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The AMO Water and Wastewater RD&D Workshop Series took place over three days, December 7, 14, and 16, 2021, and gathered about 200 attendees across all sectors, from academia, industry, and utilities, to municipalities, tribes, national laboratories, and government.
This report presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis (TEA) for the production, collection, or procurement of several low-cost algae resources that may otherwise be considered "waste" biomass materials today, as well as the utilization of these materials through exemplary conversion processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals. In contrast to conventional TEA models attributed to large-scale algae "farming" approaches, which may be able to produce substantially more biomass and thus fuels/products at a national scale in the future, this assessment focuses on understanding opportunities and costs for such "waste" algal biomass resources as may be available at considerably lower cost today. Economics for base case assumptions and a range of sensitivity scenarios are presented, employing conversion technologies that are simple and well understood, and thus may be deployed at smaller community scale in the near term, as a means to support and expand a nascent algae industry on the way to employing a larger commercial algae farm approach for commodity-scale production. Specifically, three algal biomass resources are considered in this assessment, as may be sourced from (1) municipal wastewater treatment (WWT) utilizing algae in place of more conventional technologies for nitrogen/phosphorus removal, (2) collection and removal of harmful algal bloom (HAB) biomass as proliferates in certain inland water bodies, and (3) procurement of residual biomass following commercial lipid extraction (EXT) operations performed at smaller scale by industry today focused on higher-value nutraceutical applications. These three resources are evaluated through two conversion pathways: (1) combined algal biomass processing (CAP) through a simple/low-complexity configuration, and (2) anaerobic digestion (AD). The CAP pathway produces liquid fuels and chemical coproducts (polymer for off-site upgrading to bioplastics), whereas the AD pathway produces biogas (specifically renewable natural gas [RNG]) and crop fertilizer coproducts. To streamline the discussion, this report is broken into two sections: Part 1 focuses on WWT-derived biomass, and Part 2 on HAB and EXT biomass.
The Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) researchers were co-inventors of the technology that will be used on this project and have developed a more current version of the chip and controller. JBEI will also assist with the design of the pathways and implementation of pathways on the chip. LanzaTech has developed novel gas fermentation technology that captures and utilizes greenhouse gases for production of fuels and chemicals. In contrast to traditional fermentation that uses sugars as substrate (and releases CO2 as a byproduct), gas fermentation utilizes C1 substrates carbon monoxide (CO) or CO2. This enables a diverse range of feedstock options including waste gases from industrial sources (e.g., steel mills and processing plants) or syngas generated from any biomass resource (e.g., agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, or organic industrial waste). Biomass is then gasified, allowing for maximum yields and complete carbon utilization including the recalcitrant lignocellulosic fraction that cannot be utilized in traditional sugar fermentation.
Isle Inc., in collaboration with Engineering for Change (project team), performed a Sensitivity Analysis of market alternatives to evaluate commercialization barriers for the Waves to Water (W2W) competitors. This analysis included interviews with organizations and end-users in three market categories (1) Disaster Relief, (2) Commercial/Industrial, and (1) Municipal, Residential, and Government. For each category, the project team selected organizations that provided a well rounded experience and set of drivers for adopting W2W technologies. In addition to the project team's efforts, fellows from NREL/DOE completed interviews with government organizations to understand their potential to engage with W2W technologies, and these findings are summarized in a separate summary document.
Data from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL) conversion hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) program for wet waste was used to update the pathway techno-economic analysis (TEA) for the fiscal year 2022 State of Technology (2022 SOT). Figure S.1 shows the modeled minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for the 2022 SOT, along with the previous years’ SOTs (Snowden-Swan et al. 2020, 2021, 2022). These costs are for a HTL plant scale of 110 dry ton/day sludge feed and a larger centralized upgrading plant scale of 38 million gallons/year biocrude feed, commensurate with the design case. All costs were updated to 2020 dollars. Corresponding cost breakdowns and technical parameters for each case are given in Appendix B. In previous years’ analyses options with and without ammonia (NH 3 ) stripping treatment of the HTL aqueous phase recycle stream were included in the analysis to account for cases with direct recycle of untreated HTL aqueous phase back to the wastewater treatment plant. In the FY21 SOT assessment however, system boundaries for the analysis were adjusted to reflect separate ownership/operatorship for the HTL plant and with that, nutrient surcharge fees associated with disposal of the aqueous phase wastewater to a municipal sewer system were incorporated to provide an improved accounting of true disposal costs for a standalone plant. With these changes, there is no significant cost difference between the case including ammonia removal and the case excluding ammonia removal and therefore the “no NH3 removal” options will not be included in the 2022 and future SOTs.
