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NASA NTRS2008

Pre-Launch Algorithms and Risk Reduction in Support of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper for GOES-R and Beyond

The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total lightning activity over the full-disk as part of a 3-axis stabilized, geostationary weather satellite system. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series with a planned launch in 2014 will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of lightning from the west coast of Africa (GOES-E) to New Zealand (GOES-W) when the constellation is fUlly operational. The mission objectives for the GLM are to 1) provide continuous, full-disk lightning measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, 2) provide early warning of tornadic activity, and 3) accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of lightning. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor (1997-Present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global lightning activity. Instrument formulation studies were completed in March 2007 and the implementation phase to develop a prototype model and up to four flight models is expected to be underway in the latter part of 2007. In parallel with the instrument development, a GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group Lightning Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 ground processing algorithms and applications. Proxy total lightning data from the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., Lightning Mapping Arrays in North Alabama and the Washington DC Metropolitan area)

Goodman, Steven J.↗

NASA NTRS2004

NASA Tech Briefs, July 2004

Topics: Optoelectronic Sensor System for Guidance in Docking; Hybrid Piezoelectric/Fiber-Optic Sensor Sheets; Multisensor Arrays for Greater Reliability and Accuracy; Integrated-Optic Oxygen Sensors; Ka-Band Autonomous Formation Flying Sensor; CMOS VLSI Active-Pixel Sensor for Tracking; Lightweight, Self-Deploying Foam Antenna Structures; Electrically Small Microstrip Quarter-Wave Monopole Antennas; A 2-to-28-MHz Phase-Locked Loop; Portable Electromyograph; Open-Source Software for Modeling of Nanoelectronic Devices; Software for Generating Strip Maps from SAR Data; Calibration Software for use with Jurassicprok; Software for Probabilistic Risk Reduction; Software Processes SAR Motion-Measurement Data; Improved Method of Purifying Carbon Nanotubes; Patterned Growth of Carbon Nanotubes or Nanofibers; Lightweight, Rack-Mountable Composite Cold Plate/Shelves; SiC-Based Miniature High-Temperature Cantilever Anemometer; Inlet Housing for a Partial-Admission Turbine; Lightweight Thermoformed Structural Components and Optics; Growing High-Quality InAs Quantum Dots for Infrared Lasers; Selected Papers on Protoplanetary Disks; Module for Oxygenating Water without Generating Bubbles; Coastal Research Imaging Spectrometer; Rapid Switching and Modulation by use of Coupled VCSELs; Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Photogrammetry and Videogrammetry; Laboratory Apparatus Generates Dual-Species Cold Atomic Beam; Laser Ablation of Materials for Propulsion of Spacecraft; Small Active Radiation Monitor; Hybrid Image-Plane/Stereo Manipulation; Partitioning a Gridded Rectangle into Smaller Rectangles; Digital Radar-Signal Processors Implemented in FPGAs; Part 1 of a Computational Study of a Drop-Laden Mixing Layer; and Some Improvements in Signal-Conditioning Circuits.

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NASA NTRS2011

Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with DEP-FFF

A process using a modified dielectrophoresis device separates single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) according to their polarizability in electric fields. This depends on the size and dielectric constant of individual nanotubes and easily separates metallic from semiconducting nanotubes. Separation by length has also been demonstrated. Partial separation (enrichment) according to bandgap (which is linked to polarizability) has also been shown and can be improved to full separation of individual types of semiconducting SWNTs with better control over operational parameters and the length of SWNT starting material. This process and device can be scaled affordably to generate useful amounts of semiconducting SWNTs for electronic device development and production. In this study, a flow injection dielectrophoresis technique was used with a modified dielectrophoresis device. The length, width, and height of the modified chamber were 28, 2.5, and 0.025 cm, respectively. On the bottom of the chamber, there are two arrays of 50-m-wide, 2-m-thick gold electrodes, which are connected to an AC voltage generator and are alternately arranged so that every electrode is adjacent to two electrodes of the opposite polar. There is an additional plate electrode on the top of the chamber that is negatively biased. During the experiment, a syringe pump constantly pumps in the mobile phase, 1-percent sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) solution, into the chamber. The frequency and voltage are set to 1 MHz and 10 V peak-to-peak, respectively. About 150 micro-L of SWNTs in 1- percent SDBS decanted solution are injected to the mobile phase through a septum near the entrance of the chamber. The flow rate of the mobile phase is set to 0.02 cu cm/min. The injected SWNTs sample flows through the chamber before it is lead into a fluorescence flow-through cell and collected for further analysis. The flow-through cell has three windows, thus allowing the fluorometer to collect fluorescence spectrum and visible absorption spectrums simultaneously. Dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) generally depends on interaction of a sedimentation force and DEP force for particle separation, and SWNTs are neutrally buoyant in water. In this innovation, the third electrode was added to create a sedimentation force based on DC electrophoresis. This makes this particular device applicable to separations on any neutrally buoyant particles in solution and a more general process for a broad range of nanomaterials sorting and separations.

