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The solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) water electrolysis technology is presented as a potential energy conversion method for wind driven generator systems. Electrolysis life and performance data are presented from laboratory sized single cells (7.2 sq in active area) with high cell current density selected (1000 ASF) for normal operation.
An economical low noise plasma simulation model is applied to a series of problems associated with electrostatic wave propagation in a one-dimensional, collisionless, Maxwellian plasma, in the absence of magnetic field. The model is described and tested, first in the absence of an applied signal, and then with a small amplitude perturbation, to establish the low noise features and to verify the theoretical linear dispersion relation at wave energy levels as low as 0.000,001 of the plasma thermal energy. The method is then used to study propagation of an essentially monochromatic plane wave. Results on amplitude oscillation and nonlinear frequency shift are compared with available theories. The additional phenomena of sideband instability and satellite growth, stimulated by large amplitude wave propagation and the resulting particle trapping, are described.
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Problems concerning an application of thermionic energy conversion methods are related to the high heat source temperatures currently required for practical power densities and efficiencies. A description is given of advances made in the development of improved emitter and collector surfaces as a basis for the reduction of operating temperatures. The controlled addition of oxygen has resulted in a considerable improvement of emitter performance. Improvements in converter performance have been obtained by a reduction of the collector work function. Attention is given to fundamental studies, simulated converter environment tests, and variable spacing converter experiments.
The extravehicular activity life support equipment, suit temperature control, metabolic rate measurement methods, and energy production are discussed. The Apollo crewmen were able to perform planned extravehicular activities and to extend them to the maximum time allowable without medical problems. The metabolic rates experienced during the lunar surface extravehicular activities were lower than conservative premission estimates. A manually controlled liquid cooling garment was effectively used to minimize fatigue and water loss from sweating during lunar surface extravehicular activities. Gas cooling was adequate during the short zero-g extravehicular activities performed from the command module. The prediction of EVA workloads became more reliable as inflight data was accumulated. The prediction of the average metabolic cost of an EVA was more reliable than the cost of an individual short-term task.
Report presents performance, installation, operation, and maintenance information for flat-plate liquid solar energy collector. Methods for determining optimum collector sizing are described as well.
A concept yield spectrum is introduced and this two-dimensional function is calculated, using a modified discrete energy bin method for 50-eV to 10-keV incident electrons impacting on the gases Ar, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O, CO, CO2, and He. The yield spectrum is amenable to physical interpretation, accurate analytic representation, and convenient application to the determination of all types of yields needed in aeronomical problems.
The reported investigation is based on data which have been obtained with the aid of a gamma-ray spectrometer which had been installed on the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft to map the composition of the overflown lunar regolith to a maximum depth of about 1 m. Two additional techniques for the analysis of orbital gamma-ray data have been developed. These techniques have provided basic confirmation for the Th results reported previously and one of them, the energy band method, has yielded results for Th with a sensitivity greater than previous analyses, particularly at low concentrations. Significant variations of radioactivity exist in highland areas. The lowest concentrations of radioactivity mapped by Apollo are found near the western limb, contrasting with concentrations in the eastern limb which run roughly a factor of two higher. An inverse relation has been found between Th concentration and crustal thickness. It is suggested that Th, once uniformly distributed, has been extracted from a zone of constant depth over much of the moon, and concentrated in crustal blocks of varying thickness.
Existing models in planetary aeronomy involve a variety of possible gaseous mixtures subjected to charged particle bombardment. In the present paper, a phenomenological approach to electron degradation in such mixtures is proposed to facilitate analysis of such problems. Existing parameterized yield spectra for a variety of gases, computed by a discrete energy bin method, are used as a basis for constructing a parameterized composite yield spectrum for an arbitrary mixture. The approach proposed is an improvement over the continuous slow-down approximation in that discreteness is taken into account phenomenologically. The advantages are in the ease of application to aeronomical problems involving variable mixtures.
Technique rapidly determines far-field spatial energy distribution. Method takes about 3 minutes. It is optically simple and is economical, using standard laboratory parts and equipment. It records automatically without operator control and is easily adaptable to computer control of input instructions and computer treatment of output data. Degree of data resolution is limted only by width of recorder pen, and data are repeatable.
