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At least 289 records · Page 16

Collider-quality electron bunches from an all-optical plasma photoinjector

We present an approach for generating collider-quality electron bunches using a plasma photoinjector. The approach leverages recently developed techniques for the spatiotemporal control of laser pulses to produce a moving ionization front in a nonlinear plasma wave. The moving ionization front generates an electron bunch with a current profile that balances the longitudinal electric field of an electron beam-driven plasma wave, creating a uniform accelerating field across the bunch. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the ionization stage show the formation of an electron bunch with 220 pC charge and low emittance (ɛ 𝑥 = 171 nm rad, ɛ 𝑦 = 76 nm rad). Quasistatic PIC simulations of the acceleration stage show that the bunch is efficiently accelerated to 24 GeV over 2 m with a final energy spread of less than 1% and emittances of ɛ 𝑥 = 189 nm rad and ɛ 𝑦 = 80 nm rad. This high-quality electron bunch meets the requirements outlined by the Snowmass process for intermediate-energy colliders and compares favorably to the beam quality of proposed and existing accelerator facilities. The results establish the feasibility of plasma photoinjectors for future collider applications making a significant step toward the realization of high-luminosity, compact accelerators for particle physics research.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Particle-in-cell simulation of laser wakefield accelerators with oblique lasers in quasicylindrical geometry

In the studies of optical injections in laser or beam-driven wakefield accelerators, there is a frequent demand for using obliquely propagating assistant lasers in particle-in-cell simulations. In conventional methods, this is only possible in either two- or three-dimensional Cartesian geometries, which have the drawbacks of either lack of fidelity for the actual situation or requiring a huge amount of computational resources. In this work, we develop a new method that uses an expression-defined oblique laser field to simulate such situations in quasicylindrical geometry particle-in-cell simulations, having the advantages of both maintaining good fidelity and saving computational resources. As an example, we use this method in the scissor-cross ionization injection scheme for the optimization of the injected beam quality. This method is widely applicable to particle injections with assistant lasers in wakefield accelerators, as long as the assistant lasers only influence the injected particles during the injection process. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Ma, Minghao (ORCID:0009000602317775)↗

Interrogating Solar Flare Loop Models With IRIS Observations 1: Overview of the Models, and Mass Flows

Solar flares are transient yet dramatic events in the atmosphere of the Sun, during which a vast amount of magnetic energy is liberated. This energy is subsequently transported through the solar atmosphere or into the heliosphere, and together with coronal mass ejections flares comprise a fundamental component of space weather. Thus, understanding the physical processes at play in flares is vital. That understanding often requires the use of forward modelling in order to predict the hydrodynamic and radiative response of the solar atmosphere. Those predictions must then be critiqued by observations to show us where our models are missing ingredients. While flares are of course 3D phenomenon, simulating the flaring atmosphere including an accurate chromosphere with the required spatial scales in 3D is largely beyond current computational capabilities, and certainly performing parameter studies of energy transport mechanisms is not yet tractable in 3D. Therefore, field-aligned 1D loop models that can resolve the relevant scales have a crucial role to play in advancing our knowledge of flares. In recent years, driven in part by the spectacular observations from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), flare loop models have revealed many interesting features of flares. For this review I highlight some important results that illustrate the utility of attacking the problem of solar flares with a combination of high quality observations, and state-of-the-art flare loop models, demonstrating: 1) how models help to interpret flare observations from IRIS, 2) how those observations show us where we are missing physics from our models, and 3) how the ever increasing quality of solar observations drives model improvements. Here in Paper one of this two part review I provide an overview of modern flare loop models, and of electron-beam driven mass flows during solar flares.

solar flares↗

Wakefields in photonic accelerator structures

Control and manipulation of properties - such as vacuum modal confinement, spatial harmonic content, phase velocity, and group velocity - are reasons why an all-dielectric beam-driven accelerator would be expected to benefit by borrowing from the field of optical bandgap photonics. We outline the general conditions for coherent Cerenkov radiation in a photonic crystal, illustrated by three examples: two Bragg mirrors separated by a vacuum gap, a woodpile with a linear waveguide channel, and a stack of photonic slabs having a planar waveguide channel.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Modeling Investigation on a Deflecting-Accelerating Composite RF-cavity System for Phase Space Beam Control