Schmidt, Howard K.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Detection of Polar Stratospheric Clouds Using AVHRR Imagery

In recent years, the role of PSCs in the ozone depletion process has become better understood. PSCs provide the surfaces upon which heterogeneous reactions take place that affect the gas phase partitioning between active and reservoir chlorine and nitrogen species. Present methods of PSC detection include in situ measurements by lidar and various satellite-borne instruments such as the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II) on the Nimbus 7 spacecraft, which produced PSC measurements from 1978 to 1994 and several instruments onboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) such as the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) which provided measurements for 1991-1993. All of the PSC-detection methods devised so far have been hampered by incomplete sampling of the places and times in which PSCs are likely to form. There is a need to understand the climatology of PSCS, in particular the timing of their onset and duration, their vertical distribution, geographic extent, annual variability and responses to volcanic aerosol forcing. Poole and Pitts [1994] assembled a PSC climatology based on SAM II data, but this climatology is incomplete, as it is limited to the edge of the polar night due to the limitations of the solar occultation scan geometry. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) five- channel sensors onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have been collecting data over the polar regions continuously since 1979. These operational satellites provide unmatched coverage in space and time of both polar regions, but were not designed for the detection of optically-thin PSCS. However, the AVHRR data archive would be an invaluable source for the construction of a long-term climatology of PSCs if techniques can be developed and tested to detect PSCs in AVHRR data. In the last few years, the members of our group at San Francisco State University and NASA Ames Research Center have been engaged in the development of various PSC detection methods using AVHRR data. There is strong evidence that a subset of PSCS, those that are optically thick, can be readily identified in the AVHRR data set. Our group has also made significant progress in the identification of optically thinner PSCs using a variety of techniques.

Garcia, Oswaldo↗

NASA NTRS1973

Adaptive ground implemented phased array

Tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of using an adaptive ground implemented phased array (AGIPA) to overcome the limitations of the radio frequency interference limited low data Tracking and Data Relay Satellite VHF return link. A feasibility demonstration model of a single user channel AFIPA system was designed, developed, fabricated, and evaluated. By scaling the frequency and aperture geometry from VHF to S-band, the system performance was more easily demonstrated in the controlled environment of an anechoic chamber. The testing procedure employs an AGIPA in which received signals from each element of the array are processed on the ground to form an adaptive, independent, computer controlled beam for each user.

Smith, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Tunable Dielectric Materials and Devices for Broadband Wireless Communications

Wireless and satellite communications are a rapidly growing industries which are slated for explosive growth into emerging countries as well as countries with advanced economies. The dominant trend in wireless communication systems is towards broadband applications such as multimedia file transfer, video transmission and Internet access. These applications require much higher data transmission rates than those currently used for voice transmission applications. To achieve these higher data rates, substantially larger bandwidths and higher carrier frequencies are required. A key roadblock to implementing these systems at K-band (18-26.5 GHz) and Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) is the need to develop hardware which meets the requirements for high data rate transmission in a cost effective manner. In this chapter, we report on the status of tunable dielectric thin films for devices, such as resonators, filters, phased array antennas, and tunable oscillators, which utilize nonlinear tuning in the control elements. Paraelectric materials such as Barium Strontium Titanate ((Ba, Sr)TiO3) have dielectric constants which can be tuned by varying the magnitude of the electric field across the material. Therefore, these materials can be used to control the frequency and/or phase response of various devices such as electronically steerable phased array antennas, oscillators, and filters. Currently, tunable dielectric devices are being developed for applications which require high tunability, low loss, and good RF power-handling capabilities at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. These properties are strongly impacted by film microstructure and device design, and considerable developmental work is still required. However, in the last several years enormous progress has occurred in this field, validating the potential of tunable dielectric technology for broadband wireless communication applications. In this chapter we summarize how film processing techniques, microwave test configurations, and prototype devices have combined to drive the field to its current stage of development.

