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Diagnosing nuclear power plant pipe wall thinning due to flow accelerated corrosion using a passive, thermal non-destructive evaluation method: Feasibility assessment via numerical experiments

Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in nuclear power plant pipes is one of the leading causes of accidents, fatalities, damage and outages. Current FAC identification methods employ expensive sensing technology and are “active” methods, where the response of the piping system to an externally-generated thermal, mechanical or optical excitation must be measured. As a result, these techniques require a disruptive and time-consuming setup. Here we propose a method that utilizes pipe surface temperature measurements to passively monitor for FAC-induced pipe wall thinning without the need for expensive equipment or post-installation setup time. This diagnostic method utilizes a simulation data-driven diagnostic model to estimate the amount of thickness reduction in a pipe based on changes in measured steady-state pipe temperatures. In order to reduce the computational burden of generating large, simulation-based datasets, the behavior of the insulation of the pipe was modeled using a suitably calibrated heat transfer boundary parameter. Additionally, global sensitivity analysis was performed to determine system parameter(s), such as the temperature of water flowing inside the pipe, which significantly affect the steady state pipe wall temperature and could cause errors in diagnosis. Two diagnostic models, one using only the change in steady-state temperature as an indicator for FAC-induced pipe wall thinning and the other using water temperature as an additional diagnostic model input were evaluated for their ability to estimate thickness reductions in a pipe using simulated pipe wall temperature data. For the numerical experiments conducted in this work, both models estimated wall thickness with errors within 0.5 mm, indicating that the proposed technique can potentially be used as a low-cost, first-pass method for FAC monitoring.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Nuclear Safety [Vol. 29, No. 1, January-March 1988]

Nuclear Safety is a review journal that covers significant developments in the field of nuclear safety. Its scope includes the analysis and control of hazards associated with nuclear energy, operations involving fissionable materials, and the products of nuclear fission and their effects on the environment. Primary emphasis is on safety in reactor design, construction, and operation; however, the safety aspects of the entire fuel cycle, including fuel fabrication, spent-fuel processing, nuclear waste disposal, handling of radioisotopes, and environmental effects of these operations, are also treated. Table of Contents for this issue follows. THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT: 1 Core History and Nuclide Inventory of the Chernobyl Core at the Time of Accident by Gerald Kirchner and Cornelius C. Noack; GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: 6 Nonprescriptive Nuclear Safety Regulation: The Example of Loss of Offsite Power by M. W. Golay, V. P. Manno, and C. Vlahoplus, Jr., 20 Nuclear Power Safety Goals in Light of the Chernobyl Accident by C. Whipple and C. Starr; ACCIDENT ANALYSIS: 29 Containment Loads from Severe Accidents—U.S. Program by W. Kerr and M. K. Dey; PLANT SAFETY FEATURES: 36 Safety Characteristics of Modern High-Temperature Reactors: Focus on German Designs by W. Kröger, H. Nickel, and R. Schulten; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: 49 Radiation Hormesis and Nuclear Safety by C. C. Congdon; OPERATING EXPERIENCES: 58 Evaluation of Nonradiological Water Chemistry at Power Reactors by Harvey Zibulsky, James J. Kottan, Walter J. Pasciak, Mary Ann Castrogivanni, and Sujit Banerjee, 64 Reactor Shutdown Experience Compiled by J. W. Cletcher, 67 Operating U.S. Power Reactors Compiled by E. G. Silver; RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: 85 General Administrative Activities Compiled by E. G. Silver, 94 Reports, Standards, and Safety Guides by D. S. Queener, 100 Status of Power-Reactor Projects Undergoing Licensing Review Compiled by E. G. Silver, 103 Proposed Rule Changes as of Sept. 30, 1987; ANNOUNCEMENTS: 5 Northwestern University Short Course on Radiation Safety, 28 International Approach to Nuclear Safety (After Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl), 57 RPI Short Course on Modern Developments in Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow, 107 20th DOE/NRC Nuclear Air Cleaning Conference, 110 Third International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Power Plant Thermal Hydraulics and Operations, 108 The Authors, 111 Indexes to Nuclear Safety, Volume 28.