Phase space manipulations between the longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom hold great promise toward the precise control of electron beams. Transverse-to-longitudinal phase space exchange has been shown to be capable of exchanging the transverse and horizontal emittance or controlling the charge distribution of an electron bunch for beam-driven advanced accelerator methods. The main limitation on the performance of this exchange mechanism stems from the external coupling nature of a realistic deflecting cavity, compared to a thin-lens model. As an extended idea from [A. Zholents, PAC11], this paper presents the design of a composite 3.9-GHz RF system consisting of a deflecting and accelerating-mode cavity. The system design analysis is discussed with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the device performance.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

SI IV Resonance Line Emission during Solar Flares: Non-LTE, Non-equilibrium, Radiation Transfer Simulations

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph routinely observes the Si IV resonance lines. When analyzing quiescent observations of these lines, it has typically been assumed that they form under optically thin conditions. This is likely valid for the quiescent Sun, but this assumption has also been applied to the more extreme flaring scenario. We used 36 electron-beam-driven radiation hydrodynamic solar flare simulations, computed using the RADYN code, to probe the validity of this assumption. Using these simulated atmospheres, we solved the radiation transfer equations to obtain the non-LTE, nonequilibrium populations, line profiles, and opacities for a model silicon atom, including charge exchange processes. This was achieved using the "minority species" version of RADYN. The inclusion of charge exchange resulted in a substantial fraction of Si IV at cooler temperatures than those predicted by ionization equilibrium. All simulations with an injected energy flux F> 5 x 10(exp 10) erg cm(exp -2) s(exp -1) resulted in optical depth effects on the Si IV emission, with differences in both intensity and line shape compared to the optically thin calculation. Weaker flares (down to F ~ 10(exp 9) erg cm(exp -2) s(exp -1)) also resulted in Si IV emission forming under optically thick conditions, depending on the other beam parameters. When opacity was significant, the atmospheres generally had column masses in excess of 5 x 10-6 g cm-2 over the temperature range 40-100 kK, and the Si IV formation temperatures were between 30 and 60 kK. We urge caution when analyzing Si IV flare observations, or when computing synthetic emission without performing a full radiation transfer calculation.

Kerr, Graham S.↗

Thermal Electron Contributions to Current-Driven Instabilities: SCIFER Observations in the 1400-km Cleft Ion Fountain and Their Implications to Thermal Ion Energization

SCIFER TECHS observations of the variations in the thermal electron distribution in the 1400-km altitude cleft are associated with periods of intense ion heating and field-aligned currents. Energization of the thermal ion plasma in the mid-altitude cleft occurs within density cavities accompanied by enhanced thermal electron temperatures, large field-aligned thermal electron plasma flows and broadband low-frequency electric fields. Variations in the thermal electron contribution to field-aligned current densities indicate small scale (approximately 100's m) filamentary structure embedded within the ion energization periods. TECHS observations of the field-aligned drift velocities and temperatures of the thermal electron distribution are presented to evaluate the critical velocity thresholds necessary for the generation of electrostatic ion cyclotron and ion acoustic instabilities. This analysis suggests that, during periods of thermal ion energization, sufficient drift exists in the thermal electron distribution to excite the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability. In addition, brief periods exist within the same interval where the drift of the thermal electron distribution is sufficient to marginally excite the ion acoustic instability. In addition, the presence an enhancement in Langmuir emission at the plasma frequency at the center of the ion energization region, accompanied by the emission's second-harmonic, and collocated with observations of high-frequency electric field solitary structures suggest the presence of electron beam driven decay of Langmuir waves to ion acoustic modes as an additional free energy source for ion energization.