Mueller, Carl H.↗

NASA NTRS2021

Maya Forest Water Resources I: Using NASA Earth Observations to Map Forested Inundation in the Maya Forest

As climate change increases the severity and frequency of extreme weather events in the tropics, it is vital for the safety of local communities and the health of ecosystems to monitor seasonal inundation. Forested inundation affects the ability of forested wetlands to provide ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation, water filtration, carbon storage, and erosion mitigation. While ground-based monitoring has traditionally been used to map inundation extent, those methods are costly and time-intensive. The NASA DEVELOP team focused on seasonal inundation throughout 2008 in the Maya Forest, when changes in inundation were drastic. To monitor seasonal inundation, our team used in situ field data and Earth observations from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) 1, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and products from the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). The team applied a Random Forest algorithm to Landsat 7 imagery, generating an object-level land cover classification with an overall accuracy of 72.1% and forest class with 100% recall and 78% precision. The team applied L-band backscatter thresholds from existing literature to forest-masked ALOS imagery and refined the thresholds in an iterative process using field data and hydrology models to delineate seasonal inundation extent. These publicly available data products help end users from Belize’s Land Information Center (LIC) and Forest Department, Guatemala’s Center for Monitoring and Evaluation (CEMEC), and Mexico’s El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) to inform land management and protect community infrastructure.

Madelyn Savan↗

NASA NTRS2014

Unusual Microtopography on an Apollo 12 Soil Grain

We have observed the presence of a previously undescribed microtopography in several regions on the surface of a lunar grain from Apollo regolith sample 12070,29. This microtopography consists of flattened triangular prisms, henceforth referred to as denticles, set in an orderly arrangement. We propose three possible processes to describe the presence of these structures: (1) radiation; (2) aqueous activity; or (3) impact. Radiation—the surface of the Earth’s moon is subject to energetic ion and photon irradiation which can produce a multitude of morphological effects on grain surfaces including erosion/sputtering, vesicle formation, and amorphization of crystalline phases. Under certain conditions surface erosion can result in the formation of well-ordered nanostructures including mounds, dots, wave-shaped, rippled or corrugated features typically <10s nm in size and organized into pattered arrays. However larger pyramid-shaped features up to approx. 300 nm at the base, similar in shape to lunar denticles, were produced on Cu substrates ex-posed to ion beam sputtering.. Aqueous alteration—recent reports of purported water on the Moon imply the possibility of brief, limited exposure of surface materials to aqueous fluids. Aqueous corrosion of silicates can result in the formation of crystallographically controlled denticulated features, up to 10s of micron at the base, arranged in a patterned formation. Impact—the surface of the moon is impacted by meteorites, particularly by micron-size particles, resulting in the formation of a variety of crater types. While it is difficult to envision a scenario in which a patterned array could be formed by impact, fracturing along planes of crystallographic structural weakness due to external stress could explain these features.