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Criticality Accidents in Experiments and Reactors [Slides]

The objectives of this presentation are to: (1) gain awareness of the historical timelines and trends associated with the occurrences of critical experiment accidents associated, (2) identify lessons learned from accidents with critical experiments and the development of standards for handling nuclear material and performance of critical experiments; and (3) to ensure trainees gain a working knowledge of the factors that lead to the accidents.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Parametric and Nonparametric Models of U.S. Cost Overruns for Nuclear Power Plants

This study presents new data-driven models to estimate the effect of capacity on the percentage of cost overruns in the United States for nuclear power plant construction projects before and after the Three Mile Island accident. Parametric and nonparametric models have been developed that describe the significant shifts in nuclear energy costs during the dynamic environment. Employing a contemporary descriptive methodology and a quantitative analysis, we furnish a comprehensive overview of the alterations in cost overrun distribution and show the changes observed in other pivotal metrics alongside cost overruns. Our emphasis lies in documenting the fluctuations in cost overruns alongside nuclear reactor capacity levels and the increase of the overnight capital costs to build nuclear reactors. Our results show that increasing the size of nuclear reactors is not a factor statistically significant to decrease the percentage of cost overruns, and the probit model results provide evidence that an increase in size increases the probability of having cost overruns larger than 100% (double the estimated cost). We also compare our findings to two other regions: Asia and Europe.

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A Rapid Sintering Method for Cerium Nitride Pellet: A Uranium Mononitride Surrogate

Uranium mononitride (UN) is a candidate fuel material for light water reactors with higher uranium (U) loading and thermal conductivity than uranium dioxide (UO 2 ). However, the sintering of UN pellets is challenging as the UN powder particles oxidize rapidly at high temperatures unless the oxygen concentration is extremely low. Oxidation during sintering either reduces the relative density of the sintered UN pellet or disintegrates the sintered UN pellet to powder. To address this problem, the present work developed a rapid sintering method for producing highly densified UN surrogate pellets with minimal oxidation. Cerium nitride (CeN) is used as a surrogate for UN to reduce radiation hazards. With the custom-developed fast-heating system, the sintering process was completed within 150 s. The sintering atmosphere was flowing nitrogen (N 2 ). The sintered CeN pellet density was 95% of the theoretical density (TD) or higher. The microstructure was uniform with a 10–25 µm grain size as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contained trivial levels of oxides as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The resultant pellets indicate that the rapid sintering method is a promising method to make UN fuel pellets with equivalent or higher density to pellets made by conventional sintering methods, while also being more efficient in time and costs.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

A Data Processing Workflow for Fixed-wing Drone Based Radiation Mapping in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) - 20119

April 2020 marks the 34. anniversary of the high-profile radiological release from the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP). The release of radioactive material from reactor number four began on the 26 April 1986 and continued over a period of about 10 days, releasing approximately 1700 PBq of radioactive material (including 85 PBq of 137-Cs) into the environment. To this day, the accident remains the most significant release of radioactive material since civil nuclear power generation began. In the years since the accident, automated and remote radiation monitoring technologies have advanced significantly in their capabilities. One such example of this is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in radiation mapping investigations. In April 2019, a team of scientists from the University of Bristol showcased a novel radiation mapping system within the CEZ, specifically aiming to map radiation over a large portion of the area immediately surrounding the ChNPP. Over six days of data collection, the system flew a total distance of 583.8 km, covering an area of 14.6 sq.km with an exceptional spatial resolution (sub 20 m/pixel). The work presented herein outlines and explains the data processing procedure to convert the raw data into 137-Cs activity (kBq/sq.m) and cesium-equivalent dose-rate (CED) at 1 m above ground level (μSv/hr). A demonstration of the validity of the method is demonstrated through the successful reduction of the raw data into a single linear relationship between the measured {sup 137}Cs net peak intensity and the {sup 137}Cs activity. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Thermal protection barrier