Adrian, Mark L.↗

Head erosion with emittance growth in PWFA

Head erosion is one of the limiting factors in plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA). We present a study of head erosion with emittance growth in field-ionized plasma from the PWFA experiments performed at the FACET user facility at SLAC. At FACET, a 20.3 GeV bunch with 1.8 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 10} electrons is optimized in beam transverse size and combined with a high density lithium plasma for beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiments. A target foil is inserted upstream of the plasma source to increase the bunch emittance through multiple scattering. Its effect on beamplasma interaction is observed with an energy spectrometer after a vertical bend magnet. Results from the first experiments show that increasing the emittance has suppressed vapor field-ionization and plasma wakefields excitation. Plans for the future are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Parametric study of high-energy ring-shaped electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator

Abstract Laser wakefield accelerators commonly produce on-axis, low-divergence, high-energy electron beams. However, a high charge, annular shaped beam can be trapped outside the bubble and accelerated to high energies. Here we present a parametric study on the production of low-energy-spread, ultra-relativistic electron ring beams in a two-stage gas cell. Ring-shaped beams with energies higher than 750 MeV are observed simultaneously with on axis, continuously injected electrons. Often multiple ring shaped beams with different energies are produced and parametric studies to control the generation and properties of these structures were conducted. Particle tracking and particle-in-cell simulations are used to determine properties of these beams and investigate how they are formed and trapped outside the bubble by the wake produced by on-axis injected electrons. These unusual femtosecond duration, high-charge, high-energy, ring electron beams may find use in beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators and radiation sources.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Generation of meter-scale hydrogen plasmas and efficient, pump-depletion-limited wakefield excitation using 10 GeV electron bunches

High repetition rates and efficient energy transfer to the accelerating beam are important for a future linear collider based on the beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration scheme (PWFA-LC). This paper reports the first results from the Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Collaboration (E300) that are beginning to address both of these issues using the recently commissioned FACET-II facility at SLAC national accelerator laboratory. Here we have generated meter-scale hydrogen plasmas using time-structured 10 GeV electron bunches from FACET-II, which hold the promise of dramatically increasing the repetition rate of PWFA by rapidly replenishing the gas between each shot compared to the hitherto used lithium plasmas that operate at 1–10 Hz. Furthermore, we have excited wakes in such plasmas that are suitable for high gradient particle acceleration with high drive-bunch to wake energy transfer efficiency- a first step in achieving a high overall energy transfer efficiency. We have done this by using time-structured electron drive bunches that typically have one or more ultra-high current (> 30 kA) femtosecond spike(s) superimposed on a longer (~0.4 ps) lower current (< 10 kA) bunch structure. The first spike effectively field-ionizes the gas and produces a meter-scale (30–160 cm) plasma, whereas the subsequent beam charge creates a wake. The length and amplitude of the wake depends on the longitudinal current profile of the bunch and plasma density. We find that the onset of pump depletion, when some of the drive beam electrons are nearly fully depleted of their energy, occurs for hydrogen pressure ≥ 1.5Torr. We also show that some electrons in the rear of the bunch can gain several GeV energies from the wake. These results are reproduced by particle-in-cell simulations using the QPAD code. At a pressure of ~2Torr, simulation results and experimental data show that the beam transfers about 60% of its energy to the wake.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Fast ion confinement and stability in a neutral beam injected reversed field pinch

