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At least 289 records · Page 16

Direct and remote sensing observations of the effects of ships on clouds

Under certain conditions ships can affect the structure of shallow layer clouds. Simultaneous observations of two ship track signatures in stratus clouds from a satellite and in situ from an aircraft show that in the ship tracks the droplet sizes were reduced and total concentrations of both droplets and particles were substantially increased from those in adjacent clouds. In situ measurements of the upwelling radiance within the ship tracks was significantly enhanced at visible wavelengths, whereas radiance at 2.2 micrometers was significantly reduced. Cloud reflectivity along the tracks was enhanced at 0.63 and 3.7 micrometers. These observations support the contention that ship track signatures in clouds are produced primarily by particles emitted from ships.

Radke, Lawrence F.↗

SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) Mission Operations and Data Analysis

The scientific goal of UVCS is to obtain detailed empirical descriptions of the extended solar corona as it evolves over the solar cycle and to use these descriptions to identify and understand the physical processes responsible for coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and the phenomena that establish the plasma properties of the solar wind as measured by "in situ" solar wind instruments. This report covers the period from 15 February 2003 to 14 April 2004. During that time, UVCS observations have consisted of three types: 1) standard synoptic observations comprising, primarily, the H I Lyalpha line profile and the 0 VI 103.2 and 103.7 nm intensity over a range of heights from 1.5 to about 3.0 solar radii and covering 360 degrees about the Sun, 2) sit and stare observations for major flare watches, and 3) special observations designed by the UVCS Lead Observer of the Week for a specific scientific purpose. The special observations are often coordinated with those of other space-based and ground-based instruments and they often are part of SOHO joint observation programs and campaigns. Lead observers have included UVCS Co-Investigators, scientists from the solar physics community and several graduate and undergraduate level students. UVCS has continued to achieve its purpose of using powerful spectroscopic diagnostic techniques to obtain a much more detailed description of coronal structures and dynamic phenomena than existed before the SOHO mission. The new descriptions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and coronal structures from UVCS have inspired a large number of theoretical studies aimed at identifying the physical processes responsible for CMEs and solar wind acceleration in coronal holes and streamers. UVCS has proven to be a very stable instrument. Stellar observations have demonstrated its radiometric stability. UVCS has not required any flight software modifications and all mechanisms are operational. The UVCS 0 VI Channel with its redundant optical path for wavelengths near H I Lyalpha is capable of observing the entire UVCS wavelength range. The regions of the detector currently being used require different grating angles for direct OVI observations and redundant path H I Lyalpha observations, and so those can no longer be observed simultaneously. Since December 1998, the 0 VI Channel has been used for all UVCS observations. Although the H I Lyalpha Channel and detector are still operational, increases in the dark count up to about 5x10(exp 4) counts/sec/pixel and an increase in high voltage current to within a factor of two of the maximum used in the laboratory before flight led to the decision to not use that detector after 1998. The visible light channel functioned nominally during the reporting period. UVCS data, data analysis software, calibration files and the mission log are available from the SOHO archive and SAO. All UVCS data are now available within three months of the observations to scientists and the general public via the SOHO Data Archive and SAO. UVCS has resulted in 33 scientific papers in 2003. There were numerous presentations at scientific meetings. UVCS Education and Public Outreach activities involved nine members of the UVCS team. During the reporting period, there were over a dozen events directed at students and teachers, museum audiences, and public audiences via the mass media, internet and educational literature.

Gurman, Joseph↗

NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Observations of 1E1743.1-2843: Indications of a Neutron Star LMXB Nature of the Compact Object

We report on the results of NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations of the persistent X-ray source 1E1743.1-2843, located in the Galactic Center region. The source was observed between 2012 September and October by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton, providing almost simultaneous observations in the hard and soft X-ray bands. The high X-ray luminosity points to the presence of an accreting compact object. We analyze the possibilities of this accreting compact object being either a neutron star (NS) or a black hole, and conclude that the joint XMM-Newton and NuSTAR spectrum from 0.3 to 40 keV fits a blackbody spectrum with kT approximately 1.8 keV emitted from a hot spot or an equatorial strip on an NS surface. This spectrum is thermally Comptonized by electrons with kTe approximately 4.6 keV. Accepting this NS hypothesis, we probe the low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) or high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) nature of the source. While the lack of Type-I bursts can be explained in the LMXB scenario, the absence of pulsations in the 2 MHz-49 Hz frequency range, the lack of eclipses and of an IR companion, and the lack of a Kaline from neutral or moderately ionized iron strongly disfavor interpreting this source as a HMXB. We therefore conclude that 1E1743.1-2843 is most likely an NS-LMXB located beyond the Galactic Center. There is weak statistical evidence for a soft X-ray excess which may indicate thermal emission from an accretion disk. However, the disk normalization remains unconstrained due to the high hydrogen column density (N(sub H) approximately 1.6 x 10(exp 23) cm(exp -2)).