Thomas-Keprta, K. L.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Phase Retrieval Implementation for the WFIRST Coronagraph Development Testbed

The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is a 2.4m diameter space telescope NASA program. The payload will include two instruments, including a coronagraph instrument (CGI). The CGI will be the first active, high-contrast stellar coronagraph in space intended for imaging, discovery, and spectral characterization of exoplanets and debris discs. The CGI designs under development use deformable mirrors (DM) to create a point spread function (PSF) with a dark region around the obscured star object. Each DM consists of an array of actuators, and each actuator causes a local displacement to a thin, mirror-coated, glass face sheet. The actuator displacements are designed to create the PSF. Typically, phase retrieval is used to set the DM actuator displacements to their designed pattern, and then the actuators are further modified by an iterative control loop to correct for system non-idealities. To observe an exoplanet near the star object, the contrast in the annular region must be better than 10^8 (10^9 after post processing) relative to the unobstructed image of the star [1,2]. The coronagraph testbed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory is used to test coronagraph design and control algorithms. The optical system (Fig. 1) is maintained in a vacuum tank so that the PSF is stable for long integration times. Phase retrieval is an important tool for the testbed and serves several purposes, in addition to setting initial DM actuator displacements. Other uses include evaluation of systematic wavefront error introduced by system components, and alignment of the DMs and pupil masks. For example, the location of specific DM actuators relative to the Lyot mask can be determined by displacing the actuator, then measuring the location of the phase disturbance in the pupil plane with phase retrieval. In the next section we further describe the optical train of the testbed and the collection of source and pupil images available as inputs for phase retrieval, as well as one phase retrieval algorithm employed. Section 3 shows example phase retrieval results.

Marx, David↗

NASA NTRS1975

A decametric wavelength radio telescope for interplanetary scintillation observations

A phased array, electrically steerable radio telescope (with a total collecting area of 18 acres), constructed for the purpose of remotely sensing electron density irregularity structure in the solar wind, is presented. The radio telescope is able to locate, map, and track large scale features of the solar wind, such as streams and blast waves, by monitoring a large grid of natural radio sources subject to rapid intensity fluctuation (interplanetary scintillation) caused by the irregularity structure. Observations verify the performance of the array, the receiver, and the scintillation signal processing circuitry of the telescope.

Cronyn, W. M.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Goldstone solar system radar

Planning, direction, experimental design, and coordination of data-acquisition and engineering activities in support of all Goldstone planetary radar astronomy were performed. This work demands familiarity with the various components of a planetary radar telescope (transmitter, receiver, antenna, computer hardware and software) as well as knowledge of how the entire system must function as a cohesive unit to meet the particular scientific objectives at hand in a given observation. Support radar data-processing facilities, currently being used for virtually all Goldstone data reduction includes: a VAX 11/780 computer system, an FPS 5210 array processor, terminals, tape drives, and image-display devices, as well as a large body of data-reduction software to accommodate the variety of data-acquisition formats and strategems. Successful 113-cm radar observation of Callisto and the near-Earth asteroid 1981 Midas and Goldstone/VLA radar observations of Saturn's rings were obtained. Quick-look verification programs from data taken with phase-coded cw (i.e., ranging) waveforms, applicable to Venus, the Moon, and small bodies were completed. Definition of scientific and engineering requirements on instrument performance, radar system configuration, and personnel, for all 1988 Goldstone radar investigations was accomplished.

Jurgens, Raymond F.↗

NASA NTRS2024

Quality Assessment of the Nominal Attitude Model of TOPEX/Poseidon Using Quaternion Data

The altimetry mission TOPEX/Poseidon was operational between 1992 and 2005 and provided innovative insight into global and regional sea level changes and their variability. The correct modelling of the spacecraft orbit in precise orbit determination requires detailed information on the attitude of the spacecraft body and the solar array. Since the availability of attitude observations in form of quaternion data for this mission is limited, the nominal orientation model has to be used mainly. In this study, we compare the nominal and quaternion-based approaches of the TOPEX/Poseidon attitude realisation and validate the nominal model w.r.t. the observed attitude. We found good agreement between both approaches in the spacecraft-related roll, pitch, yaw, and solar array angles with slight differences of up to 0.31◦ on average. The best accordance is obtained in the yaw angles. A general angular offset of 0.12◦ and −0.19◦ on average is found in the pitch and solar array angle differences, respectively. Parameters estimated in the orbit computation process also reflect the good agreement between both orientation models with slightly better results when using the observed attitude. However, in some intervals, the nominal model lacks detailed information about the correct attitude. These can be adjusted using the information from the quaternion data. Such intervals indicate off-nominal spacecraft attitude events like drifts or offsets. Purely geometrically analysed, mispointing in the roll and pitch components of about 0.25◦ results in a change of the altimeter phase centre position in the radial direction of about 7 mm, which directly impacts the sea-level heights determined from altimetry measurements.