The behavior of energetic ions is fundamentally important in the study of fusion plasmas. While well-studied in tokamak, spherical torus, and stellarator plasmas, relatively little is known in reversed field pinch plasmas about the dynamics of fast ions and the effects they cause as a large population. These studies are now underway in the Madison Symmetric Torus with an intense 25 keV, 1 MW hydrogen neutral beam injector (NBI). Measurements of the time-resolved fast ion distribution via a high energy neutral particle analyzer, as well as beam-target neutron flux (when NBI fuel is doped with 3–5% D{sub 2}) both demonstrate that at low concentration the fast ion population is consistent with classical slowing of the fast ions, negligible cross-field transport, and charge exchange as the dominant ion loss mechanism. A significant population of fast ions develops; simulations predict a super-Alfvénic ion density of up to 25% of the electron density with both a significant velocity space gradient and a sharp radial density gradient. There are several effects on the background plasma including enhanced toroidal rotation, electron heating, and an altered current density profile. The abundant fast particles affect the plasma stability. Fast ions at the island of the core-most resonant tearing mode have a stabilizing effect, and up to 60% reduction in the magnetic fluctuation amplitude is observed during NBI. The sharp reduction in amplitude, however, has little effect on the underlying magnetic island structure. Simultaneously, beam driven instabilities are observed as repetitive ∼50 μs bursts which coincide with fast particle redistribution; data indicate a saturated core fast ion density well below purely classical predictions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Theoretical study of transverse-longitudinal emittance coupling

The effect of a weakly coupled periodic lattice in terms of achieving emittance exchange between the transverse and longitudinal directions is investigated using the generalized Courant-Snyder theory for coupled lattices. Recently, the concept and technique of transverse-longitudinal emittance coupling have been proposed for applications in the Linac Coherent Light Source and other free-electron lasers to reduce the transverse emittance of the electron beam. Such techniques can also be applied to the driver beams for the heavy ion fusion and beam-driven high energy density physics, where the transverse emittance budget is typically tighter than the longitudinal emittance. The proposed methods consist of one or several coupling components which completely swap the emittances of one of the transverse directions and the longitudinal direction at the exit of the coupling components. The complete emittance exchange is realized in one pass through the coupling components. In the present study, we investigate the effect of a weakly coupled periodic lattice in terms of achieving emittance exchange between the transverse and longitudinal directions. A weak coupling component is introduced at every focusing lattice, and we would like to determine if such a lattice can realize the function of emittance exchange.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Characterization of compact-toroid injection during formation, translation, and field penetration

We have developed a compact toroid (CT) injector system for particle refueling of the advanced beam-driven C-2U field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma. The CT injector is a magnetized coaxial plasma gun (MCPG), and the produced CT must cross the perpendicular magnetic field surrounding the FRC for the refueling of C-2U. To simulate this environment, an experimental test stand has been constructed. A transverse magnetic field of ∼1 kG is established, which is comparable to the C-2U axial magnetic field in the confinement section, and CTs are fired across it. On the test stand we have been characterizing and studying CT formation, ejection/translation from the MCPG, and penetration into transverse magnetic fields.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

A gas-dynamical approach to radiation pressure acceleration

The study of high intensity ion beams driven by high power pulsed lasers is an active field of research. Of particular interest is the radiation pressure acceleration, for which simulations predict narrow band ion energies up to GeV. We derive a laser-piston model by applying techniques for non-relativistic gas-dynamics. The model reveals a laser intensity limit, below which sufficient laser-piston acceleration is impossible. The relation between target thickness and piston velocity as a function of the laser pulse length yields an approximation for the permissible target thickness. We performed one-dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations to confirm the predictions of the analytical model. These simulations also reveal the importance of electromagnetic energy transport. We find that this energy transport limits the achievable compression and rarefies the plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Intrinsic rotation generation in ELM-free H-mode plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak--Experimental observations