accretion↗

The Importance of Nightside Magnetometer Observations for Electromagnetic Sounding of the Moon

Understanding the structure and composition of the lunar interior is a fundamental goal in furthering our knowledge of the formation and subsequent evolution of the Earth-Moon system. Among various methods, electromagnetic sounding is a valuable approach to constraining lunar interior structure. Recent analyses of plasma and field observations provide a wealth of understanding about the dynamics of the lunar plasma environment. To perform Time Domain EM (TDEM) Sounding at the Moon, the first step is to characterize the dynamic plasma environment, and to be able to isolate geophysically induced currents from concurrently present plasma currents. The TDEM Sounding transfer function method focuses on analysis of the nightside observations when the Moon is immersed in the solar wind. This method requires two simultaneous observations: an upstream reference measuring the pristine solar wind, and one downstream at or near the lunar surface. This method was last performed during Apollo and assumed the induced fields on the nightside of the Moon expand as in an undisturbed vacuum within the wake cavity. Our results indicate that EM sounding of airless bodies in the solar wind must be interpreted via self-consistent plasma models in order to untangle plasma and induced field contributions, with implications not only at the Moon but at all airless bodies exposed to the solar wind. Nightside TDEM sounding has the capability to advance the state of knowledge of the field of lunar science. This requires magnetometer operations to withstand the harsh conditions of the lunar night.

Haviland, H. Fuqua↗

New Evidence for Third Harmonic Electromagnetic Radiation in Interplanetary Type III Solar Radio Bursts

This article provides new evidence for a third harmonic component in the electromagnetic radiation generated by interplanetary type III solar radio bursts observed locally near 1 AU. This evidence comes mainly from the analysis of the low-frequency radio emissions observed by the Wind spacecraft. The analysis examines, at high-time and high-frequency resolution, the local type III radiation that is occasionally observed at Wind. The associated Langmuir waves and energetic electron beams, as well as simultaneous observations from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) and Ulysses spacecraft where possible, are used to confirm the local nature of the observed radiation and to help identify the solar origin. We find that the detection of a third harmonic component in the local type III radiation near 1 AU is exceedingly rare. However, our analyses indicate that, in addition to the more commonly observed second harmonic component, a third harmonic component is sometimes conspicuously evident in the local type III radiation. We find that the third harmonic component, when observed, is less intense than the second harmonic component, with the intensity ratio varying between 0.3 and 0.7. Sometimes the third harmonic component is expected to be detected, but it is not observed.

Interplanetary↗

Global Oceanic Precipitation: A Joint View by TOPEX and the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer

The TOPEX/POSEIDON mission offers the first opportunity to observe rain cells over the ocean by a dual-frequency radar altimeter (TOPEX) and simultaneously observe their natural radiative properties by a three-frequency radiometer (TOPEX microwave radiometer (TMR)). This work is a feasibility study aimed at understanding the capability and potential of the active/passive TOPEX/TMR system for oceanic rainfall detection. On the basis of past experiences in rain flagging, a joint TOPEX/TMR rain probability index is proposed. This index integrates several advantages of the two sensors and provides a more reliable rain estimate than the radiometer alone. One year's TOPEX/TMR data are used to test the performance of the index. The resulting rain frequency statistics show quantitative agreement with those obtained from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), while qualitative agreement is found for other regions of the world ocean. A recent finding that the latitudinal frequency of precipitation over the Southern Ocean increases steadily toward the Antarctic continent is confirmed by our result. Annual and seasonal precipitation maps are derived from the index. Notable features revealed include an overall similarity in rainfall pattern from the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans and a general phase reversal between the two hemispheres, as well as a number of regional anomalies in terms of rain intensity. Comparisons with simultaneous Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) multisatellite precipitation rate and COADS rain climatology suggest that systematic differences also exist. One example is that the maximum rainfall in the ITCZ of the Indian Ocean appears to be more intensive and concentrated in our result compared to that of the GPCP. Another example is that the annual precipitation produced by TOPEX/TMR is constantly higher than those from GPCP and COADS in the extratropical regions of the northern hemisphere, especially in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Analyses of the seasonal variations of prominent rainy and dry zones in the tropics and subtropics show various behaviors such as systematic migration, expansion and contraction, merging and breakup, and pure intensity variations. The seasonality of regional features is largely influenced by local atmospheric events such as monsoon, storm, or snow activities. The results of this study suggest that TOPEX and its follow-on may serve as a complementary sensor to the special sensor microwave/imager in observing global oceanic precipitation.