This report analyzes and discusses best practices within DH systems throughout many countries in the European Union (EU) and beyond. Using case studies, the report outlines findings of how DH systems can impact CO 2 emission reductions and energy efficiency. These findings can be used by national policymakers and municipalities in Ukraine to illustrate the impacts from increasing connections to DH systems, and decarbonizing DH systems, on country’s emission reduction and energy efficiency goals.
This spring and summer, a series of uncrewed aerial system (UAS) flights will be made from the Blackwell Tonkawa Municipal Airport to the Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory. The SGP is operated by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility.
The Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) researchers were co-inventors of the technology that will be used on this project and have developed a more current version of the chip and controller. JBEI will also assist with the design of the pathways and implementation of pathways on the chip. LanzaTech has developed novel gas fermentation technology that captures and utilizes greenhouse gases for production of fuels and chemicals. In contrast to traditional fermentation that uses sugars as substrate (and releases CO2 as a byproduct), gas fermentation utilizes C1 substrates carbon monoxide (CO) or CO2. This enables a diverse range of feedstock options including waste gases from industrial sources (e.g., steel mills and processing plants) or syngas generated from any biomass resource (e.g., agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, or organic industrial waste). Biomass is then gasified, allowing for maximum yields and complete carbon utilization including the recalcitrant lignocellulosic fraction that cannot be utilized in traditional sugar fermentation. To maximize the value that can be added to the array of gas resources that the LanzaTech process can use as an input, LanzaTech has pioneered genetic modification of acetogens and developed a comprehensive set of genetic tools to perform routine strain modification, including genome editing tools as CRISPR/Cas9 and libraries of validated genetic parts as promoters and terminators. Using this platform, production of over 50 new molecules have been demonstrated directly from gas. For a few selected molecules production rates and yields have been optimized and surpass production of native producers and engineered E. coli or yeast strains, but a higher throughput approach for combinatorial optimization of pathways is required to further advance synthesis of additional products in parallel.
A workshop co-hosted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Seattle City Light was held at the Seattle Municipal Tower on November 8–10, 2022. Participants from research organizations, utilities, professional associations, consultants, and government organizations attended. The purpose of the workshop was to develop a vision for addressing climate extremes that include improving forecasting and characterization, infrastructure resilience modeling, and investment planning and decision support. The workshop also aimed to provide a platform for sharing approaches and information and identifying possible collaborations.
This document highlights areas of potential community resilience improvements, especially those that relate to clean energy deployment for communities and municipalities. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) defines resilience as "a system's ability to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions through sustainable, adaptable, and holistic planning and technical solutions." This document introduces 10 categories of resilience-enhancing projects at a high level, intended for community members and decision-makers new to the topic to build their understanding of which solutions fit their community best. These categories focus primarily on community-scale measures and different options may be available at larger scales. Full implementation of the measures described here requires in-depth, site-specific considerations that go beyond the scope of this document.
In many mountain watersheds of the world, seasonal snowpacks play an important role as natural reservoirs of water. Seasonal snowpacks accumulate water during cold, wet winter months that subsequently melts. Downstream communities depend on water from melting seasonal snowpacks to support agricultural, industrial, and municipal water needs. Rapidly melting snowpacks can also present a flooding hazard, particularly if snowpacks melt at rates faster than anticipated and where adequate reservoir capacity is unavailable to buffer river flows associated with melt. The spatial and temporal dynamics of snow accumulation and melt also play an important role in supporting upland ecosystems in mountain landscapes. Snowmelt provides soil moisture that enable terrestrial ecosystem productivity and exert control on soil microorganisms that play important roles in global carbon cycles. Climate warming is gradually decreasing the amount of precipitation in mountain watersheds arriving as snow, presenting potentially profound disruptions to mountain ecosystems, as well as downstream delivery of water. The overarching goal of this project was to understand how interactions between the near-surface atmosphere and surface topography control the input, accumulation, retention, and release of water from mountain snowpacks. Over a 5-year period, this project pursued an approach combining high-resolution regional climate modeling, satellite and airborne remote sensing data, and ground-based observations to develop and analyze benchmark datasets to address overarching science questions and hypotheses. Key products include a continuous, long-term, high spatiotemporal resolution (1 km/1 hr) dataset characterizing key climate variables in the Upper Colorado River Basin. The dataset included historical estimates of precipitation, temperature, humidity, solar and longwave radiation, and wind speeds. Additionally, the project developed a 20+ year long, 30 m spatial, daily temporal multi-sensor dataset characterizing snow presence/absence in the East/Taylor River watersheds in the Central Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The project supported training of 1 postdoctoral scholar, 1 Ph.D. student, and 1 M.S. student.