A thermal protection barrier including a base layer having a high melting temperature granular media having free standing granules disposed within the base layer and a distributor grid layer having a plurality of spaced-apart distributors composed of a high melting temperature material disposed adjacent to the base layer. The spaced-apart distributors are dimensioned and configured to provide load bearing support to the thermal protection barrier prior to a breach of the thermal protection barrier and to divide and disperse a superheated flowing mass to the free standing granules of the base layer upon occurrence of a breach. In certain embodiments, the thermal protection barrier is positioned adjacent to a nuclear system such that, upon occurrence of a loss of containment accident, the distributor grid layer is positioned and configured to divide and disperse a superheated flowing nuclear mass to the free standing granules.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

BISON Capabilities for LWR Fuel Behavior Analysis During Accident and High-burnup Conditions

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program aims to develop predictive capabilities using computational methods for the analysis and design of advanced reactor and fuel cycle systems. This program has been supporting the development of BISON which is a high-fidelity and high-resolution fuel performance tool at the engineering scale. Increasing recent interest in applications at extended burnups motivated this study to incorporate more physically based models in BISON. This document details integration of newly implemented modeling capabilities into BISON, which includes (1) new thermal conductivity models that are valid up to 100 GWd/t, (2) models for the formation of the high-burnup structure (HBS), (3) two porosity correction methods beingapplied on the thermal conductivity due to the conducting pores during the HBS formation. BISON's results are verified and validated to test the new modeling capabilities

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Advanced Simulation and Computing: ASC FY24 Implementation Plan

The DOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) is an integrated technical program for maintaining the safety, security, and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. The SSP incorporates nuclear test data, computational modeling and simulation, and experimental facilities to advance understanding of nuclear weapons. The suite of data analyzed comes from activities including previous nuclear tests, stockpile surveillance, experimental research, and development and engineering programs. This integrated national program requires the continued use of experimental facilities and the computational capabilities to support the SSP missions. These component parts, in addition to an appropriately scaled production capability, enable NNSA to support stockpile requirements. The ultimate goal of the SSP, and thus of the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) program, is to ensure that the U.S. maintains a safe, secure, and effective strategic deterrent. The ASC program is a cornerstone of the SSP, providing simulation capabilities and computational resources to support the annual stockpile assessment and certification process, study advanced nuclear weapons design and manufacturing processes, analyze accident scenarios and weapons aging, and provide the tools to enable stockpile Life Extension Programs (LEPs) and the resolution of Significant Finding Investigations (SFIs). This work requires a balance of resources, including technical staff, hardware, simulation software, and computer science solutions. The ASC program focuses on increasing the predictive capabilities in a three-dimensional (3D) simulation environment while maintaining support to the SSP. The Program continues to improve its unique tools for understanding and solving progressively more difficult stockpile problems (sufficient resolution, dimensionality, and scientific details), and quantifying critical margins and uncertainties. Resolving each issue requires increasingly difficult analyses because the aging process has progressively moved the stockpile further from the original test base. While the focus remains on the U.S. nuclear weapons program, where possible, the Program also enables the use of high-performance computing (HPC) and simulation tools to address broader national security needs, such as foreign nuclear weapon assessments and nuclear counterterrorism. The 2022 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) calls for NNSA to “deliver a modern, adaptive nuclear security enterprise based on an integrated strategy for risk management, production-based resilience, science and technology innovation, and workforce initiatives.” Furthermore, “NNSA will establish a Science and Technology Innovation Initiative to accelerate the integration of science and technology (S&T) throughout its activities.” Executing this strategy necessitates the continued emphasis on developing and sustaining high-quality scientific and engineering staff, as well as supporting computational and experimental capabilities. These components constitute the foundation of the nuclear weapons program. The continued success of the SSP and LEPs is predicated upon the ability to credibly certify the stockpile, without a return to underground nuclear tests (UGTs). Shortly after the nuclear test moratorium entered into force in 1992, the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) was established to provide an extensive simulation capability to underpin stockpile certification. While computing and simulation have always been essential to the success of the nuclear weapons program, the program goal of ASCI was to execute NNSA’s vision of using these tools in support of the stockpile stewardship mission. The ASCI program was essential to the successful demonstration of the SSP, providing critical nuclear weapons simulation and modeling capabilities. ASCI officially evolved into the ASC program in fiscal year (FY) 2005, but the mission remains essentially the same: provide the simulation and computational capabilities that underpin the ability to maintain a safe, secure, effective nuclear weapon stockpile, without returning to underground nuclear testing. The capabilities that the ASC program provides at the national laboratories play a vital role in the nuclear security enterprise and are necessary for fulfilling the stockpile stewardship and life extension requirements outlined for NNSA. The Program develops modern simulation tools that provide insights into stockpile aging issues, provide the computational and simulation tools that enable designers and analysts to certify the current stockpile and life-extended nuclear weapons, and inform the decision-making process when any modifications in nuclear warheads or the associated manufacturing processes are deemed necessary. Furthermore, ASC is enhancing the predictive simulation capabilities that are essential to evaluate weapons effects, design experiments, and ensure test readiness. The ASC program continues to improve its unique tools to solve stockpile problems— with a focus on sufficient resolution, dimensionality, and scientific detail—to enable Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties (QMU) and to resolve the increasingly difficult analyses needed for stockpile stewardship. The needs of the Stockpile Management and Production Modernization programs (formerly Directed Stockpile Work) also drive the requirements for simulation and computational resources. These requirements include planned LEPs, stockpile support activities, and mitigation efforts against the potential for technical surprise. All of the weapons within the current stockpile are in some stage of the life extension process. The simulation and computational capabilities are crucial for successful execution of these life extensions and for ensuring NNSA can certify these life-extended weapons without conducting a UGT.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Scaling for Nuclear Reactor System: Overview