TOPEX/Poseidon↗

NASA NTRS2018

Analysis of Simulated and Experimental Noise Sources of Boeing 777 Main Gear Model via CLEAN in 3D

Previously obtained experimental and simulated phased microphone array data for the NASA 26%-scale model of a six-wheel main landing gear, with and without a toboggan-shaped noise reduction fairing, were analyzed using the CLEAN technique in three dimensions. The model is a high-fidelity representation of the Boeing 777-200 aircraft main landing gear. The reprocessing of the acoustic data was undertaken to address the deficiencies encountered in the source localization (beamform) maps and the integrated farfield spectra at mid to high frequencies in our previous study, where conventional array processing techniques were applied to the same data sets. Application of the CLEAN approach resulted in higher quality beamform maps with many of the previously observed side lobes either eliminated or suppressed significantly. As a result, integration of the experimentally and computationally based maps showed substantial improvement in the quality of the high-frequency spectral content relative to the corresponding spectra generated via conventional array processing, thus extending the good agreement achieved between the measured and predicted farfield spectra from 8 kHz to 14 kHz in model-scale frequencies. In addition, an examination of the simulated surface pressure fluctuations, off-surface flow field, and three-dimensionally constructed noise sources was conducted to determine the cause of the subtle discrepancies between measured and predicted sound pressure levels that occur in the 1,800 Hz to 4,000 Hz model-scale frequency range.

Ravetta, Patricio↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Phased Microphone Array on Aircraft Fuselage

This paper studies some challenging features for phased microphone arrays on aircraft fuselage, including the effects of sound scattering such as refraction by nonuniform boundary layer flows, reflection by curved surfaces, and diffraction by sharp edges and smooth geometry. The objective is to show if and how source locations and source amplitudes can be accurately captured by the array data analysis, in the presence of these features. The study starts with canonical problems to separately examine the individual features, making use of their respective analytical solutions, which provide exact results for all quantities needed for the array data processing. To simulate realistic flight environments, a generic aircraft geometry is then utilized, involving multiple scattering mechanisms and multiple noise sources to model aircraft engine noise. For this application, numerical solutions are computed to provide noise propagation and scattering from the sources to the microphones, as well as the quantities needed for array data analysis. The study reveals the effects of various features on fuselage-mounted arrays and provides guidelines to account for these effects in array data analysis.

Yueping Guo↗

NASA NTRS1984

Options for a new Arizona observatory - Configurations, costs and site

The process of creating a major observatory, with emphasis on the configurations, costs, and site involved, is examined. The premise that cost optimization starts with a modestly priced building block, such as a 7.5-m telescope, is considered. The telescope unit and the configurations in which it is used, ranging from a single telescope or a set of separate telescopes, to an MMT in which the light of all of the telescopes can be phased when desired, are described. It is shown that options exist for using elements in a nonredundant linear array or Michelson interferometer. A means of estimating costs of different facilities, all on the same basis, is provided. The importance of placing the observatory on a site, such as Mt. Graham in Arizona, which maximizes the output per unit cost of the facility is discussed.

Woolf, N. J.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Adaptive beamforming in a CDMA mobile satellite communications system

Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) stands out as a strong contender for the choice of multiple access scheme in these future mobile communication systems. This is due to a variety of reasons such as the excellent performance in multipath environments, high scope for frequency reuse and graceful degradation near saturation. However, the capacity of CDMA is limited by the self-interference between the transmissions of the different users in the network. Moreover, the disparity between the received power levels gives rise to the near-far problem, this is, weak signals are severely degraded by the transmissions from other users. In this paper, the use of time-reference adaptive digital beamforming on board the satellite is proposed as a means to overcome the problems associated with CDMA. This technique enables a high number of independently steered beams to be generated from a single phased array antenna, which automatically track the desired user signal and null the unwanted interference sources. Since CDMA is interference limited, the interference protection provided by the antenna converts directly and linearly into an increase in capacity. Furthermore, the proposed concept allows the near-far effect to be mitigated without requiring a tight coordination of the users in terms of power control. A payload architecture will be presented that illustrates the practical implementation of this concept. This digital payload architecture shows that with the advent of high performance CMOS digital processing, the on-board implementation of complex DSP techniques -in particular digital beamforming- has become possible, being most attractive for Mobile Satellite Communications.

