unrefined Humate Solution as a Possible Attenuation-based Remedy for Uranium Contamination in Acidic Groundwater - 20351

The Savannah River Site (SRS), joined the environmental cleanup program in 1981 after the Cold War, and was designated as a hazardous waste management facility. About 1.8 billion gallons of acid wastes were disposed into the F/H Area Seepage Basin that included many radionuclides and dissolved metals, resulting in highly contaminated groundwater plumes with pH of 3 - 5.5. The acidity of the plumes contributes to the mobility of several constituents of concern (COC) such as H-3, U-238, I-129, and Sr-90 for the F-Area plume and H-3, Sr-90 and mercury for the H-Area plume. An active treatment (pump-and-treat and re-injection) system was constructed and put in place in 1997 to address the removal of metals and radionuclides from the contaminated groundwater. As remediation projects advanced, active treatments were transitioned to more passive or enhanced-passive approaches such as the subsurface barrier with base injection system, which has been controlling the mobility of contaminants. However, new and more efficient attenuation-based remedies are always sought. Several studies have proposed that humic substances can be used to remediate sites contaminated with heavy metals by creating a permeable reactive barrier. Humic substances (HS) are major components of soil organic matter. HS are polyfunctional organic macromolecules formed by the chemo-microbiological decomposition of biomass or dead organic matter. These substances are usually divided into three main fractions: humin (insoluble at all pH values), humic acid (soluble at pH greater than 3.5), and fulvic acid (soluble at all pH values). Humic substances are major components of the soil at SRS and, in addition, are also helpful in the removal process of uranium. This research focuses on uranium (VI), which is a key contaminant of concern in the F-Area groundwater plume. The interaction of uranium with sediment in the presence or absence of humic substances involves complex mechanisms that are not yet well understood. The interaction of U(VI) with humic substances can affect the adsorption of U on sediment, altering its mobility in the subsurface. The objective of this study is to study the mobility of uranium in the presence of humic acid and to determine if sediments amended by humic acid can enhance the sorption of heavy metals onto sediments. In this research, experiments were conducted using background (clean) F-Area aquifer sediments to understand and predict uranium mobility. A blended material, humate, containing both humic and fulvic acids and a chemically modified humate (KW15 modified humic or mod-HA) was studied as a possible amendment for uranium remediation in SRS groundwater. Batch experiments were conducted in triplicates using 20 ml of aqueous suspension in DI water containing SRS sediment and mod-HA and studied the effect of pH, kinetics of humate sorption onto SRS sediment and also studied the sorption of uranium onto mod-HA amended SRS sediment. Results indicate that mod-HA amended sediment increases uranium removal significantly. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of a Potential Groundwater Tracer Test in the Ringold Upper Mud Aquifer at the 100-H Area of the Hanford Site

This document presents an evaluation of a potential groundwater tracer test in the uppermost RUM (Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island – upper mud unit) aquifer in the 100-H Area of the Hanford Site. The results from field electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) investigations, numerical flow and transport (F&T) modeling, coupled ERT-F&T model simulations, and laboratory resin experiments provide the technical basis for evaluating tracer test scenarios that minimize impacts to the 100-HX pump and treat (HX P&T) operations, and maximize hydrologic data acquisitions including the use of advanced surface geophysical techniques for monitoring tracer transport.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Innovations in Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment - 20236

Sustainable water treatment systems, engineered to mimic natural processes and utilize natural materials, yield economic and environmental benefits through reductions in long term operational inputs, including: power, chemicals, and labor. Golder is an industry leader in the development and implementation of sustainable technologies at operating and closed mines. We continue to innovate these technologies and customize solutions to meet client needs by applying past experience and focused research. Sustainable (or passive) water treatment systems include ponds, wetlands, flow-through natural media beds, and limestone drains. These systems can blend in with a natural environment, are highly cost-effective for long-term water treatment, and can outcompete traditional active treatment technologies. Application of sustainable technologies relative to active technologies can be influenced by the influent water matrix, effluent limitations, flow rate of water requiring treatment, and available land area. In this presentation, four Golder-developed systems are reviewed as case studies, demonstrating our continued progressive approach to advancing sustainable water treatment technologies to meet industry needs. These case studies focus on design innovations and operational performance from data collected from the operational systems. Resources (power, chemicals, labor) required for the operation of each case study are compared with those that would be required for operation of their active treatment technology alternatives. - Case Study 1 presents an anaerobic biochemical reactor (BCR), a technology typically implemented for metals treatment and acid neutralization, for the treatment of sulfate to low concentrations (<250 mg/L). Active treatment via reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration is typically required for treatment of sulfate to similar concentrations, this innovation provides potential for sustainable treatment to replace the need for energy, chemical, labor, and waste (brine) intensive RO treatment for specific applications. Magnetite waste rock materials from the site were upcycled for use in this system to provide sequestration of the sulfide generated in the BCR. - Case Study 2 examines another novel application of the conventional BCR, modified for the removal of radionuclides and metals (uranium, radium, and selenium) at a closed uranium mine. - Case Study 3 presents implementation of sustainable treatment for mine drain water from a historic mine site, now a state park with around 100,000 visitors per year. The system includes a pond, wetland, and manganese removal bed surrounded by public trails designed to maintain the character of the park. The system treats for arsenic, iron, and manganese at relatively high flows (up to 1,200 gpm), with large seasonal fluctuations in flow and quality. - Case Study 4 is a unique project for which Golder is currently designing a sustainable treatment system, with no energy input, to treat nitrate in mine water post-closure at a site near the arctic circle. In this unprecedented application, climate, management of freshet, and space availability presented substantial technical challenges. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Improving PCM Waste Management Through New Approaches to Screening for LLW Treatment and Disposal - 20145

A major step forward in the management of Plutonium Contaminated Material (PCM) Waste has been taken at the Sellafield site with the introduction of new capabilities to enable wastes previously conservatively designated as PCM Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) to be re-classified for treatment as Low Level Waste (LLW). The Sellafield site, located in the North West of England, within the United Kingdom (UK), has operated plutonium processing plants and waste facilities for almost 70 years. During this time management of the raw PCM waste produced has presented a variety of challenges. The waste is currently processed by high force waste compaction in the Waste Treatment Complex (WTC). The WTC converts 200 litre drums of raw PCM waste into a compacted, grout encapsulated monolith form within stainless steel containment, ready for emplacement within the UK's Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) when it becomes available. To help progress some of the wastes waiting for treatment, recent improvements have been made with the introduction of new waste assay instrumentation which enables the identification of a 'candidate' waste potentially suitable for disposal via the LLW treatment route. Opening a new LLW route for previously designated PCM has been a major advance in PCM waste management policy. It has required a range of technical assessment arrangements to be developed, tested and commissioned and involved the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders. In particular, very detailed technical analysis methods have been developed to ensure that there is a robust and conservative approach to the final sentencing of waste. Following completion of commissioning tests, the first 86 m{sup 3} of previously designated PCM waste was successfully treated through the LLW route and consigned to LLW disposal in June 2019. The direct benefit of sentencing waste to the correct waste route (LLW) is the significant cost savings across the complete range of waste management activities. This work is also strategically important for demonstrating to a range of stakeholders including workforce and regulators, that waste previously designated as PCM can be re-classified in a systematic and justifiable way without increasing risk to personnel or the wider environment. By ensuring that waste is being managed appropriately it will be possible to carry out more remediation work safely, in less time, and at a lower cost. (authors)

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