A scaling analysis is essential for predicting the behavior of a reactor system under various operating conditions, as well as for ensuring safe and reliable experimentation and adequate dataset generation for supporting the system code model development and assessment in accordance with USNRC guidelines 1.203. Testing and modeling can be carried out at various scales, from small test units to full-scale reactors, to validate the predictions produced by the analysis. However, due to the cost and challenges associated with full-scale testing, the nuclear industry uses scaled test facilities—integral effect test (IET) and separate effect test (SET)—to identify potential design issues and optimize the design to ensure regulatory compliance for safer operation and anticipated accident management. In general, IET facilities are non-nuclear thermal hydraulics test facilities. In contrast, SET facilities can be non-nuclear testing (e.g., steam generator, containment, pump system SETs) and nuclear testing (mostly fuel-material irradiation testing). IETs are used to study the system-level thermal-hydraulic behavior of the reactor coolant system (RCS) under different anticipated operational occurrences (AOOs) and design basis accidents (DBAs) such as loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA) and loss-of-power (i.e., station blackout) and loss-of-flow (i.e., failure of RCS pump). Several LOCA scenarios could happen in reactor DBAs, such as main steam line break (MSLB), SG tube rapture (SGTR), break in direct vessel injection (DVI), and other small breaks LOCA. Scaling analysis determines the appropriate size and operating conditions for the test facility. This involves analyzing the system's thermal-hydraulic behavior at different scales and identifying the key parameters that affect the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the reactor. These key parameters can be identified so that the scaled facility can replicate the expected conditions in a prototypical setting. The scaled facility can simulate the same flow rates, pressure gradients, heat transfer coefficients, and fluid properties as the prototype. Scaling analysis is used to ensure that the results from these tests can be scaled up to predict the behavior of a full-scale prototype with an acceptable range of scaling distortions.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Pre-trained network-based transfer learning: A small-sample machine learning approach to nuclear power plant classification problem