Munoz-Garcia, Samuel G.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Digital Signal Processing Techniques for the GIFTS SM EDU

The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) Sensor Module (SM) Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) is a high resolution spectral imager designed to measure infrared (IR) radiance using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The GIFTS instrument employs three Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs), which gather measurements across the long-wave IR (LWIR), short/mid-wave IR (SMWIR), and visible spectral bands. The raw interferogram measurements are radiometrically and spectrally calibrated to produce radiance spectra, which are further processed to obtain atmospheric profiles via retrieval algorithms. This paper describes several digital signal processing (DSP) techniques involved in the development of the calibration model. In the first stage, the measured raw interferograms must undergo a series of processing steps that include filtering, decimation, and detector nonlinearity correction. The digital filtering is achieved by employing a linear-phase even-length FIR complex filter that is designed based on the optimum equiripple criteria. Next, the detector nonlinearity effect is compensated for using a set of pre-determined detector response characteristics. In the next stage, a phase correction algorithm is applied to the decimated interferograms. This is accomplished by first estimating the phase function from the spectral phase response of the windowed interferogram, and then correcting the entire interferogram based on the estimated phase function. In the calibration stage, we first compute the spectral responsivity based on the previous results and the ideal Planck blackbody spectra at the given temperatures, from which, the calibrated ambient blackbody (ABB), hot blackbody (HBB), and scene spectra can be obtained. In the post-calibration stage, we estimate the Noise Equivalent Spectral Radiance (NESR) from the calibrated ABB and HBB spectra. The NESR is generally considered as a measure of the instrument noise performance, and can be estimated as the standard deviation of calibrated radiance spectra from multiple scans. To obtain an estimate of the FPA performance, we developed an efficient method of generating pixel performance assessments. In addition, a random pixel selection scheme is developed based on the pixel performance evaluation. This would allow us to perform the calibration procedures on a random pixel population that is a good statistical representation of the entire FPA. The design and implementation of each individual component will be discussed in details.

Tian, Jialin↗

NASA NTRS2006

NASA Tech Briefs, February 2006

Topics discussed include: Nearly Direct Measurement of Relative Permittivity; DCS-Neural-Network Program for Aircraft Control and Testing; Dielectric Heaters for Testing Spacecraft Nuclear Reactors; Using Doppler Shifts of GPS Signals To Measure Angular Speed; Monitoring Temperatures of Tires Using Luminescent Materials; Highly Efficient Multilayer Thermoelectric Devices; Very High-Speed Digital Video Capability for In-Flight Use; MMIC DHBT Common-Base Amplifier for 172 GHz; Modular, Microprocessor-Controlled Flash Lighting System; Generic Environment for Simulating Launch Operations; Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation; X-Windows Socket Widget Class; Infrastructure for Rapid Development of Java GUI Programs; Processing Raman Spectra of High-Pressure Hydrogen Flames; X-Windows Information Sharing Protocol Widget Class; Simulating Humans as Integral Parts of Spacecraft Missions; Analyzing Power Supply and Demand on the ISS; Polyimides From a-BPDA and Aromatic Diamines; Making Plant-Support Structures From Waste Plant Fiber; Large Deployable Reflectarray Antenna; Periodically Discharging, Gas-Coalescing Filter; Ion Milling On Steps for Fabrication of Nanowires; Neuro-Prosthetic Implants With Adjustable Electrode Arrays; Microfluidic Devices for Studying Biomolecular Interactions; Studying Functions of All Yeast Genes Simultaneously; Polarization Phase-Compensating Coats for Metallic Mirrors; Tunable-Bandwidth Filter System; Methodology for Designing Fault-Protection Software; and Ground-Based Localization of Mars Rovers.

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