Chen, Ge↗

[Instrument Designs for SOFIA: FOCUS and FORCAST]

As a result of these studies a proposal for FORCAST was submitted to the SOFIA Announcement of Opportunity for Instruments. FORCAST, a facility instrument, was one of the winning proposals. A short description of FORCAST follows: (1) FORCAST is a dual-channel, high-sensitivity, wide-field camera designed to perform continuum imaging in the mid-infrared (4-8 microns) and far-infrared (16-40 microns). The pixels map to 0.75 sec. on the sky and the total field-of-view is 3.2 min. During normal operation a cold MgO dichroic allows imaging in two bands (16-25 and 25-40 microns) enabling high efficiency, simultaneous observations. For imaging at shorter wavelengths (4-8 microns), a mirror replaces the dichroic. FORCAST simultaneously operates two 256 x 256 Si BIB hybrid arrays from Boeing (formerly Rockwell). A Si:As BIB array is used for lambda less than 25 microns while a Si:Sb BIB array is use for lambda greater than 25 microns, FORCAST allows selection of the bandpass independently for each channel via filter wheels. Several specific filters are needed for the Pi science program. Selection of other filters will be based on input from the SOFIA science community. These can include filters to cover specific lines or dust features (such as the PAH features in the 4-8 microns regime). Future upgrades could include a polarimetric capability. The Pi team has extensive experience with all of the technologies used in FORCAST. FORCAST uses mature, low-risk, state-of-the-art technology ensuring highly reliability. In addition, FORCAST will be easy to set up for an observing run and easy to operate (with an intuitive graphical interface). We feel that we can virtually guarantee success on the first flight with FORCAST. FORCAST is designed to complement SIRTF (ISO will no longer be functional). While it cannot achieve the sensitivity levels of SIRTF, FORCAST covers sections of phase space not planned for SIRTF (30-40 microns imaging) and has significantly higher spatial resolution than SIRTF at all wavelengths.

Source record↗

RHESSI and Radio Imaging Observations of Microflares E2.3-0011-04

We present the analysis of five microflares, three observed simultaneously by RHESSI in hard X-rays and Nobeyama RadioHeliograph (NoRH) in microwaves (17 GHz) and two observed by RHESSI and Nancay RadioHeliograph (NRH) at metric wavelengths (150-450 MHz). Since we have no radio imaging telescopes simultaneously operating at microwave and meter wavelengths in the same time zone, we are obliged to use a different set of microevents for comparison with metric wavelength counterparts in contrast to that used for comparison with metric wavelength counterparts in contrast to that used for comparison with microwave events. This is because we are interested in using the locations and other imaging characteristics of the events from both RHESSI and Nancay instead of just temporal correlation. Here we describe the properties of five events -- three in microwaves and two at metric wavelengths.

Kundu, M. R.↗

The spatial extent of radial magnetic pulsation events observed in the dayside near synchronous orbit

The spatial extent of magnetic pulsation events with predominantly radial polarization was investigated using simultaneous observations made aboard the AMPTE CCE satellite and aboard the GOES 5 and GOES 6 satellites. The results show that radially polarized pulsations in the equatorial dayside outer magnetosphere occur in radially narrow and often sharply bounded strips extending typically from late morning to dusk. The frequencies of these waves, which appear to be confined to the outer plasmasphere, are determined by local conditions. No correlation was found between plasma beta (in the range from 0.23 to 1.09) and the wave onset, the amplitude, or the ratio of compressional to radial components. These characteristics suggest that the wave growth and energy dissipation, the wave polarization, and the pulsation frequency are all dependent on the characteristics of the lowest-energy plasmas present in this region and/or along the affected flux tubes.

Engebretson, M. J.↗

SETI - A preliminary search for narrowband signals at microwave frequencies

In the search for intelligent signals of extraterrestrial origin, certain forms of signals merit immediate and special attention. Extremely narrowband signals of spectral width similar to our own television transmissions are most favored energetically and least likely to be confused with natural celestial emission. A search of selected stars has been initiated using observational and data processing techniques optimized for the detection of such signals. These techniques allow simultaneous observation of 10 to the 5th to 10 to the 6th channels within the observed spectral range. About two hundred nearby (within 80 LY) solar type stars have been observed at frequencies near the main microwave transitions of the hydroxyl radical. In addition, several molecular (hydroxyl) masers and other non-thermal sources have been observed in this way in order to uncover any possible fine spectral structure of natural origin and to investigate the potential of such an instrument for radioastronomy.