The purpose of this campaign was to deploy an instrument payload collocated with a suite of in situ and remote-sensing aerosol instruments at the urban site at the La Porte, Texas Municipal Airport during the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Tracking Aerosol Convection Interactions Experiment (TRACER) in Houston, Texas. The payload was designed to characterize the physicochemical properties, mixing state, and size-resolved vertical fluxes of aerosols. Deployed aerosol instruments associated with the flux measurements included three condensation particle counters (CPCs) with different lower cutoff diameters ( D > 2.5 nm, D > 10 nm, and D > 40 nm), a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) measuring refractory black carbon, and a portable optical particle spectrometer (POPS) measuring the optical size distribution (~180 nm < D < ~5000 nm). A 10-m flux tower hosted a sonic anemometer (SONIC) for vertical velocity measurements. In addition, a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was deployed to measure the growth factors and hygroscopicity parameter of 15-50 nm-sized particles in order to constrain the composition of compounds responsible for modal aerosol growth during new particle formation/growth events. Finally, a radial differential mobility analyzer (RDMA) was deployed to extend the size distribution measurement to 5 nm.
Para-xylene is an intermediate compound to several valuable commodity chemicals including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and currently produced from fossil feedstock through a complex sequence of steps utilizing energy intensive process. Recent work from PNNL has demonstrated the conversion of ethanol produced from waste feedstocks such as municipal solid waste to para-xylene via simple three step process.
Microalgae can contribute to the decarbonization of wastewater treatment by municipalities, industries and agriculture, by substituting sunlight for energy intensive conventional treatment processes, while capturing nutrients and carbon in the algal biomass. The carbon fixed into the algal biomass can be converted to renewable natural gas (RNG) using anaerobic digestion or into renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), with greatly reduce the carbon footprints compared to conventional fuels. Bioplastics, biofertilizers and other bioproducts from microalgae biomass also provide potential benefits in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and domestic supply chains. Microalgae technologies can counter eutrophication caused by harmful algal blooms by recovering nutrients, N and P, from wastewaters, and even from very low nutrient concentrations found in surface waters. CO2 is required in microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment to support maximal rates of the photosynthesis, with the CO2 obtained from the wastes themselves, other local sources or even atmospheric CO2. Greenhouse gas mitigation with microalgae processes is based on life cycle assessments, comparing such green processes with current energy intensive wastewater treatment, and nutrient reduction technologies. Microalgae technologies are specifically relevant to smaller, often disadvantaged, communities, where currently about 5,000 algae wastewater treatment ponds are operated by public utilities with many more are operated by industries. However, many, if not most, of these pond facilities require urgent technology upgrades to achieve the potential and goals of low cost GHG mitigation and efficient nutrient recycling. MicroBio Engineering Inc. is developing and has demonstrated several technologies that combine innovative carbon mitigation and decarbonization technologies for a circular economy, with longer-term potential for large-scale biofuels and biofertilizer production.
Microalgae can contribute to the decarbonization of wastewater treatment by municipalities, industries and agriculture, by substituting sunlight for energy intensive conventional treatment processes, while capturing nutrients and carbon in the algal biomass. The carbon fixed into the algal biomass can be converted to renewable natural gas (RNG) using anaerobic digestion or into renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), with greatly reduce the carbon footprints compared to conventional fuels. Bioplastics, biofertilizers and other bioproducts from microalgae biomass also provide potential benefits in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and domestic supply chains. Microalgae technologies can counter eutrophication caused by harmful algal blooms by recovering nutrients, N and P, from wastewaters, and even from very low nutrient concentrations found in surface waters. CO2 is required in microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment to support maximal rates of the photosynthesis, with the CO2 obtained from the wastes themselves, other local sources or even atmospheric CO2. Greenhouse gas mitigation with microalgae processes is based on life cycle assessments, comparing such green processes with current energy intensive wastewater treatment, and nutrient reduction technologies. Microalgae technologies are specifically relevant to smaller, often disadvantaged, communities, where currently about 5,000 algae wastewater treatment ponds are operated by public utilities with many more are operated by industries. However, many, if not most, of these pond facilities require urgent technology upgrades to achieve the potential and goals of low cost GHG mitigation and efficient nutrient recycling. MicroBio Engineering Inc. is developing and has demonstrated several technologies that combine innovative carbon mitigation and decarbonization technologies for a circular economy, with longer-term potential for large-scale biofuels and biofertilizer production.
