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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Gateway Program Status and Overview

This paper provides an overview and status of Gateway, which will be an outpost orbiting the Moon that provides vital support for a sustainable, long-term human return to the lunar surface and a steppingstone to Mars as part of the Artemis program. Gateway is a destination for deep space crew expeditions and science investigations, as well as a port for deep space transportation – for landers en route to the lunar surface or spacecraft embarking to destinations beyond the Earth-Moon system. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) leads the Program and serves as the integrator of the spaceflight capabilities and contributions of U.S. commercial partners and international partners to develop Gateway. This paper will provide an overview of each component of Gateway: The Power and Propulsion Element, the Habitation and Logistics Outpost; Deep Space Logistics; the International Habitation module; External Robotics System; European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications; an Airlock; and Exploration ExtraVehicular Activity (xEVA). Expanding on the successful partnership that has provided over 20 years of continuous crew operations in low-Earth orbit on ISS, Gateway is an evolution of this extraordinary partnership that leverages the capabilities of each partner to expand humankind’s sustained exploration deeper into the cosmos. Highlighting the international program with participation from multiple international partners, this paper will also provide a status of Gateway multilateral governance structure and international agreements.

Gateway↗

NASA NTRS2004

NASA Space Cryocooler Programs: A 2003 Overview

Mechanical cryocoolers represent a significant enabling technology for NASA's Earth and Space Science missions. An overview is presented of ongoing cryocooler activities within NASA in support of current flight projects, near-term flight instruments, and long-term technology development. NASA programs in Earth and space science observe a wide range of phenomena, from crop dynamics to stellar birth. Many of the instruments require cryogenic refrigeration to improve dynamic range, extend wavelength coverage, and enable the use of advanced detectors. Although, the largest utilization of coolers over the last decade has been for instruments operating at medium to high cryogenic temperatures (55 to 150 K), reflecting the relative maturity of the technology at these temperatures, important new developments are now focusing at the lower temperature range from 4 to 20 K in support of studies of the origin of the universe and the search for planets around distant stars. NASA's development of a 20K cryocooler for the European Planck spacecraft and its new Advanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program (ACTDP) for 6-18 K coolers are examples of the thrust to provide low temperature cooling for this class of missions.

Ross, R. G., Jr.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Gateway Program Status and Overview

This paper provides an overview and status of the Gateway, which will be an outpost orbiting the Moon that provides vital support for a sustainable, long-term human return to the lunar surface and a steppingstone to Mars as part of the Artemis program. Gateway is a destination for deep space crew expeditions and science investigations, as well as a port for deep space transportation – for landers en route to the lunar surface or spacecraft embarking to destinations beyond the Earth-Moon system. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) leads the Program and serves as the integrator of the spaceflight capabilities and contributions of U.S. commercial partners and international partners to develop the Gateway. This paper will provide an overview of each component of the Gateway: The Power and Propulsion Element, the Habitation and Logistics Outpost; Deep Space Logistics; the International Habitation module; External Robotics System; European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications; an Airlock; and Exploration ExtraVehicular Activity (xEVA). Expanding on the successful partnership that has provided over 20 years of continuous crew operations in low-Earth orbit on ISS, the Gateway is an evolution of this extraordinary partnership that leverages the capabilities of each partner to expand humankind’s sustained exploration deeper into the cosmos. Highlighting the international program with participation from multiple international partners, this paper will also provide a status of the Gateway multilateral governance structure and international agreements.

Gateway↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Gateway Program Progress and Overview

This paper provides an overview and status of the Gateway, which will be a small, human-tended space station in orbit around the Moon. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) leads the Program and serves as the integrator of the spaceflight capabilities and contributions of U.S. commercial partners and international partners to develop the Gateway. Gateway is the cornerstone of sustainable deep space human exploration and is an essential element of the infrastructure necessary for the execution of the Artemis missions to the Moon. This paper will outline the current planned configuration and deployment of the station, describing the concept of operations and how Gateway supports both lunar surface missions and also serves as the springboard for exploration deeper in space. Calendar year 2022 will see the accomplishments of major milestones such as over twenty systems preliminary design reviews (PDRs), a Program-wide PDR-informed synchronization review, and NASA Key Decision Point marking the evolution of the program as a whole from the formulation phase and into implementation. This paper will provide a progress update for each major component of the Gateway: The Power and Propulsion Element; the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO); Deep Space Logistics; the International Habitation module; the European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure, and Telecommunications (ESPRIT), which includes a Refueler Module and the HALO Lunar Communications System; External Robotics System; and an Airlock with both science and crew capabilities. For each component, the paper will describe the current maturity of the modules, acquisition strategy, contracts, and if applicable, international partnership status. This paper will also outline the integration function the Gateway Program Office performs at the NASA Johnson Space Center, including the multilateral governance structure and cross-program interfaces across Artemis.