Cuzzi, J. N.↗

Light scattering calculations for the nephelometer experiment on the 1981/1982 Jupiter Orbiter-Probe mission

A variety of studies were carried out to help establish the accuracy of quantities describing physical characteristics of cloud particles (such as size, shape, and composition) that are to be inferred from light scattering data obtained with the nephelameter experiment on the Galileo spacecraft. The objectives were to provide data for validating and testing procedures for analyzing the Galileo nephelameter data with light scattering observations in a variety of on-going laboratory and field measurement programs for which simultaneous observations of the physical characteristics of the scattering particles were available.

Grams, G. W.↗

Early-EOS data and information system

NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), an integral part of the U.S. Global Change Research Program, will provide simultaneous observations from a suite of instruments in low-earth orbit. The EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) will handle the data from those instruments, as well as provide access to observations and related information from other earth science missions. The Early-EOSDIS Program will provide initial improved support for global change research by building upon present capabilities and data, and will establish a working prototype EOSDIS for selected archiving, distribution, and information management functions by mid-1994.

Ludwig, George H.↗

Constraints on filament models deduced from dynamical analysis

The conclusions deduced from simultaneous observations with the Ultra-Violet Spectrometer and Polarimeter (UVSP) on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite, and the Multichannel Subtractive Double Pass (MSPD) spectrographs at Meudon and Pic du Midi observatories are presented. The observations were obtained in 1980 and 1984. All instruments have almost the same field of view and provide intensity and velocity maps at two temperatures. The resolution is approx. 0.5 to 1.5" for H alpha line and 3" for C IV. The high resolution and simultaneity of the two types of observations allows a more accurate description of the flows in prominences as functions of temperature and position. The results put some contraints on the models and show that dynamical aspects must be taken into account.

Simon, G.↗

Coordinated Einstein and IUE observations of a disparitions brusques type flare event and quiescent emission from Proxima Centauri

The Einstein Imaging Particle Counter observed a major X-ray flare in its entirety during a 5-hr period of simultaneous observations, with the IUE, of the dM5e flare star Proxima Centauri in August, 1980. The detailed X-ray light curve, temperature determinations during various intervals, and UV line fluxes obtained before, during, and after the flare indirectly indicate a 'two-ribbon flare' prominence eruption. The calculated ratio of coronal to bolometric luminosity for the event is about 100 times the solar ratio. The Proxima Cen corona is analyzed in the context of static loop models, in light of which it is concluded that less than 6% of the stellar surface seems to be covered by X-ray emitting active regions.

Haisch, B. M.↗

Ionospheric flows associated with a transpolar arc

Data on plasma flows associated with a transpolar arc are obtained by combining observations (on January 21, 1982) from the auroral imaging instruments aboard the DE 1 spacecraft with simultaneous observations of ionospheric electron drift velocities obtained with a ground-based coherent radar system and with an ion-drift meter on the DE 2 spacecraft at about 800-km altitude. The combined observations demonstrate that the electron-drift velocities within the transpolar arc at the intersection with the auroral oval on the nightside are directed equatorward into the oval and that the transpolar arc connects to the oval near the Harang discontinuity. It is also shown that the sunward flow along the transpolar arc is present near local noon.

Nielsen, E.↗

Behavior of Titan's atmosphere during a total eclipse

During its emergence from the Saturnian shadow on June 28, 1980, Titan was observed simultaneously in the visible and IR ranges (6000-9000 A, and 11.8 and 20 microns). The eclipse observation indicates that thin-atmosphere models with a modest greenhouse effect are likely to be incorrect. A thin atmosphere of pure methane in equilibrium with an ice surface of methane is in marginal agreement with the present data, but improved VLA temperature measurements would be a crucial test of this model. Both the eclipse observation and VLA measurements agree with a nitrogen-dominant atmospheric model, as indicated by preliminary Voyager results.

Combes, M.↗

Submilliarcsecond VLBI Using Compact Close Pairs of Radio Sources: Error Analysis

The potential accuracy attainable for (delta) VLBI positional measurements (submilliarc second level) is reached by simultaneously observing pairs of compact radio sources whose angular separation are smaller than the beamwidth of each antenna. Simultaneous (delta) VLBI (SVLBI) enables significant cancellation of measurement errors. Solar plasma is the dominant fluctuating error source in SVLBI positional measurements since there is enhanced cancellation of the troposphere and ionosphere, and complete cancellation of oscillator instabilities. Of the nonfluctuating error sources, errors due to universal time predominate. By performing SVLBI experiments over several years with many different close pairs of radio sources, limits can be placed on reference frame stability. Intrinsic properties of the sources, such as source structure and proper motion, will limit measurements. The SVLBI differential phase and corruptive noise sources will be discussed here along with estimated results.

Morabito, D. D.↗