Microalgae can contribute to the decarbonization of wastewater treatment by municipalities, industries and agriculture, by substituting sunlight for energy intensive conventional treatment processes, while capturing nutrients and carbon in the algal biomass. The carbon fixed into the algal biomass can be converted to renewable natural gas (RNG) using anaerobic digestion or into renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), with greatly reduce the carbon footprints compared to conventional fuels. Bioplastics, biofertilizers and other bioproducts from microalgae biomass also provide potential benefits in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and domestic supply chains. Microalgae technologies can counter eutrophication caused by harmful algal blooms by recovering nutrients, N and P, from wastewaters, and even from very low nutrient concentrations found in surface waters. CO2 is required in microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment to support maximal rates of the photosynthesis, with the CO2 obtained from the wastes themselves, other local sources or even atmospheric CO2. Greenhouse gas mitigation with microalgae processes is based on life cycle assessments, comparing such green processes with current energy intensive wastewater treatment, and nutrient reduction technologies. Microalgae technologies are specifically relevant to smaller, often disadvantaged, communities, where currently about 5,000 algae wastewater treatment ponds are operated by public utilities with many more are operated by industries. However, many, if not most, of these pond facilities require urgent technology upgrades to achieve the potential and goals of low cost GHG mitigation and efficient nutrient recycling. MicroBio Engineering Inc. is developing and has demonstrated several technologies that combine innovative carbon mitigation and decarbonization technologies for a circular economy, with longer-term potential for large-scale biofuels and biofertilizer production.
Large-scale solar (LSS, defined here as ground-mounted photovoltaic projects ≥1 MWDC) has grown rapidly in the U.S., accounting for nearly half of new electric generating capacity added to the U.S. grid in 2022. All sources of electricity bring positive and negative impacts to hosting communities and the rapid growth of LSS has increased the urgency to understand those impacts. Yet, information about the potential positive and negative impacts of LSS on host communities, and the factors or drivers leading to support or opposition to a project, is lacking. This information gap limits how project developers, municipalities, and local siting authorities can address community concerns and appropriately align proposed projects to best suit and benefit local communities. As part of Berkeley Lab’s Community-Centered Solar Development (CCSD) project, this research set out to explore deep insights and perceptions from LSS stakeholders that only qualitative data can provide to identify key factors driving project success or threatened failure. Case studies, such as those utilized in this research, are uniquely adept at capturing the subjective experience of individuals and at identifying variables, structures, and interactions between stakeholders. Our case studies included 54 semi-structured interviews across 7 different LSS sites, representing a diversity of geographies, project sizes (MW), site types (i.e., greenfield, agrivoltaic, and brownfield / contaminated sites), zoning jurisdiction types, and more (Table 1). In addition to local residents living in close proximity to these LSS sites, we interviewed other key stakeholders involved in the projects such as developers, decision-makers, utility representatives, landowners, and individuals from community-based organizations. The overarching aim of this case study research was two-fold: (1) to inform subsequent tasks in the CCSD research project (including an upcoming national survey of LSS neighbors), and (2) to provide insights into the following set of research questions: -What are the key positive and negative drivers leading to support and opposition to LSS projects? -To what extent do LSS projects exacerbate or mitigate perceived inequities and marginalization within hosting communities and how can those inequities be mitigated going forward? -What strategies can communities employ to align LSS development with local land-use plans and community needs and values? The research findings and next steps are described in this slide deck report.
This document is a technical report based on a large-scale DOE-funded project conducted between 2019 and 2022. The project, called SOLAr Critical infrastructure Energization (SOLACE), is aimed at leveraging distributed energy resources (DERs) to provide local power to communities, feeders, or other regions. The project included a particular focus on high-value critical loads such as municipal water supply, telecommunication hubs, and disaster shelters. The key developments of the project were: (1) A comprehensive pre-event power system analysis methodology that identifies and characterizes the viable local power options. (2) A DMS-based example control system for activating and operating the local power solution during a time of crisis. (3) Grid-forming inverter technology to enable isolated local power operation and black-starting. (4) Cyber-security considerations for isolated systems when wider-area communication may be offline. This report describes the overall process that identifies and assesses the viable DER-based local power solutions for a given facility, region, or community. The report documents the process, including the key analysis steps, tools required, data requirements, and recommended pass/fail criteria for each step. It also provides a sample implementation of this process through a test case. Finally, it provides details of how a viable pre-event plan can be selected and activated at go-time when an event has occurred.