Gateway↗

NASA NTRS1983

The materials processing program of NASA - An overview

The current and future NASA programs on materials processing in the microgravity environment of space are discussed. Work is now being done on convection in closed tube vapor crystal growth, solidification of monotectic alloys, levitation technology, and continuous flow electrophoresis. Experimental projects being performed aboard the Space Shuttle are mentioned, and general priorities for future microgravity research are stated.

Halpern, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Galileo probe battery program - An historical overview

The Galileo Probe mission to Jupiter required the selection of a battery module design that exceeded the known state of the art in 1977. The choice of the lithium-sulfur dioxide system, a technology then under development for nonaerospace applications necessitated an extensive cell and module development program that ultimately resulted in a space-qualified product that satisfies the severe constraints and requirements of the Galileo mission. The development program drew on the data base and experience then available from other government-sponsored lithium-sulfur dioxide programs and is an example of multiapplication synergism that can be derived from industry and government cooperation.

Krause, S. J.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (SNTP) program

An overview of the Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion program is presented in graphic form. A program organizational chart is presented that shows the government and industry participants. Enabling technologies and test facilities and approaches are also addressed.

Bleeker, Gary A.↗

NASA NTRS1994

High Speed Research Program

An overview of the NASA High Speed Research Program will be presented from a NASA Headquarters perspective. The presentation will include the objectives of the program and an outline of major programmatic issues.

Anderson, Robert E.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Mission Overview

The Mars Surveyor 2001 mission to Mars was initially a key element in the Mars sample return sequence of missions. A capable rover, carrying the Cornell Athena instruments would be placed on Mars to roam over several kilometers, select samples, and place them in a cache for return by a subsequent mission. Inevitably, budget constraints forced descopes. At one critical point, the landed payload consisted only of the HEDS (Human Exploration and Development of Space) payloads selected for testing environmental properties of the surface for future human exploration. Then Congress intervened and put back some of the funding that had been deleted. NASA next redefined the payload to include as many of the Athena instruments as possible, to be distributed between the lander deck and a Sojourner class rover. This payload would then be placed on a modified version of the Mars Polar Lander rather than on the much larger, and more expensive, lander that had been originally designed for the mission. With this functionality restored the '01 mission remains an important and pivotal element of the Mars Surveyor program. It completes the Mars Observer objectives with the gamma ray spectrometer mapping. This mission will largely complete the global characterization phase of Mars exploration and mark the beginning of focused surface exploration leading to return of the first samples and the search for evidence of past Martian life. MSP'01 also is the first mission in the combined Mars exploration strategy of the HEDS and Space Science Enterprises of NASA. This mission, and those to follow, will demonstrate technologies and collect environmental data that will provide the basis for a decision to send humans to Mars. The NASA exploration strategy for Mars includes orbiters, landers and rovers launched in 2001 and 2003 and a sample return mission to be launched in 2005, returning a sample by 2008. The purpose of the rovers is to explore and characterize sites on Mars. The 2003 and 2005 missions will select rocks, soil, and atmosphere for return to earth.

Saunders, R. Stephen↗

NASA NTRS1978

FAA global positioning system program

An overview of the FAA global positioning system (GPS) program is presented. The program's emphasis is on the potential applications of the system to civil aviation. The program is examined in relation to investigations of low cost equipment technology and potential improvements and/or modifications to the system. GPS program concerns such as the signal to noise ratio of the satellites, the system performance, and the cost/performance considerations are discussed. Requirements for an ideal receiver to be implemented into the GPS are summarized.

Buige, A.↗

NASA NTRS1985

The U.S. Space Station program

An overview is given of the U.S. Space Station program, beginning with President Reagan's directive to NASA 'to develop a permanently manned Space Station and to do it within a decade'. The international aspects of the project are emphasized, and fruitful cooperation between Italy and the U.S. in past and present space research is noted. The Station is to serve diverse functions, including that of a laboratory in space, a permanent observatory, a servicing facility, a transportation node, and assembly and manufacturing facility, a storage depot, and a staging base for future endeavors. Management-related and engineering-related guidelines are laid out. The plan is to make the Space Station a legacy from this century to the next, with the help of and to the benefit of all who share our goals.

Culbertson, P. E.↗

NASA NTRS1995

NASA wiring for space applications program

An overview of the NASA Wiring for Space Applications Program and its relationship to NASA's space technology enterprise is given in viewgraph format. The mission of the space technology enterprise is to pioneer, with industry, the development and use of space technology to secure national economic competitiveness, promote industrial growth, and to support space missions. The objectives of the NASA Wiring for Space Applications Program is to improve the safety, performance, and reliability of wiring systems for space applications and to develop improved wiring technologies for NASA flight programs and commercial applications. Wiring system failures in space and commercial applications have shown the need for arc track resistant wiring constructions. A matrix of tests performed versus wiring constructions is presented. Preliminary data indicate the performance of the Tensolite and Filotex hybrid constructions are the best of the various candidates.