The economic viability and the institutional compatibility of a district heating system in the city of Bellingham, Washington are assessed and the technical and economic advantages of using thermal energy storage methods are determined.
An energy storage method for the 3.5 kW battery power system was investigated. The Pilot Cell Battery Protection System was tested for use in photovoltaic power systems and results show that this is a viable method of storage battery control. The method of limiting battery depth of discharge has the following advantages: (1) temperature sensitivity; (2) rate sensitivity; and (3) state of charge indication. The pilot cell concept is of interest in remote stand alone photovoltaic power systems. The battery can be protected from damaging overdischarge by using the proper ratio of pilot cell capacities to main battery capacity.
The problem of a finite crack in an infinite medium under antiplane shear load is considered. It is shown that the nodal forces at the tip of the crack accurately gives the order of singularity, that n energy release methods can give the strength to better than 1 percent with element size 1/10 the crack length, and that nodal forces give a much better estimate of the stress field than do the elements themselves. The finite element formulation and the factoring of tridiagonal matrices are discussed.
Solvent-extraction method reduces energy required to remove furfural produced during acid hydrolysis of biomass. Acid hydrolysis performed in vessel containing both solvents and reacting ingredients. With intimate contact between solvents and aqueous hydrolyis liqour, furfural removed form liquor almost as fast as it forms.
X-ray films were exposed inside the ionization calorimeter under 74g/sq cm of carbon and 5 cm of lead. The X-ray film chamber area is 35 sq. m. Moving X-ray films were used, 50% of the events, which succeeded to determine incidence time, were identified with corresponding extensive air showers (EAS). For such events the size spectrum of associated EAS was derived. Two methods of energy measurement using X-ray films and ionization calorimeter were compared. The energy transfer from selected hadron to electromagnetic component is illustrated. It is found that in cascades with high energy release into electromagnetic components the hadron component is practically absent.
It is pointed out that the detection of electrons with energies exceeding a few TeV, which lose energy rapidly through synchrotron and inverse Compton processes, would provide valuable information on the distribution of sources and on the propagation of cosmic rays in the solar neighborhood. However, it would not be possible to measure the energy spectrum beyond a few TeV with any of the existing experimental techniques. The present investigation is, therefore concerned with the possibility of detecting electrons with energies exceeding a few TeV on the basis of the photons emitted through synchrotron radiation in the earth's magnetic field. Attention is given to the synchrotron radiation of electrons in the earth's magnetic field, detector response and energy estimation, and the characteristics of an ideal detector, capable of detecting photons with energies equal to or greater than 20 keV.
The threshold photoionization method was used to study low-energy electron attachment phenomena in and cross sections of CCl4 and SF6 compounds, which have applications in the design of gaseous dielectrics and diffuse discharge opening switches. Measurements were made at electron energies from below threshold to 140 meV at resolutions of 6 and 8 meV. A narrow resolution-limited structure was observed in electron attachment to CCl4 and SF6 at electron energies below 10 meV, which is attributed to the divergence of the attachment cross section in the limit epsilon, l approaches zero. The results are compared with experimental collisional-ionization results, electron-swarm unfolded cross sections, and earlier threshold photoionization data.
The present conference on the applications of state-of-the-art cryogenic engineering technologies considers topics associated with the development status of the 'Superconducting SuperCollider', superconducting magnetic energy storage methods, large magnets for fusion and other physics researches, cryogenic hardware improvements, and phenomena and applications of superconducting magnet-employing acoustic emission test equipment. Also discussed are design criteria for superconducting magnet stability, heat exchangers and heat transfer to liquid He and N, heat and mass transfer characteristics of He II, refrigeration techniques for magnetic resonance imaging and other small systems, refrigeration for liquefaction and for superconducting fusion as well as for accelerator and generator systems, magnetic refrigeration, cryocooling and refrigeration for space applications, the storage and transfer of cryogenic fluids, the properties of cryogenic liquids, and air liquefaction equipment.