Some research topics belonging to classification problems in the nuclear industry, such as fault diagnosis and accident identification, can be solved by feature extraction and subsequent application of statistical machine learning classifiers. Recently, deep neural network-based methods with automatic feature extraction and high accuracy have gained wide attention. They usually require large-scale training data, however, plant fault or accident data are scarce or difficult to obtain. Here this paper proposes a convolutional network (CNN)-based transfer learning method to solve this problem. The network's shallow layer is derived from a pre-trained CNN based on the ImageNet database to automatically extract features, and the deep layer is customized to match the classification problem. Data in non-image formats are converted to image formats and subsequently used to train the network. Case studies of rotating machines fault diagnosis show that the proposed method requires only limited training data to achieve high accuracy.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Safety Analysis of FeCrAl Accident-Tolerant Fuels with Increased Enrichment and Extended Burnup

The U.S. nuclear industry is facing a strong challenge to maintain regulatory-required levels of safety while ensuring economic competitiveness to stay in business. Safety remains a key parameter for all aspects related to the operation of light water reactor nuclear power plants (NPPs), and it can be achieved more economically by using a risk-informed ecosystem, such as that being developed by the Risk-Informed Systems Analysis Pathway under the U.S. Department of Energy Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program. This program is promoting a wide range of research and development activities to maximize both the safety and economically efficient performance of NPPs through improved scientific understanding, especially given that many plants are considering a second license renewal. The Risk-Informed Systems Analysis Pathway has two main goals: (1) The deployment of methodologies and technologies that enable a better representation of the safety margins and factors that contribute to cost and safety, and (2) The development of advanced applications that enable cost-effective plant operation. As part of this pathway, the Enhanced Resilient Plant project refers to an NPP where safety is improved by implementing various measures, such as accident-tolerant fuels, diverse and flexible coping strategies, enhancements to plant components and systems, incorporation of augmented or new passive cooling systems, and utilization of advanced battery technologies. The objective of the Enhanced Resilient Plant project is to use novel methods and computational tools to enhance existing reactors’ safety while reducing operational costs. This report documents research and development conducted in support of deployment of accident-tolerant fuels. This project performed safety analyses for the steady-state normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences, and design-basis accidents of a representative four-loop pressurized water reactor model with Zr and FeCrAl accident-tolerant fuel clad with higher enrichment and burnup supporting plant refueling cycles of 18 and 24 months. The source terms and environmental impacts were studied for a large-break loss of coolant accident, including uncertainty analyses.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

The quest for safer nuclear fuels

Here, to increase the safety and performance of nuclear reactors, researchers are working on developing ‘accident tolerant’ fuels. Ideally, these fuel pellets will be less susceptible to swelling and be more resistant to extreme heat. This led chemists to develop uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) doped with divalent elements, E 2+ . These dopants can introduce vacancies into the lattice that lead to larger grain sizes, which create longer pathways for fission gasses to migrate out of the grains. In undoped fuel, fission gas build-up at grain boundaries causes the fuel pellet to swell. Therefore, having larger grains that slow fission gas migration into grain boundaries is highly desired. Divalent Cr 2+ ions are a commonly explored dopant for UO 2 fuels. These materials have larger grain sizes while maintaining the dissolution kinetics of undoped UO 2 , making their long-term storage and disposal paths similarly safe. Atomistic models have suggested that Mn 2+ is a conceivable alternative doping material, with the potential to increase the sizes of grains even more than Cr 2+ dopants. As such, experimental studies are required to understand the physical chemistry and reactivity of these potential fuels.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

US Fallout Shelter

Being indoors (sheltering) reduces radiation exposures resulting from nuclear fallout or a power-plant accident. However, most US building types, particularly non-residential buildings, lack quantitative estimates. We provide here a high-level modeling analysis of modern US building protection based on a novel radiation protection building attribute taxonomy, a new building protection model, compilation of prior experimental results, and nationally representative building survey data. This approach provides a consistent, quantitative understanding of US building protection and, when combined with the distribution of people among different buildings, can assist in selecting emergency response strategies. We find that indoor radiation protection varies by orders of magnitude. Most people in non-residential buildings are adequately protected, particularly below ground or in the building center. Residential buildings are less protective and those with lighter weight walls lack adequate, above ground protection. This work also highlights key areas where further investigation will improve the current results. These include the improving the understanding of residential basement protection, additional experimental data on non-residential buildings (particularly schools and industrial buildings), and the frequency of brick veneer and stucco exterior residential buildings.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