Schulze, Norman↗

NASA NTRS2003

2002 NASA Seal/Secondary Air System Workshop

The 2002 NASA Seal/Secondary Air System Workshop covered the following topics: (i) Overview of NASA s perspective of aeronautics and space technology for the 21st century; (ii) Overview of the NASA-sponsored Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET), Turbine-Based Combined-Cycle (TBCC), and Revolutionary Turbine Accelator (RTA) programs; (iii) Overview of NASA Glenn's seal program aimed at developing advanced seals for NASA's turbomachinery, space propulsion, and reentry vehicle needs; (iv) Reviews of sealing concepts, test results, experimental facilities, and numerical predictions; and (v) Reviews of material development programs relevant to advanced seals development. The NASA UEET and TBCC/RTA program overviews illustrated for the reader the importance of advanced technologies, including seals, in meeting future turbine engine system efficiency and emission goals. For example, the NASA UEET program goals include an 8- to 15-percent reduction in fuel burn, a 15-percent reduction in CO2, a 70-percent reduction in NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons, and a 30-dB noise reduction relative to program baselines. The workshop also covered several programs NASA is funding to investigate advanced reusable space vehicle technologies (X-38) and advanced space ram/scramjet propulsion systems. Seal challenges posed by these advanced systems include high-temperature operation, resiliency at the operating temperature to accommodate sidewall flexing, and durability to last many missions.

Steinetz, Bruce M.↗

NASA NTRS1984

An overview of the NASA rotary engine research program

A brief overview and technical highlights of the research efforts and studies on rotary engines over the last several years at the NASA Lewis Research Center are presented. The test results obtained from turbocharged rotary engines and preliminary results from a high performance single rotor engine were discussed. Combustion modeling studies of the rotary engine and the use of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter to confirm the studies were examined. An in-house program in which a turbocharged rotary engine was installed in a Cessna Skymaster for ground test studies was reviewed. Details are presented on single rotor stratified charge rotary engine research efforts, both in-house and on contract.

Meng, P. R.↗

NASA NTRS1972

An overview of Apollo program of lunar exploration.

Five round trip manned landing missions to the moon have returned hundreds of kilograms of samples and millions of bits of information from the scientific stations emplaced there and from the subsatellites left in orbit. Hundreds of man years of scientific effort and thousands of pages of journal space have been devoted to investigation of the samples and other aspects of the lunar problem. Our understanding of the moon has increased proportionately. Definitive conclusions can now be reached: (1) that there is a lunar crust, how thick it is in at least one region, and what kinds of rocks most probably compose it; (2) that we understand the major chronology of lunar events; (3) that the moon was extensively differentiated by igneous processes early in its history; (4) that impact cratering is the dominant surface process on the moon; and (5) that the moon is an ideal place to study extraterrestrial particle fluxes.

Petrone, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Overview of FIREMEN program at Ames Research Center

The Ames Firemen Program is described. The key elements of the program include: (1) the development and evaluation of aircraft interior composite panels; (2) the thermochemical and flammability characterization of thermoset and thermoplastic resins; and (3) the evolution of fire resist aircraft seat components. The first two elements are presented.

Kourtides, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

An overview of the program to place advanced automation and robotics on the Space Station

The preliminary design phase of the Space Station has uncovered a large number of potential uses of automation and robotics, most of which deal with the assembly and operation of the Station. If NASA were to vigorously push automation and robotics concepts in the design, the Station crew would probably be free to spend a substantial portion of time on payload activities. However, at this point NASA has taken a conservative attitude toward automation and robotics. For example, the belief is that robotics should evolve through telerobotics and that uses of artificial intelligence should be initially used in an advisory capacity. This conservativeness is in part due to the new and untested nature of automation and robotics; but, it is also due to emphases plased on designing the Station to the so-called upfront cost without thoroughly understanding the life cycle cost. Presumably automation and robotics has a tendency to increase the initial cost of the Space Station but could substantially reduce the life cycle cost. To insure that NASA will include some form of robotic capability, Congress directed to set aside funding. While this stimulates the development of robotics, it does not necessarily stimulate uses of artificial intelligence. However, since the initial development costs of some forms of artificial intelligence, such as expert systems, are in general lower than they are for robotics one is likely to see several expert systems being used on the Station.

Heydorn, Richard P.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Gravity waves and turbulence in the middle atmosphere program (GRATMAP): An overview of gravity wave studies during MAP/MAC

Considerable progress was made in understanding gravity waves and their effects in the middle atmosphere during the MAP and MAC periods. During this time, gravity waves were recognized to play a central role in controlling the large scale circulation and the thermal and constituent structure of this region through wave transports of energy and momentum, a significant induced meridional circulation, and through the action of wave induced turbulence. Both theoretical and observational studies also have contributed to the understanding of the gravity wave spectrum, its temporal and spatial variability, and the processes responsible for wave saturation. As a result, the propagation, interactions, and detailed effects of such motions in the middle atmosphere are beginning to be understood. An overview is provided.

Fritts, D. C.↗