A detailed description is presented of the experiment reported in [S. H. Mueller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 115001 (2011)], which reported the first measurements of fluid turbulent stresses in a tokamak H-mode pedestal. Mach probe measurements disclosed a narrow co-current rotation layer at the separatrix, which is also seen in some L-modes [J. A. Boedo et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 032510 (2011)]. Independent evidence for the existence of the edge co-rotation layer is presented from main-ion rotation measurements by charge-exchange-recombination spectroscopy in comparable helium plasmas. The probe measurements are validated against density and electron temperature profiles from Thomson scattering and in terms of the measured turbulent particle transport, which is consistent with the global density rise. Non-diffusive non-convective angular momentum transport is required by two independent experimental observations: (1) A persistent dip in the rotation profile separates the edge layer from the evolving core region during intrinsic rotation development. (2) The rotation profiles with co- and counter-current neutral beam injection appear well described as the simple sum of a constant intrinsic part and the beam-driven part, also demonstrating the profile-independence of the intrinsic torque. Characteristics of the turbulent fluctuations composing the fluid turbulent stresses are discussed: Up to 0.5 cm inside the separatrix, the low amplitude of the Reynolds stress (<0.05 Nm of torque) is due to both a reduction of the fluctuation amplitudes at the peak of the edge co-rotation layer and weak correlations between the toroidal and radial velocity fluctuations. Further into the core, the correlations increase significantly up to a value of +0.75, resulting in an almost unidirectional character of the turbulent Reynolds stress, generating substantial counter-current torques up to -2 Nm. Additional mechanisms must be present to balance these torques and explain the co-current core-plasma spin-up at a rate of +0.3 Nm.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Control of wakefield in sub-THz dielectric-lined waveguides using multiple-bunch excitation

Beam-driven wakefield accelerators offer the potential to achieve accelerating fields approaching the sub-GV/m range, paving the way for compact and cost-effective next-generation high-energy colliders. This method typically employs a two-bunch system: a drive bunch that excites an electromagnetic wakefield in a solid-state or plasma medium, and a witness bunch that extracts energy from the wake for acceleration. Our research focuses on two key challenges in wakefield acceleration using structures. First, we investigate strategies to suppress transverse instabilities by employing non-cylindrical geometries that damp dipole modes. Second, we explore methods to precisely terminate the wakefield after the interaction region, thereby improving the efficiency of energy transfer. This paper presents detailed simulation results and the corresponding experimental design developed to validate these concepts. Furthermore, the proposed experiment will be carried out at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility, focusing on controlling wakefield duration through tailored drive and witness bunch configurations and evaluating dielectric-lined structures with non-cylindrical cross sections.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

General features of experiments on the dynamics of laser-driven electron–positron beams

The experimental study of the dynamics of neutral electron–positron beams is an emerging area of research, enabled by the recent results on the generation of this exotic state of matter in the laboratory. Electron–positron beams and plasmas are believed to play a major role in the dynamics of extreme astrophysical objects such as supermassive black holes and pulsars. For instance, they are believed to be the main constituents of a large number of astrophysical jets, and they have been proposed to significantly contribute to the emission of gamma-ray bursts and their afterglow. However, despite extensive numerical modelling and indirect astrophysical observations, a detailed experimental characterisation of the dynamics of these objects is still at its infancy. Here in this paper, we will report on some of the general features of experiments studying the dynamics of electron–positron beams in a fully laser-driven setup.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Physics basis for the Wisconsin HTS Axisymmetric Mirror (WHAM)

The Wisconsin high-temperature superconductor axisymmetric mirror experiment (WHAM) will be a high-field platform for prototyping technologies, validating interchange stabilization techniques and benchmarking numerical code performance, enabling the next step up to reactor parameters. A detailed overview of the experimental apparatus and its various subsystems is presented. WHAM will use electron cyclotron heating to ionize and build a dense target plasma for neutral beam injection of fast ions, stabilized by edge-biased sheared flow. At 25 keV injection energies, charge exchange dominates over impact ionization and limits the effectiveness of neutral beam injection fuelling. This paper outlines an iterative technique for self-consistently predicting the neutral beam driven anisotropic ion distribution and its role in the finite beta equilibrium. Beginning with recent work by Egedal et al. ( Nucl. Fusion , vol. 62, no. 12, 2022, p. 126053) on the WHAM geometry, we detail how the FIDASIM code is used to model the charge exchange sources and sinks in the distribution function, and both are combined with an anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium solver method to self-consistently reach an equilibrium. We compare this with recent results using the CQL3D code adapted for the mirror geometry, which includes the high-harmonic fast wave heating of fast ions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