Determining Reactor Operating Conditions to Prevent Xenon Walkaway Accident

The xenon walk-away is a postulated uncontrolled criticality that could occur if operators are forced to evacuate the control room in certain circumstances. This poster shows how previously held assumptions are not entirely valid and that less restrictions should be placed on operators and engineers than initially assumed.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Nuclear Safety [Vol. 33, No. 4, October-December 1992]

Nuclear Safety is a review journal that covers significant developments in the field of nuclear safety. Its scope includes the analysis and control of hazards associated with nuclear energy, operations involving fissionable materials, and the products of nuclear fission and their effects on the environment. Primary emphasis is on safety in reactor design, construction, and operation; however, the safety aspects of the entire fuel cycle, including fuel fabrication, spent-fuel processing, nuclear waste disposal, handling of radioisotopes, and environmental effects of these operations, are also treated. Table of Contents for this issue follows. GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: 499 Technical Note: Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Examination Question Bank System, C. L Jensen and N. L. Skinner; 506 Report on the Specialists’ Meeting on Passive and Active Safety Features of Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactors Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency at Oarai Engineering Centre of Power Reactor and Nuclear Development Corporation, Japan, November 5-7,1991, S. R. Paranjpe; ACCIDENT ANALYSIS: 514 A Review of Hydrogen Production During Melt/Water Interaction in LWRs, D. F. Fletcher, B. D. Turland, and S. P. A. Lawrence; 535 A Review of the U 3 0 8 -Al Reaction as a Potential Heat Source in Research and Test Reactor Accidents, J. L. Snelgrove; CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION: 543 Multilevel Interfaces for Power Plant Control Rooms II: A Preliminary Design Space, K. J. Vicente; DESIGN FEATURES: 549 Twenty-Second DOE/NRC Nuclear Air Cleaning and Treatment Conference, R. R. Bellamy, D. W. Moeller, and M. W. First; 562 Book Review: Safety Assessment of Unit 5 (WWER-440/W-213) of the Greifswald Nuclear Power Station, M. H. Fontana; WASTE AND SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT: 576 Activities Related to Waste and Spent Fuel Management, M. D. Muhlheim and E. G. Silver; OPERATING EXPERIENCES: 586 Analysis of Corrective Actions Applied to Nuclear Power Plant Operations, A. E. Cross; 593 Reactor Shutdown Experience, Compiled by J. W. Cletcher; 596 Operating U.S. Power Reactors, Compiled by M. D. Muhlheim and E. G. Silver; 609 Non-Commercial Power Operating Experience; 614 World Nuclear Performance, Compiled by M. D. Muhlheim; RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: 623 General Administrative Activities, Compiled by M. D. Muhlheim and E. G. Silver; 635 Reports, Standards, and Safety Guides, D. S. Queener; 639 Proposed Rule Changes as of June 30, 1992; ANNOUNCEMENTS: 513 Fourth International Conference on Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing and Waste Management RECOD '94; 585 International Topical Meeting on Advanced Reactors Safety; 622 International Workshop on Implementation of ALARA at Nuclear Power Plants; 648 Short Course on Nuclear Criticality Safety; 648 8th Topical Meeting on Problems in Reactor Physics MEPhi-VOLGA-93; 643 The Authors; 646 Reviewers of Nuclear Safety, Vol. 33

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

NSUF BRR Cask Shipment Summary Report

On September 16, 2021 the Idaho National Laboratory shipped a Battelle Research Reactor (BRR) cask loaded with five Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) experiments and one Accident Tolerant Fuels (ATF) experiment from the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) to the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) at the INL Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC) for post-irradiation examination.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